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2013培優(yōu)班英語講義
英語語法和詞匯是學好、考好英語的重要基礎,其實完形填空是對語法、詞匯的綜合考查,
但更關鍵的是學好此部分有助于對英語句子結構的分析和理解,有助于學生掌握靈活多變的
句式,這樣不僅有助于學生做好閱讀理解,而且有助于學生做好英譯漢,寫好作文。
根據(jù)考研大綱要求考生必備語法有以下幾個方面:
i.名詞、代詞的數(shù)和格的構成及其用法
2.動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)的構造及用法
3.形容詞與副詞的比較級和最高級的構成及其用法
4.常用連接詞的詞義及其用法
5.虛擬語氣的構成及其用法
6.各類從句(定語從句、主語從句、表語從句等)及其強調句式的構造及其用法
7.倒裝句、插入語的結構及其用法
8.常用介詞等用法
構成句子的成分共分為九種:主語,謂語,賓語,表語,狀語,補語,同位語和插入語。
主語,句子的核心主體,通常謂語動詞之后,表明一個句子是誰或何種情況所發(fā)出
執(zhí)行或是承受的。通常做主語的是名詞,代詞,主語從句,V+ing,todo五種
1.名詞:
Successistheresultofgoodjudgment.
Lifelightsthecandleofhope.
2.代詞
Weliveandlearn
Idoubt,thereforeIthink.Ithink,thereforeIam.
3.主語從句
Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis
Whatisworthdoingisworthdoingwell.
4.現(xiàn)在分詞V+ing
Losingcanbearealbeginning
Believinginyourselfisthesecretofsuccess.
5.Todo
Tolightthecandleofheartisbetterthantocursethedarknessoftheoutsideworld.
Toknowiswisdomandtodoisaskill
二.謂語:描述或闡述主語的情況,有動詞來充當,常位于主語之后
1.表狀態(tài)用系動詞
Lifeisfullofupsanddowns.
Lifeishopeandhopeislife.
2.表動作用及物或不及物動詞
Manyhandsmakelightwork
IcameIsawIconquered.
3.表擁有,人或物時用,have,has,無生命的擁有;therebe
Everydoghasitsday.
Inafullheart,thereisroomforeverything.
4.情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形
Amanmaydie,nationsmayfall,butanidealiveson.
IamsupposedtohavedonewhatIshoulddolastweek.
三,賓語:及物動詞或介詞所指向的對象。常做賓語的有名詞、賓語從句、復合結構、v+ing、
todo五種。
1.名詞
Readingenrichesourmind.
Hastemakeswaste
2.賓語從句
Goalsdeterminewhatyouaregoingtobe
Temptationdiscoverswhatweare.
3.復合結構
Ifyoulackconfidenceyouwillfindithardtowin.
4.V+ing
Youareneveraloseruntilyouquittrying
Readingislikeopeningawindowtotheoutsideworld
5.To4-do
Winnersexpecttowininadvance
Oneshouldlearntoforgive.
四.表語?:接在系動詞后,補充說明主語的情況又稱為主語補足語。常做表語的有名詞、
形容詞、V+ing、To+do、從句
1.名詞
Lifeisnotabedofroses
Todayisouronlysurepossession
2.形容詞
Timeisfleetingandartislong
Changeisconstant
3.v+ing
Courageisdoingwhatothersthinkyoucan'tdo
Lifeispaintingapicture,notdoingasum
4.Todo
Tochangeattitudeistochangelife
Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,andnottoexist
5.從句
Therealmeasureofsuccessishowhappyweare.
Loveiswhatlinkstwosouls.
五.定語:修飾名詞或類似于名詞的詞。一般翻譯為的“,表示事物性質或狀態(tài),
分為前置或后置。常做定語的有形容詞、名詞、V+ing、Todo、從句五種
1.形容詞
Awarmsmileistheuniversallanguage
Eachmomentinhistoryisafleetingtime.
