考研英語(yǔ)英譯漢-英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句的譯法

一、19887996年碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英譯漢試題

1.1988年試題

SeatedbehindthefrontdeskataNewYorkfirm,thereceptionistwasefficient,stylishlydressed,thefirm'snewest

employeehadapleasanttelephonevoiceandanaturalcharmthatputclientsatease.Thecompanywaspleased:Cl

early,thiswasapersonwhotookconsiderableprideinpersonalappearance.DavidKing,thereceptionist,isunusu

al,butbynomeansunique.(1)Justasalltruckdriversandconstructionworkersarenolongernecessarilymen,all

secretariesandreceptionistsarenolongerautomaticallywomen.Thenumberofmeninwomen-dominatedfieldsi

sstillsmallandtheyhaven'tattractedtheattentionthathasoftenfollowedwomenadvancingintomale-dominated

fields,butmenaremovingintomoreandmorejobsthathavetraditionallybeenheldbywomen.

Strictlyspeaking,thephenomenonisnotnew.Forthepastfewdecades,menhavebeenquietlyenteringfieldssue

hasnursing,socialworksandelementaryeducation.Buttodaynojobsseemsoff-limits.Menservecoffeeinoffic

esandmealsonairplanes.(2)Thesechangesarehelpingtoinfluencesomeofthelongstandingtraditionsaboutth

etypesofworkmenandwomencando-buttheyalsoproducesomeundeniableproblemsforthemenwhoareen

teringthosefieldsformerlydominatedbywomen.

Whatkindsofmenventureintotheseso-calledwomen'sfields?Allkinds.Idon'tknowofanydefineanswersI'db

ecomfortablewith,

“explainsJosephPieck,Ph.D.oftheWellesleyCollegeCenterforResearchonwomen.SamoOrniont,forexa

mple,athirty-year-oldnurseatBostonhospital,wenlintonursingbecausethearmyhadtrainedhimasamedical

worker.(3)“Ifoundthatworkveryinteresting“herecalled,

andwhenIgotoutoftheserviceitjustseemednaturalformetogointosomethingmedical.Iwasn'treallyinteres

tedinbecomingadoctor.”

Thirty-five-year-oldDavidking,anout-of-workactor,foundajobasareceptionistbecausehewashavingtrouble

landingrolesinBroadwayplaysandheneededtopaytherent.

(4)Inotherwords,menenter“female

“jobsoutofthesameconsideractionforpersonalinterestandeconomicnecessitythatmotivatesanyonelooking

forwork.Butsimilaritiesoftenendthere.Meninfemale-dominatedjobsareconspicuous.Asagroup,theirwork

historiesdifferinmostrespectsfromthoseoftheirfemalecolleagues,andtheyarefrequentlytreateddifferentlyb

ythepeoplewithwhomtheyareinprofessionalcontact.

Thequestionnaturallyarises;Whyaretherestillapproximatelyninety-ninefemalesecretariesforeveryonemale

?Thereisalsoamoreandmoreseriousissue.Mostmendon'twanttobereceptionists,nurses,secretaries,orsewi

ngworkers.Putsimply,thesearenotgenerallyconsideredverymasculinejobs.Tochoosesuchalineofworkist

oinviteridicule.

Therewaskiddinginthebeginning,“recallsOrmont."KidscomingfromschoolaskwhatIam,andwhenIsa

y'Anurse',theylaughatme.Ijustsmileandsay,'Youknow,therefemaledoctors,too

Still,thereareencouragingsigns.Yearsago,malegradeschoolteacherswereasrareasmalenurses.Todaymoret

hanoneelementaryschoolteacherinsixismale.

(5)Canweanticipateadaywhensecretarieswillbeanevenmixofmenandwomen-orwhenthementionofama

lenursewillnolongerraiseeyebrows?Il'sprobablycoming-butnotverysoon.

(1)正像卡車(chē)司機(jī)和建筑工人再?zèng)]有必要都是男的?樣，秘書(shū)和接待員再也不一定都是女的。

(2)這些變化正影響著長(zhǎng)期存在的傳統(tǒng)觀(guān)念中關(guān)于男女可以干哪幾類(lèi)工作的看法，但這對(duì)「進(jìn)入原先以婦女

為主的那些領(lǐng)域的男人來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)疑也帶來(lái)了一些問(wèn)題?

