醫(yī)學(xué)精品課件：15.body structure1

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liaoTheDepartmentofNeursurgeryTheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChongqingMedicalUniversityBodyStructureChapterContentsDirectionalTermsBodyCavitiesBodyRegionsPositionsWordPartsPertainingtoBodyStructureLabelingExercisesChapterReviewCaseStudyAnswerSectionObjectivesAfterstudyofthischapteryoushouldbeableto:1.Definethemaindirectionaltermsusedinanatomy.2.Describedivisionofthebodyalongthreedifferentplanes.3.Locatethedorsalandventralbodycavities.4.Locatetheninedivisionsoftheabdomen.5.Locatethefourquadrantsoftheabdomen.6.Describethemainbodypositionsusedinmedicalpractice.7.Definebasictermsdescribingbodystructure.8.Recognizeanduserootspertainingtobodyregions.9.Recognizeanduseprefixespertainingtopositionanddirection.10.Analyzetermspertainingtobodystructureincasestudies.DirectionalTermsIndescribingthelocationordirectionofagivenpointinthebody,itisalwaysassumedthatthesubjectisintheanatomicalposition,thatis,upright,withfacefront,armsatthesideswithpalmsforward,andfeetparallel,asshowninthesmalldiagraminFigure5-1.Inthisstance,thetermsillustratedinFigure5-1andlistedinDisplay5-1areusedtodesignaterelativeposition.Figure5-2illustratesplanesofsection,thatis,

directionsinwhichthebodycanbecut.Afrontalplane,alsocalledacoronalplane,ismadeatrightanglestothemidlineanddividesthebodyintoanteriorandposteriorparts.Asagittal

(SAJ-i-tal)planepassesfromfronttobackanddividesthebodyintorightandleftportions.Iftheplanepassesthroughthemidline,itisamidsagittalormedialplane.Atransverseplanepasseshorizontally,dividingthebodyintosuperiorandinferiorparts.FIGUREDirectionalterms.(ReprintedwithpermissionfromCohenBJ,WoodDL.Memmler’sTheHumanBodyinHealthandDisease.9thEd.Philadelphia:LippincottWilliams&Wilkins,2000.)BodyCavities

Internalorgansarelocatedwithindorsalandventralcavities(Fig.5-3).Thedorsalcavitycontainsthebraininthecranialcavityandthespinalcordinthespinalcavity(canal).Theuppermostventralspace,thethoraciccavity,isseparatedfromtheabdominalcavitybythediaphragm.

Thereisnoanatomicalseparationbetweentheabdominalcavityandthepelviccavity,whichtogethermakeuptheabdominopelviccavity.Thelargemembranethatlinestheabdominopelviccavityandcoverstheorganswithinitistheperitoneum

(peri-to-NE-um).

BodyRegionsFororientation,theabdomencanbedividedbyimaginarylinesintonineregions,whichareshowninFigure5-4.Thesectionsdownthemidlinearetheepigastric(ep-i-GAS-trik)region,locatedabovethestomachumbilical(um-BIL-i-kal)region,namedfortheumbilicus,ornavelhypogastric(hi-po-GAS-trik)region,locatedbelowthestomach.

Thelateralregionsarethe:rightandlefthypochondriac(hi-po-KON-dre-ak)regions,namedfortheirpositionneartheribs,specificallynearthecartilages(rootchondr/o)oftheribs,rightandleftlumbar(LUM-bar)regions,whicharelocatednearthesmalloftheback(lumbarregionofthespine)rightandleftiliac(IL-e-ak)regions,namedfortheupperboneofthehip,theilium.Theseregionsarealsocalledtheinguinal(ING-gwi-nal)regions,withreferencetothegroin.Moresimply,butlessprecisely,theabdomencanbedividedbyasingleverticallineandasinglehorizontallineintofoursections(Fig.5-5),designatedtherightupperquadrant(RUQ),leftupperquadrant(LUQ),rightlowerquadrant(RLQ),andleftlowerquadrant(LLQ).AdditionaltermsforbodyregionsareshowninFigures5-6and5-7.Youmayneedtorefertotheseillustrationsasyouworkthroughthebook.Positions

Inadditiontotheanatomicalposition,thereareotherstandardpositionsinwhichthebodyisplacedforexaminationormedicalprocedures.ThemostcommonofthesearedescribedinDisplay5-2.Decubitusposition：lyingdown,specificallyaccordingtothepartofthebodyrestingonaflatsurface,asinleftorrightlateraldecubitus,ordorsalorventraldecubitus.Prone：lyingfacedownknee-chestposition：onknees,headandupperchestontable,armscrossedaboveheadAbeginningstudentinmedicalsciencemaybesurprisedbythevastnumberofnamesandtermsthatheorsheisrequiredtolearn.Thisresponsibilityislightenedsomewhatbythefactthatwearebilaterallysymmetrical.Thatis,asidefromsomeinternalorganssuchastheliver,spleen,stomach,pancreas,andintestine,nearlyeverythingontherightsidecanbefoundontheleftaswell.Theskeletoncanbefigurativelysplitdownthecenter,givingequalstructuresonbothsidesofthemidline.Manybloodvesselsandnervesarepaired.BOX5-1CuttingtheJobinHalf

Thiscutsthelearninginhalf.Inaddition,manyofthebloodvesselsandnervesinaregionhavethesamename.Theradialartery,radialvein,andradialnerveareparallel,andallarelocatedalongtheradiusoftheforearm.Vesselsarecommonlynamedfortheorgantheysupply:thehepaticarteryandveinoftheliver,thepulmonaryarteryandveinofthelungs,therenalarteryandveinofthekidney.Noonecouldsaythatthelearningofmedicalterminologyisasnap,butitcouldbeharder!CaseStudy5-1:EmergencyCareDuringatriathlon,paramedicsrespondedtoascenewithmultiplepatientsinvolvedinaseriousbicycleaccident.B.R.,a20-year-oldwoman,lostcontrolofherbikewhiledescendingahillatapproximately40mph.Asshefell,twoothercyclistscollidedwithher,sendingallthreecrashingtotheground.

Atthescene,B.R.complainedofpaininherhead,back,chest,andleg.Shealsohadnumbnessandtinglinginherlegsandfeet.Otherinjuriesincludedacutonherfaceandonherrightarmandanobviousdeformitytobothhershoulderandknee.Shehadslightdifficultybreathing.

TheparamedicdidarapidcephalocaudalassessmentandimmobilizedB.R.’sneckinacervicalcollar.Shewassecuredonabackboardandgivenoxygen.Afterherbleedingwascontrolledandherinjuredextremitieswereimmobilized,shewastransportedtothenearestemergencydepartment.

Duringtransport,theparamedicinchargeradioedaheadtoprovideaprehospitalreporttothechargenurse.Hisreportincludedthefollowinginformation:occipitalandfrontalheadpain;lacerationtorighttemple,superiorandanteriortorightear;lumbarpain;bilateralthoracicpainoninspirationatmidclavicularlineonrightandmidaxillarylineontheleft;

dullachingpainoftheposteriorproximalrightthigh;bilateralpare