2.名詞
Adversityteachesoneagreatdealaboutsurvivalskills
Lifeeducationisthebasisforsuccessintheknowledgesociety
3.V+ing
Failureisalearningexperience.
Thestartingpointofallachievementisdesire
4.To+do
Thereisnotimetolose.
One'sgreatestpoweristhepowertochoose
5定語從句
Thatisagoodbookwhichisopenedwithexpectationandclosedwithprofit
Successisaprocessthatneverends.
六.狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整句的詞或句。作狀語的有副詞、狀語從句、狀語從
句省略結構、todo、V+ing、V-ed
1.副詞
Oneshouldhaveclearlydefinedgoals.
Excellencyisdoingordinarythingsextraordinarywell
Clearly,one'sfateisinhis/herownhands.
2.狀語從句
Whenanopportunityisneglected,itnevercomesbacktoyou.
Nothingisordinaryifoneknowshowtouseit.
3.狀語從句省略結構
Ifpossible,goafteryourdreamforever
4.todo
Toassociatewithfriends,oneshouldbehonestandopen.
Tohelphigher,onecandrawback
5.V+ing
Lackingaclearworldoutlook,lifebecomesakindofburden
Badbooksarepoison,doingharmtoone'sheartsoul
6.V+ed
United,westand;divided,wefall.
Welldone,thesmallesttaskbecomesamiracleofachievement.
七.補語;主語補足語,賓語補足語(常做賓補的是形容詞和todo)
1.形容詞
Historiesmakemenwise
Workmakeamanwhoseajobisdullhappierthanthosewhohavenothingtodowiththeirdays
2.todo
Difficultiestrainonetobegreat
Motiveurgesonetomakeprogress
八;同位語;句子中的兩種成分表達同一種概念,即A=B稱之為同位語,常做同位語的有名
詞和從句兩種
1.名詞:
Weshouldmakefulluseoftoday,thehopeoftomorrow
Nevergiveupyourdream,thesourceofhappiness.
2.從句
Failureisasignthatoneshouldexploreotheropportunities.
Thefactthatyouhavetriedyourbestisinitselfabigvictory.
九.句子類型
根據(jù)類型句子可分為四種:簡單句、并列句、復合句、并列復合句
1簡單句:一個句子中只包含一個主謂或者由并列連接詞來連接兩個或兩個以上的謂語或主
語
Everyoneinfluencessomeoneandisinfluencedbysomeone
Ambitionandperseverancearetwosubstantialfactorsofsuccess.
2.并列句,由并列詞連接的兩個簡單句。(and,but,or)
Inafullheartthereisroomforeverythingandinanemptyheartthereisroomfornothing
Problemsneverstopbutpeoplestopproblem
3.復合句:由從屬連詞引導的從句修飾主句,根據(jù)意義可分為:名詞從句(主、賓、表、
同位)、形容詞從句(定語從句)、副詞從句(狀語從句)
Thepresentmomentisthebestgiftthatyougiveyourself
Whenyouaregoodtoothers,youarebesttoyourself
4并列復合句:在并列當中出現(xiàn)了復合句
Wearenature'sgreatestmiracleandwehavedreamsandambitionswhichareimportantto
everyone.
第一節(jié)時態(tài)
一、一般現(xiàn)在時
一般現(xiàn)在時通常表示習慣動作、一般狀態(tài)、客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理。
HealwaysgetsuplateonSundays.(習慣動作)
Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.(客觀規(guī)律)
二、現(xiàn)在進行時“在"is/aredoing,is/arebeingdone
現(xiàn)在進行時表示說話時正在進行的動作,也表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的活動。
Theyareputtingup/puttingdownthepictures.
但是有時也表示頻繁,反復出現(xiàn)的習慣性動作,表示說話人的某種感情,如贊揚、遺憾、討
厭等
Heisalwaysquarrellingwithothers
Sheisconstantlyworryingaboutherson'sstudy.
注意:現(xiàn)在進行時也可表示將來的動作:它指按人們的計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作或指即
將開始的動作。I'mleavingforBeijingtomorrow./Iamcoming/going.