(3)他回憶說(shuō)：“我覺(jué)得那種工作十分有趣，當(dāng)我退役時(shí)，對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，去干某種醫(yī)務(wù)工作，似乎是極其自然

的”

(4)換句話(huà)說(shuō)，男人干起了“女人干”的工作，其動(dòng)機(jī)是同任何找工作干的人一樣，既出于個(gè)人的興趣，也

出于經(jīng)濟(jì)上需要的考慮。

(5)我們能否預(yù)見(jiàn)這一天：那時(shí)秘書(shū)的男女各占一半或有人提到某個(gè)男人當(dāng)護(hù)士時(shí)，人們不會(huì)感到吃驚。

2.1989年試題

WhenJaneMathesenstartedworkatAdvancedElectronicsInc.12yearsago,(1)Shelabouredoveramicroscope,

hand-weldingtinyelectroniccomputersandturnedout18perhour.Nowsheturntendsthecomputerizedmachiner

ythatturnsouthighcapacitymemorychipsatrateof26(X)perhour.Productionisup,profitsareup,herincomei

supandMrs.Mathesensaystheworkisforlessstrainonhereyes.

ButthemostsignificanteffectofchangesAEIwasfeltbytheworkerswhoarenolongerthere.Beforethecomput

erizedequipmentwasintroduced,therewere940workersattheplant.Nowtherewere121.Aplantfollow-upsurv

eyshowedthatoneyearafterthelayoffsonly38%ofthereleasedworkersfoundnewemploymentatthesameor

betterwages.Nearlyhalffinallysettledforlowerpayandmorethan13%arestilloutofwork.TheAELexamplei

sonlyoneofhundredsaroundthecountrywhichforgeintelligentlyaheadintothelatesttechnology,butleavethe

majorityoftheirworkersbehind.

(2)Itsbeginningobscuredbyunemploymentcausedbytheworldeconomicslow-down,thenewtechnologicalune

mploymentmayemergeasthegreatsocio-economicchallengeoftheendofthe20thcentury.Onecorporationeco

nomistsaysthegrowthof“machinejobreplacement”hasbeenwithussincethebeginningoftheindustrialrev

olution,butneveratpaceitisnow.Thehumancostswillbeastonishing.(3)“It'shumiliatingtobedoneoutofyo

urjobbyamachineandthereisnowaytofightback,butitistheefforttofindanewjobthatreallyhurts."Some

workers,likeJaneMathesen,areretrainedtohandlethenewequipment,butoftenawholenewsetofskillsisrequ

iredandthatmeansanew,andinvariablysmaller,setofworkers.Theoldworkers,trappedbytheirlimitedskills,

oftenneverregaintheiroldstatusandemployment.Manydriftintomarginalareas.Theyfeelnoprideintheirnew

work.Theygetbadlypaidforitandtheyfeelmiserable,butstilltheyareluckierthanthosewhoneverfindit.

Thesocialcostsgofarbeyondthewelfareandunemploymentpaymentsmakebythegovernment.Unemployment

increaseschancesofdivorce,childabuse,andalcoholism,anewfederalshows.Someexpertssaytheproblemiso

nlytemporary(thatnewtechnologywilleventuallycreateasmanynewjobsasitdestroys.(4)ButfuturologistHy

menSeymoursaystheastonishingefficiencyofthenewtechnologymeanstherewillbeasimpleanddirectnetred

uctionintheamountoflabourthatneedstobedone."Weshouldtreatthisasanopportunitytogivepeoplemore

leisure.Itmaynotbeeasy,butsocietywillhavetoreachanewunanimityonthedivisionanddistributionoflabou

r.”Seymoursays.Hepredictsmostpeoplewillworkonlysixhourdaysandfour-dayweeksbytheendofthecen

tury.Buttheconcernoftheunemployedisfornow.(5)Federallyfundedtrainingandfreeback-to-schoolprogram

sforlaid-offworkersareunderway,butfewexpertsbelievetheywillbeabletokeepupwiththepaceofthenewt

echnology.Forthenextfewyears,forasubstantialportionoftheworkforce,timesaregoingtobeverytoughind

eed.