三、現(xiàn)在完成時“已經(jīng)"have/hasdone,have/hasbeendone
現(xiàn)在完成時表示目前已完成的動作或剛剛完成的動作。
Theconference(#i$C=meeting)haslastedforfivedays.(已完成的動作)
Physicalvitalityhasbeenincreasedbyimprovednutrition.
還有upto(till)now,sofar,thesedays,for,since等...(后接一段時間的短語),
Wehaven'tseeneachotheragainsincewegraduatedin1987.
Thelastrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkind
ofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWide
Webhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.
四、一般過去時“過,了,"did/v+ed/were,was等
一般過去時表示過去某個特定時間發(fā)生且一下子就完成的動作,也可表示過去習慣性的
動作。一般過去時不強調動作對現(xiàn)在的影響,只說明過去。
Hesmokedfortycigarettesadayuntilhegaveup.(習慣性的動作)
1.一般過去時常與表示過去的時間狀語或從句連用,如yesterday,lastweek,in1993,at
thattime,once,duringthewar,before,afewdaysago,when…等。
2.“usedto+動詞原形”表示“過去常?!倍F(xiàn)在已停止的習慣動作。
Heusedtoworkfourteenhoursaday.(過去常常)
區(qū)別“usedto”和"beusedto”。后者意為“習慣于…”,to為介詞,后跟名詞或動名詞。
Sheisusedtohardwork,/sheisusedtoswimminginsummei*./
Whenhewasyoungheusedtoswimintheriver.
五、過去進行時“過去某個時間在。。?!眞as/weredoing,was/werebeingdone
Billwascoughingallnightlong.(過去反復發(fā)生)
Twooftheglasseswerebrokenwhentheywerebeingwashed
六、過去完成時haddone/hadbeendone
過去成時表示過去某時之前已完成的動作或狀況。在時間上,它屬于“過去的過去”。
Bytheendofthewar,thesmallworkshophadbecomealargefactory.
Ihadjustpouredmyselfacupofteawhenthephonerang.WhenIcamebackfromansweringit,
thecupwasempty.Somebodyhaddrunktheteaorthrownitaway.
七、一般將來時“將,要,會,will/shalldo,will/shallbedone
一般將來時表示某個將來時間會發(fā)生的動作或情況。
Hewilltakepartin/participateinanimportantraceacrosstheAtlantic.(將來發(fā)生)
ThestudentswillhavefiveEnglishclassesperweekthisterm.(將來反復)
begoingto,beto,beaboutto表示打算、計劃、安排和即將要發(fā)生的動作。
will表示說話人認為、相信、希望或假定要發(fā)生的動作或情況。
八、將來進行時will/shallbedoing
將來時間時表示將來某時正在發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動作。其構成:will+be+動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。
Ellbereadingthistimetomorrow.(將來正在進行)
Mostoftheyoungpeopleinthetownwillbemeetingthematthestation.(持續(xù))
九、將來完成時will/shallhavedone,will/shallhavebeendone.
將來完成時表示將來某時前已完成的動作,它與可用來表示推測。
Theywillhavestayedhereforfivemonthsnextweek.(將來完成)
Bytheendofnextmonth,theywillhavestudiedtwentypassages.(推測)
Bytheendofnextyear,manymorehigh-riseswillhavebeenbuiltaroundthere.
十、現(xiàn)在完成進行時“一直在"have/hasbeendoing
現(xiàn)在完成時間時表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。此動作或情況可能已停止,也
可能繼續(xù)下經(jīng)也可表示剛結束的動作。
Fvebeenwaitingforanhourbutshestillhasn'tcome.
H—,過去將來時。
過去將來時的基本結構是:would+do
Theyneverknewthatpopulationwouldbecomeabigproblem.
Herefusedtotelluswhetherhewouldundertakethejob.
Whenwewereyoung,wewouldhelpeachotherwithourhomework.
十二。時態(tài)的呼應
如果主句是過去時態(tài),從句的時態(tài)往往也是過去的時態(tài)。
IfoundthatmycheatingintheEnglishtestwasreportedtomyparentsthatveryevening.
Sheansweredthedoor,carryingamagazineshehadbeenreading.
Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.
練習:
1.lastyearandisnowearning=makinghislivingasanadvertisingagent.
A.HewouldheaveschoolC.HehadleftschoolB.HeleftschoolD.Hehasleftschool
2.Weeachotherfortenyears.
A.hadknownC.havebeenknowingB.haveknownD.know
3.Theyfulfilledtheplanearlierthanthey.
A.haveexpectedB.expectedC.wereexpectingD.hadexpected
4."Willshefinishtheworksoon?""Yes,shebynextFriday."
A.shallfinishB.finishC.rainsD.willhavefinished
5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.
A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining
6.Heinasmallworkshop,butnowheistheheadofabigbusinesscompany.
A.usedtoworkingB.wasusedtoworkC.usedtoworkD.wasusedtoworking
7.Mygrandmotherrurallife.
A.hasusedtoB.usedtoC.isusedtoD.usesto
8.In1950,shewasthelargestshipthat.
A.waseverbuiltB.haseverbuiltC.haseverbeenbuiltD.hadeverbeenbuilt
9.Thehousesuddenlycollapsedwhileitdown.
A.waspulledB.pulledC.wasbeingpulledD.hadbeenpulled
第2節(jié)語態(tài)
困難克服了,工作完成了,問題也解決了。
Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,theworkhasbeenfinishedandtheproblemsolved.
一、動作的執(zhí)行者無需指出或不明確時
1.PrintingwasintroducedintoEuropefromChina.
2.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.
3.Itisgenerallyacceptedthattheexperiencesofthechildinhisfirstyearslargelydetenninehis
characterandlaterpersonality.
4.Itcouldbearguedthattheradioperformsthisserviceaswell,butonTVeverythingismuch
moreliving,muchmorereal.
二,被動語態(tài)的翻譯
在英譯漢中,英語的被動語態(tài)往往譯為主動表達,有時甚至會發(fā)現(xiàn),生硬地翻譯成漢語的
被動根本不通。這是由于英漢兩種語言的差異導致的。英語常用被動語態(tài),而漢語喜歡主動
語態(tài),再者,漢語允許無主語的句子。鑒于此,當翻譯被動語態(tài)時,應靈活處理,以原文的
意義為依據(jù),以漢語的習慣為轉移,拋棄原文的形式,傳達出文字背后真正的內(nèi)容。
我們/很多人/大家/有人認為
Itisassertedthat...W人主張...
Itisbelievedthat...有人認為...
Itisgenerallyconsideredthat...大家(一般人)認為
Itiswellknownthat...大家知道(眾所周知)...
Itwillbesaid...有人會說...
Itissaidthat...據(jù)說...
Itwastoldthat...有人曾經(jīng)說
Itishopedthat…希望...
Itisreportedthat...據(jù)報道...
Itissupposedthat...據(jù)推測...
Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat.../Thereisnodoubtthat.../thereisnodenying
thefact山at…可以毫不夸張地說...
Itmustbeadmittedthat...必須承認...
Itmustbepointedoutthat...必須指出...
Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可見...
二、為了強調動作的承受者
1.Fourpeoplewerekilledandthirty-oneinjuredinthebombattack.
2.Bytheendofthewar,800peoplehadbeensavedbytheorganization,butatacostof200Belgi
anandFrenchlives.
3.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesofta
kingupthehabitofsmoking.
4.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtotheeconomicdevelopment.
練習:
1.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthe
latestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogrammeswhichare
bothinstructiveandentertaining.
2.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeans
comparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.
3.Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillall
rundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.
4.我們必須意識到在線購物的優(yōu)點是大于缺點的
5.overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhave
largelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.
6.theyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposea
completebanonhumancloning.
第三節(jié)虛擬語氣
一、虛擬式用于非真實條件句時的構成
If1hadtime,Iwouldgotothemovieswithyou.