(1)她吃力地伏在顯微鏡上干活，用手工焊制小型電子計(jì)算機(jī)，每小時(shí)能焊好18個(gè)。

(2)盡管新技術(shù)引起的失'業(yè)的初兆被世界的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退所造成的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象所掩蓋，但是新技術(shù)引起的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象

可構(gòu)成20世紀(jì)末的巨大的社會(huì)-經(jīng)濟(jì)難題。

(3)被一臺(tái)機(jī)器奪走你的工作是很傷自尊心的，可又無(wú)法抗衡，但真正令人傷心的是要費(fèi)很大的勁才能找到

新的工作。

(4)未來(lái)學(xué)家海曼?西摩說(shuō)，新技術(shù)具有的驚人效率意味著所需要的勞動(dòng)力將出現(xiàn)一個(gè)絕對(duì)的和直接的凈減

數(shù)。

(5)為失'業(yè)工人提供的由聯(lián)邦政府資助的培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃和免費(fèi)重返學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的計(jì)劃目前都在實(shí)施中，但專(zhuān)家中幾

乎沒(méi)人認(rèn)為這些計(jì)劃能跟得上新技術(shù)的發(fā)展步伐。

3.1990年試題

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainw

hyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(1)Theywanttoexplainwhywep

ossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehavior.

Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodifferentschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightex

pect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas”

naturevs.nurture.M

(2)Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorarelargelyde

terminedbybiologicalfactors.(3)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characleristi

csandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredetermi

nedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Thosewhosupportthe“nurture“theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclai

mthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Ab

ehaviorists,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisaalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundin

gs.Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbe

havior.

Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offeredbythetwotheories.

Supportersofthe“nature“theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologically

determined.Needlesstosay,theydon'tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasi

callyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsareproducto

fourexperiences.(4)Behavioristsuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedtoanenvironmentwheretherearemanystim

uliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.

Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.IntheUnitedStates,blacksoftenscorebel

owwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome“nature“proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebi

ologicallyinferiortowhites.(5)Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblac

ksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.

⑴他們想要說(shuō)明，為什么我們有某些性格特征和表現(xiàn)出某些行為。

⑵在這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論中，贊成“天性”一方面的那些人認(rèn)為，我們的性格特征和行為模式大多是由生物因素所決

定的。

⑶這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境同我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么聯(lián)系的話(huà)，也是微不足道的。

(4)行為主義的看法是，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其作出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)

的能力，那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更高的智力發(fā)展。

(5)相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績(jī)的差異是由于黑人往往被剝奪了白人在教育及其他環(huán)境方面所享有的許多

有利條件。

4.1991年試題

Thefactisthattheenergycrisis,whichissuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced,hasbeenwithusforalongtimeno

w,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornot,itiscleartoeveryonethatwor

Idindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase.

(I)Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirt

yyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.

(2)Newsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatw

illrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhere

on,mankindisgoingtoadvancecautiously,andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.

lbmakethissituationworse,thereisasyetnotsignthatanyslowingoftheworld'spopulationisinsight.Althoug

hthebirth-ratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingtheUnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssureto

passsixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.

(3)Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisin

thematterofproducingandmarketingfood.

Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelikeintheyear20()1?

Tobeginwith,theworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecomesteadilytighteroverthepastthirtyyearsevenhereinthe

UnitedStates.By2001,thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfiftymillionandpossiblyt

wohundredseventymillion,andthenationwillfinditdifficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmo

uths.(4)Thiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocombineagricultureinthehigh-e

nergyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.

Itseemsalmostcertainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfood-exportingnationandthat,ifn

ecessaryforcesexports,itwillbeatthepriceofbelt-tighteningathome.

Infact,asfooditemswilltendtodeclineinqualityanddecreasesinvariety,thereisverylikelytobeincreasingus

eofflavoringadditives.(5)Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwherethe

planetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmoreuunnaturalfood”.