Ifwehadn'tmadeadequatepreparations,theconferencewouldn'thavebeensosuccessful.
Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thegamewouldbeputoff.
為混合虛擬式:1在非真實條件句中,有時從句的動詞所表示的動作和主句的動詞所表示的
動作并不同時發(fā)生,稱為混合虛擬式。
IfIhadtakenmyraincoatwhenIcameoutthismorning,Iwouldnotbewetnow.
IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'thavemissedthefilmlastnight.
2.引導非真實條件從句的連詞if在正式文件中有時可以省去,were,had,should等非行為動
詞這時應提到從句句首。
IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tfeelsorry.—>WereIyou,Iwouldn'tfeelsorry.
3.有些句子從表層結構上看無if引導的非真實條件句,但從深層意思上看是存在的。這種
情況下主句動詞仍需用虛擬式。這類句子中常出現(xiàn)without(如果沒有),butfor(要不
是'otherwise(否則),butthat(若不,后接一從句)等詞或詞組。
Butfor/withoutyourhelp,theycouldn'thavesucceeded.
Shewasn'tfellingwell.Otherwiseshewouldn'thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.
二、虛擬式也可用于其他情況
1.在it'snecessary(important,natural,essential,proposed,required,suggested,impossible,
strange)that…引導的真正的主語從句中動詞應用虛擬式,表示必要、應該、建議、要求、驚
訝、不相信等意。
It'snecessarythatwe(should)setoutatonce.
It'sproposedthatacommittee(should)besetuptolookintothematter.
It\onlynaturalthatyoushouldbenervous.你感到緊張是很自然的。
Thedentistsuggestedthatshe(should)comeanotherday.
Itishighlyimportantthatwe(should)combinerevolutionarysweepwithpracticalness.
”對我們來說,把革命氣概和實際精神結合起來是很重要的?!?/p>
Itisimpossiblethatheshouldhavemissedthetrain.他不可能誤車。
2.在ask,require,order,demand,suggest,propose,command,insist?等動詞后的賓語從句中,
動詞也用虛擬式,表示命令、建議、要求等。
Isuggestthatwe(should)gocampingtomorrow.
Heinsistedthatourlaboratoryreports(should)behandedinthedayaftertheexperimentwas
done.他堅持要求我們在做完實驗后第二天將實驗報告交上來。
Thedirectorrequiredthatweshouldworkallnight主任要求我們通宵工作。
Iproposeweshouldhaveanothermeeting.我提議我們再開一次會議。
Icommandthathegoatonce.我命令他立即就去
3.虛擬式可用于wish后的賓語從句中,表示與事實相反的愿望。
IwishIhadbeentotheconcertlastnight.
Iwishhewouldforgiveme.
Iwishhewereabirdflyinginthesky.
4.It飛(high,about)timethat…的句型要求用虛擬式,表示應該做還沒做的事。((時節(jié))正盛
的;(時機)成熟的)
Itishightimeyoumadeupyourmind.你該拿主意了。
5.在Iwould(had)rather后的句子中,動詞也要求用虛擬式,表示某人的愿望。
I'dratheryoulefttomorrowinsteadoftoday.
I'dratherhedidn'tdoanythinglikethat.
6.在asif(though)引導的狀語從句中,謂語動詞有時用虛擬式。
Shelooksasifsheknewallaboutit.
Theytalkedasthoughtheyhadgotacquaintedwitheachotherforyears.
練習:
請背誦和熟記
*Itisextremelydifficultforustoimaginewhatourmodernlifewouldbelikewithout
/with...Ofallthevaluablethings,Iholdtheopinion山at...isofgreatsignificance.Withoutit,
therewouldbeno...andultimately/finallyno
ButfortheconvenienceofCellphone,ourliveswouldbeunimaginable.
Wewerefacedwiththedemandthatthistaxshouldbeabolished.
Itisessentialthatallthefactsshouldbeexaminedfirst.
Itisnecessarythatheshouldcomebackwithoutdelay.
Ithoughtitadvisablethatanarmedguardshouldstandinreadiness.
Ifitwerenotforthefactthatheisill,Iwouldaskhimtodothisrightnow.
Hadshemoremoney,shewoulddressfashionably.
Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.
HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedinEngland.
Butfortherain,weshouldhaveapleasantjourney.
Butforyourhelp,Iwouldhavenothadagoodday.
第四節(jié)倒裝
1.為避免句子部分內(nèi)容重復,英語中常用倒裝句,即:so(neither,nor)+be動詞(助動詞,情態(tài)
動詞)+主語。
Myfatherisanengineer;soismyhusband.
Janedidn'tattendmyclassyesterday;nordidTorris.
"Johncan'tswim.**"NeithercanI.0
[提示]如表示贊同別人的陳述,S。后面的部分不倒裝。
'Jimisagood-swimmer."
"Soheis,andsoisDick."
2.具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時,句子一般部分倒裝,即將be動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動
詞提到主語前。這類詞或短語包括:not,never,seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely,bynomeans,
undernocircumstances,innoway,atnotime,nosooner...(then),hardly...(when),not
only...(butalso)等。
Neverhasmybrotherbeenabroadbefore.
HardlyhadIsatdownwhenIheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.
Nosoonerhadhereturnedthanheboughtafinehouseandwenttolivethere.
Atnotimeshouldyougiveupstudying.在任何時候你都不應放棄讀書。
(2)as或though引導的讓步狀語從句常用倒裝。一般將一些形容詞、副詞等置于句首。
Prominent(famous)as=thoughheisinhisfield,heremainseasy-going.
Wealthyas/thoughheis,Idon'tenvyhim.
3.當so,often,only等表示程序或頻率的副詞置于句首時,句子一般倒裝。
Sogreatwasthedestructionthatthesouthtookdecadestorecovery.
Onlyinthiswaycanweaccomplishitontime.
4.當there,here,then,now等副詞置于句首,且謂語動詞為come,go,be等詞時,句子一般全部
倒裝。此類倒裝句旨在引起別人注意。但如果主語是代詞。句子則不倒裝。
Look!Herecomesthetaxi.
Herearesomelettersforyoutotype.
情態(tài)動詞
一.情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法
情態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個功能:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個方面
must/mustn't,;can/can't;need/needn't;may/mayn't;might/mightn't;should/shouldn^;
ought等情態(tài)動詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的
1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。
1)musthave+過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測,譯為“(昨天)一定……如:
Thecellphonemusthavebeenbecomepopularinthe1990s
2)caiTt/couldn,thave+過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測,譯為“(昨天)一定沒……
如:
Marymyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.
[A]couldn'thavereceived[B]oughttohavereceived[D]shouldn'thavereceived
3)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測,或事
實上根本沒發(fā)生,譯為“也許……如:
AtFloridaPower'sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermay
havebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.
2,表示虛擬語氣。
1)needn,thave+過去分詞,表示做了不必做的事,相當于"didn'tneedtodo”,譯為“其實沒必
要...如:
Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,wesoformally.
[AJneedn'tdressup[BJdidnotneedhavedressedup
[C]didnotneeddressup|D|needn'thavedressedup
2)shouldhave+過去分詞,表示應該做某事但實際上未做,譯為“本應該..."shouldnot+
have過去分詞表示本不應該做某事但實際上做了,譯為“本不應該……:如:
Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.
我本來應該事先認真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好,但實際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好,以至工作沒
有完成。
3)oughttohave+過去分詞,表示動作按理該發(fā)生了,但實際上未發(fā)生,譯為“該……”,與
should的完成式含義類似。如:
Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,which
wentupinsmoke.
4)couldhave+過去分詞,表示過去本來可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以..這點與
ought/should/have+過去分詞用法相似。如:
Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.
5)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表示過去可以做但實際未做,譯為“(那樣)也許會..
Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentinthe
introductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.
二.幾個情態(tài)動詞??嫉木湫停?/p>
1).may/might(just)aswell”不妨,最好“,與hadbetter相近;
Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.