(1)石油供應(yīng)可能隨時(shí)被切斷；不管怎樣，以目前這種石油消費(fèi)速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都會(huì)枯

竭。

(2)必須找到新的能源，這需要時(shí)間，而過(guò)去我們感到能源價(jià)廉而充足的情況將不大可能出現(xiàn)了。

(3)食品供應(yīng)的增長(zhǎng)將趕不I:人口的增長(zhǎng)，這就意味著，我們?cè)诩Z食生產(chǎn)和購(gòu)銷(xiāo)方面正陷入危機(jī)。

(4)這種困境將是確定無(wú)疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無(wú)法以高能量消耗這種美國(guó)耕作方式繼續(xù)卜.去，而這

種耕作方式使投入極少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可獲得高產(chǎn)成為可能。

(5)除非人類(lèi)終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到地球能為所有人提供足夠的飲食的程度，否則人們將不得不接受更

多的“人造食品

5.1992年試題

(1)Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorcla

ssifythem.Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedis

tinctions,reasonlogically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligence

testisaroughmeasureofachild'scapacityforlearning,particularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinsc

hool.Itdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustment,physicalendurance,manualskill,orartisticabilities.Itisno

tsupposedto-itwasnotdesignedforsuchpurposes.(2)lbcriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocrit

icizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.

Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofanysubjectisessentiallyacomparati

veaffair.

(3)Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwe

arecomparingoursubjectsprovides'valid'or'fair'comparison.Itisherethatsomeofthedifficultieswhichinteres

tusbegin.Anytestperformedinvolvesatleastthreefactors:theintentiontoone'sbest,theknowledgerequiredfor

understandingwhatyouhavetodo,andtheintellectualabilitytoit.(4)Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoare

beingcompared,ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturethes

eassumptioncanbemadefairandreasonable,andthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeenprovedthoroughly.Its

valuelies,ofcourse,initsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Noneisintheleastinterestedinthemarks

alittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatth

echildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire'generalintelligence'.(

5)Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeas

sumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhe

wasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichhepossessed.

(1)人們對(duì)智力那些不同表現(xiàn)的看法比人們對(duì)這些表現(xiàn)如何解釋或分類(lèi)的看法更為一致。

(2)批評(píng)智力測(cè)驗(yàn)不測(cè)孩子的性格等情況，猶如批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不測(cè)風(fēng)速一樣。

(3)既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是比較而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所使用的尺度

能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比較。

(4)如果要在智力方面進(jìn)行任何比較的話(huà)，那么對(duì)所有被比較的人來(lái)說(shuō)，前兩個(gè)因素必須是相同的。

(5)總的來(lái)說(shuō)，得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)

度和與他相比較的孩子態(tài)度相同；他也沒(méi)有因?yàn)槿狈ζ渌⒆右颜莆盏挠嘘P(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。

6.1993年試題

(1)Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehu

manmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexplanations.T

hereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamedifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscience

andthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighin

gouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisb

ymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.(2)Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceinthe

other,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworkingbutthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatu

sandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.

Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.(3)Ybuhaveallhearditrepeatedth

atmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortof

sense,managetoextractfromnaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskillsoftheirown,

theybuilduptheirowntheories.(4)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbeb

ynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tbhear

alltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstitutedifferentlyfromthatof

hisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbytheterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthat

alltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlive.

Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere'splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddeli

ghtonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingprose(散

文)duringthewholeofhislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyoursel

ves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthe

sameperiod.(5)Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotiona

complextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoest

hroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomenon.

(1)科學(xué)研究的方法只不過(guò)是人類(lèi)思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以精確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)

的表達(dá)方式。

(2)并不是說(shuō)面包師或賣(mài)肉的人所用的磅秤在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式L和化學(xué)家所用的天平存在差異，而是說(shuō)

與前者相比較，后者是一種更精密得多的儀器，因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確得多。

(3)我們都多次聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的，他們用這些方法，在某種意義上講，力求從自

然界找出某種自然規(guī)律，然后根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種非同一般的本領(lǐng)，建立起他們的理論。

(4)許多人認(rèn)為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根木無(wú)法和科學(xué)家的思維過(guò)程相比，他們并認(rèn)為這些思維過(guò)程必須是經(jīng)

過(guò)某種專(zhuān)門(mén)訓(xùn)練才能掌握。

(5)這里大概不會(huì)有人在一整天里沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象

原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng)，盡管復(fù)雜程度不同，但在類(lèi)型上是完全一樣的。

7.1994年試題

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforcesonexpandingthehorizonsofscientif

icknowledge.(1)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbee

auseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(2)Inshort,aleaderifthenewschoolcontends,

uthescientificrevolution,aswcallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumen

tsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.

(3)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignor

edbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.Themodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersas

Galileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreat

benefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperime

nts.

Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo'sroleatthest

artofthescientificrevolution.ThiswisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcen

tury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputearthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(4)Galileo'sgreatestglory

wasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplane

tsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheearth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolof

scientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(5)WhethertheGovernmentshouldinc

reaseonthefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversa(反

之)oftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.

(1)他們(新學(xué)派科學(xué)家)說(shuō)，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說(shuō)源于天才偉人的真知灼見(jiàn)，不如說(shuō)源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工

具等更為普通的東西。

⑵新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖堅(jiān)持說(shuō)：“簡(jiǎn)而言之，我們所稱(chēng)謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和

使用，而這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)家發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及」

(3)工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來(lái)在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。

(4)伽利略最光輝的業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年是第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)了天空的人，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞

太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的。

(5)政府究竟是減少對(duì)技術(shù)經(jīng)費(fèi)的投入來(lái)增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把問(wèn)題的

哪一方面看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)的力量。

8.1995年試題

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,

orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazine

s,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.

(1)Thetargetiswrong,fbrinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedor

incompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonabl

eprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdepe

ndspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

AHinformedpredictionoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:scho

olgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.(2)Howwellthepredictionswillbevali

datedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedando

ntheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationav

ailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomeki

ndsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinform

ationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.(3)Whet

hertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefr

omexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

(4)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedand

leasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovideara

pidmeansofgettingcomparableiniormationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpot

entialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.(5)Forexample,theydonotc

ompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeen

hadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstance.

⑴把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試作為抨擊的Fl標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類(lèi)測(cè)試時(shí)，批評(píng)者不考慮其弊病來(lái)自于人們對(duì)測(cè)

試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)。

⑵這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋

這些信息的技能和才智。

(3)因此，在某一特定的情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是采用其他種類(lèi)的信息，或是兩者同時(shí)使用，須憑有關(guān)

相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。

(4)一般地說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能精確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地

界定時(shí):測(cè)試的效果則最差。

⑸例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境

卜.成長(zhǎng)的話(huà)，會(huì)有多大的才干。

9.1996年試題

Thedifferenceinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.(1)Someofthesecaus

esarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesin

sciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthin

whichpreconceptionsoftheformofscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowth

patternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable:butitisafrighteningtrend.(2)Thi

strendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificde

mandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcan

bepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.It

isthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctional

order.(3)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediate

goalsbutofpossibleconsequencesinthefuture.

Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Dec

isionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butadecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhic

hhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting”g

ood“asopposedto“bad”science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsci

encetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.(4)However

,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld'smorefascinatin

ganddelightfulaspects.(5)Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureasth

eyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.

(1)在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求，另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而取

得特定進(jìn)展的必然結(jié)果。

(2)這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求

通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。

(3)給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

(4)然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無(wú)法解決世上某些更引人入勝的課題的。

(5)同過(guò)去一樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)的新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

二、英譯漢補(bǔ)充練習(xí)

Passage1

Oneoftheearliestandfastest-growingapplicationsofspacetechnologyisthecommunicationssatellite,whichrel

ayswide-bandradioandtelevisionsignalsbetweenwidelygeographicalpoints.(1)Priortotheadventofthistech

nology,elaborateandcostlychainsofmicrowavetowerswerethesolepracticalmeansforpassingtheline-of-sight

radioandTVsignalsoverthecurvatureoftheearth.Inthisprocess,signalqualityisdegradedateachrelaypoint,

channelcapacityisseverelylimitedandacuteschedulingproblemsareencounteredbecauseitisnotfeasibletorel

aymorethanoneprogram

atatimetodistantpoints.Moreover,thereisnowaytobridgeoceanswithwide-bandsignalsbymeansofmicrow

averelay.(2)DistantpointslikeAlaskaandHawaiicouldnotsharethetelevisionserviceenjoyedonthecontinent

almainlandoftheUnitedStatesaslongasterrestrialmicrowavewasthesole