既然航班已經(jīng)取消了,你不妨乘火車吧。相當于youhadbettergobytrain。
2).cannot/cant..too…"越...越好,怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot...over
如:Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.駕車時候,越小心越好。
Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeover
emphasized.
一般強調結構
注意,強調結構不能用來強調謂語動詞和表語。
Itwasmyunclethat(who)sentmetheparcel.
Itisthearticlethat(which)theydiscussedlastweek.
Itwasbecausehewastoocarelessthathebrokealltheglasses.
ItisinthisroomthatIwasbom30yearsago.
一、謂語動詞用do,does,did表示強調
在肯定句中,可以用do強調謂語部分,可謂為:“務必”、“一定”、“真的”、“確實”等。這
時動詞要用原形。
Hedoesliketoeatnoodles.
ShedidsendmeapostcardasIexpected.
比較級的理解和翻譯
1.下面這種句型主要表示人或物的性質、特征等方面有某些近似或相等:主語+謂語+as+形
容詞/副詞+3S+比較對象
Wehaveaccomplishedasmuchinthepastthreeyearsaswouldhavebeentakentenyearsinthe
past.
2.主語+謂語+n。more/less+形容詞/副詞比較級+than+被比對象;是表達“相等”或“近似”的一
種說法。例如:
Sheisnolessdiligentthanherclassmates.
3.主語+謂語+more/less+形容詞/副詞+than+被比對象
Factsspeaklouderthaneloquence.
Theneweditionofthedictionaryismoreexpensivethantheoldone.
4、more―than句型:
(1)more…than與其..不如
例:Heismorelazythanslowathiswork.=Heislessslowthanlazyathiswork.
在工作上與其說他慢不如說他懶。
(2)morethan超過;不僅僅是;非常
例:Theseflagsaremorethanjustcolorfulpiecesofclothandthreadsewntogether.
這些旗子不只是不同顏色的布料和絲線逢在一起。
(3)notmorethan最多,不超過
例J:Theyfinishedtheprojectinnotmorethanoneyear.
在不超過一年的時間內(nèi),他們完成了那項工程。
(4)nomorethan僅僅
彳列:TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.
最高級句型
…the+形容詞/副詞最高級+(名詞)+范圍詞
1.Janeisthetallestgirlinthedepartmentofpublicrelations.
2.Ofallthestudents,Bethworkshardest.
注:引導范圍的介詞,如果為同一范疇用。f,如例2;否則用in,如例1。
四、The...the…結構表示“越...,越
Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.
五、superior(優(yōu)于),inferior(低于),senior(年長于),junior"(年幼于)等級之后用to,而不用than。
Hisstrengthissuperiortomine.
Myknowledgeisinferiortohis.
Bobistwoyearsseniortome.
Heisjuniortomebytwoyears.
六、一些表示兩者之間有所比較和選擇和句型
Bettertodowellthantosaywell.說得好不如做得好。
Iwouldratherjoinyouinresearchworkthangoonholidaytotheseaside.
我寧愿和你們一起參加科研工作,而不愿到海濱去度假。
Iprefertoworkratherthansitidle.我寧愿工作,也不愿閑坐著。
Hewouldsoonerresignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.
他寧愿辭職,也不愿參與那樣不誠實的買賣。
Ipreferthequietcountrysidetothenoisycities.
按句子的結構可分三種:簡單句,并列句和復合句
并列句
并列句是由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要,相互之
間沒有從屬關系,是平行并列的關系。它們之間用連詞連結。
1、表示連接兩個同等概念,常用and,nolonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,Ihen等連接。e.g.
Theteacher'snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.
2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either...or...,otherwise等0e.g.Hurryup,oryou'llmissthetrain.
3、表示轉折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwith
thickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.
4、表示因果關系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforrive
harvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.
Myfriendwasathome,andwetalkedforalongtime.
Herfatherisadoctorandhermotherisateacher.
IlikedthestoryverymuchbutLiMingwasn'tinterestedinit.
Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.
作業(yè):
a.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesourofajob,
butalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.
b.Mr.Smithhadanunusualcareer,hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,andendedupasa
schoolteacher.
c.thesupervisordidn'thavetimesofartogointoitatlength,buthegaveusasideaabouthis
plan.
復合句
從句按其在復合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。
(1)表語從句:在句子中作連系動詞的表語的從句,它位于主句中的系動詞之后。
例如:Thatiswhyhedidnotcometoschoolyesterday./Itisbecauseyouaresoclever.
(2)賓語從句:在句子中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。
①基本形式:(主句+)連詞+從句主語,+從句謂語+...
②關于賓語從句連詞的選擇:
若從句來源于一個陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;
若從句來源于一個一般疑問句,連詞則用if或whether;
若從句來源于一個特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)
Theybelievethatthecomputerwillfinallytaketheplaceofhumanbeings.
IwonderwhetherIshouldsaysomethingforhimtotheheadmaster.
Heaskedmewherehecouldgetsuchmedicine
whether句型:
(1)Itdoesn'tmatterwhether是否..并沒有關系
例:Itdoesn'tmatterwhetheritisfineornot.
(2)Itmakesnodifferencewhether是否..沒關系
例:Itmakesnodifferencewhetheryougotodayortomorrow.
(3)Itisnotmadeclearwhether是否..還不清楚
例:Itisnotmadecleai'whetherLilywillpasstheexam.
(4)Itisstillaquestionwhether是否..仍然是一個問題
例:Itisstillaquestionwhethertheyareabletogetenoughcoalthiswinter.
(5)Itisnotdecidedwhether是否..還沒決定
例:Itisnotdecidedwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeputoff.
{6)Itistobefoundoutwhether是否..有待于發(fā)現(xiàn)
例:Itistobefoundoutwhetherthereisotheroilresourcesunderground.
(7)Itistobedecidedwhether是否..有待于決定
例:Itistobedecidedwhetherthisideacanbeputintopractice.
(8)Idoubt/wonderwhether我懷疑是否..
例:Idoubtwhetherthenewonewillbeanybetter.
(9)havenoidea/don'tknowwhether不知道是否..
例:Ihavenoideawhetherthetrafficisterribleonthatway.
(10)Itdependsonwhether...這取決于..是否
例句:Itdependsonwhetheryouaredeterminedtodoitornot.
③賓語從句的時態(tài)問題:如果主句是現(xiàn)在時,從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時態(tài),甚至可以用過去時;
如主句是過去時,從句則相應地使用過去某一時態(tài),遇到客觀真理時仍然用現(xiàn)在時。如:I
thinkIwilldobetterinEnglishthisterm.
Theteacheraskedtheboyiftheearthisround.
Theteachertoldusthathehadfinishedcorrectingourwritings.
④下列結構后面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待:
besorry/afraid/sure/glad+that從句,如:I'msorryI'mlate.(對不起,我遲到了。)
(3)狀語從句:在復合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時間、
地點、原因、目的、結果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導。
1.時間狀語從句通常由when,as,while,after,before,since,assoonas,since,till(until),while,
whenever,nosooner…thark..=hardly…when…等弓I導。時間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,
如:Whenyoufinishthework,youmaygoouttoplaywithSam.
NosoonerhadIgonehomethanIfoundtheshoesthatIboughtfromthestoreareofinferior
quality*******
Wheneverwehearofanaturaldisaster,eveninadistantpartoftheworld,wefeelsympathyfor
thepeopleaffected.
2.地點狀語從句通常由where,wherever等引導。如:Gobackwhereyoucamefrom!(哪里來
還滾到哪里去!)/wherethereisawill,thereisaway.
Whereveryougoyouwillobeservegreatchangesthathavetakenplaceinthiscityoverthepast
years.
3.原因狀語從句通常由because,inthat,since=nowthat,notthat...buthat=不是因為一,而是
因為。Forfearthat,consideringthat,seeingthat,onthegroundthat.as等
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