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Ⅲ.WilliamShakespeare1.一般識記BriefIntroductionWilliamShakespearewasthegreatestwriterofplayswhoeverlived.Hisfriend&fellowplaywrightBenJonsonsaidthatShakespearewas"notofanagebutforalltime."The18th-centuryEnglishessayistSamuelJohnsondescribedhisworkas"themirroroflife."The19th-centuryEnglishpoetSamuelTaylorColeridgespokeof"myriad-mindedShakespeare."The20th-centuryEnglishdramatistGeorgeBernardShawstressedhis"enormouspoweroverlanguage."45.領(lǐng)會HisMajorTheme
1)Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecution&racialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequality&thecorruptinginfluenceofgold&money.
2)Hewasahumanistofthetime&acceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.7.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings
1)Sonnet18
Theme:aprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftime&theeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.
Imagery:asummer'sday-youth
theeyeofheaven-thesun
3)Hamlet
ThisisonepartofHamlet'smostfamousmonologue.Hamlet,facingthedilemmaofaction&mind,ishesitatingwhetherheshouldrevengeforhisfather,whichmaybringhimdeath,orheshouldsuffer&hidehishatredforhisuncleinhisdeepheart,whichmaysecurehislife.IV.FrancisBacon1.一般識記BriefIntroductionEnglishRenaissancephilosopher,essayist,statesman,borninLondon,England,Jan22,1561anddiedinLondon,April91626.
OneoftheoutstandingfiguresoftheRenaissance,Baconmadeimportantcontributionstoseveralfields.Hischiefinterestweresciencephilosophy,buthewasalsoadistinguishedmanofletters&heldseveralhighgovernmentalpositionsduringthereignofkingJamesⅠ.Hewasoneoftheearliest&mosteloquentspokesmenforexperimentalscience.Helaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithhisinsistenceonscientificwayofthinking&freshobservationratherthanauthorityasabasisforobtainingknowledge.4.領(lǐng)會Hisachievements
Asaliteraryman,BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist,whoseEssayswonhimahighplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.
Asaphilosopher,heisthefounderofEnglishmaterialisticphilosophy.Headvocatestheinductivemethodofreasoning.Inhisfamouspleaforprogress,Bacondemandsthreethings:1)thefreeinvestigationofnature,2)thediscoveryoffactsinsteadoftheblindbeliefintheories3)theverificationofresultsbyexperimentratherthanbyargument.Inourday,thesearetheABCofscience,butinBacon'stimetheywererevolutionary,Marxcalledhim"therealfatherofEnglishmaterialism&experimentalscienceofmoderntimesingeneral."5.應(yīng)用OfStudies
OfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon's58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,&howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forceful&persuasive,compact&precise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon'smatureattitudetowardslearning.Bacon'slanguageisneat,priest,&weighty.Itissomewhataffected,likethewaterinthereservoir,restricted&confined.V.JohnDonne1.一般識記Donne&theMetaphysicalPoetry
Thefinestworksofthemetaphysicalpoetscombineintellectualsubtletywithgreatemotionalpower.Thepoemsreflectabroadknowledgeofscience,art,&otherbranchesoflearning.Atthesametime,metaphysicalpoemsexpressanintenseawarenessofcommonhumanfeelings&experiences,suchasjealousy,thelossofreligiousfaith,thecomplexitiesoflove&thefearofdeath.Althoughtheimageryofmetaphysicalpoetryisfrequentlystrained,thelanguageisoftenasnatural&directasordinaryspeech.2識記Hismajorworks
Inhislife,Donnewrotealargenumberofpoems&proseworks,Hispoemsareespeciallyadmiredfortheiruniquecombinationofpassionatefeeling&intellectualwit.ManyofhispoemsrankwiththefinestintheEnglishlanguage.AmonghismostfamousworksarethepoemsDeathBeNotProud,"Go&CatchaFallingStar,"TheEcstacy,&AValedictionForbiddingMourning.
3.領(lǐng)會CharacteristicsofHisPoems
Donne'spoetryissubtle,complex,&oftenstartling.Hemadeexpertuseofsuchpoetictechniquesastheparadox,astatementthatseemscontradictorybutactuallycontainstruth,&theconceit,apertinentcomparisonbetween2apparentlydissimilarthings.
HisearlyLyricsmostexistinTheSongs&Sonnets.Loveisthebasictheme.Donneholdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoul&body.Theoperationsofthesouldependonthebody.Idealism&cynicismaboutlovecoexistinDonne'slovepoetry.
Asareligiouspoet,hischiefpowerisshownintheHolySonnets&thelasthymns.
Inhispoems,Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,i.e.extendedmetaphorsinvolvingdramaticcontrasts.Hispoetryinvolvesacertainkindofargument,sometimesinrigidsyllogisticform.Withthebrief,simplelanguage,theargumentiscontinuousthroughoutthepoem.4.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings
1)DeathBeNotProud,oneofDonne'sHolySonnets,isanalmostStartlingput-downofpoordeath.StaunchlyChristianinitspareexpectationoftheresurrection,Donne'spoempersonifiesdeathasanadversaryswollenwithfalsepride&unworthyofbeingcalled"mighty&dreadful."Donnegivesvariousreasonsinaccusingdeathofbeinglittlemorethanaslavebossedaboutbyfate,chance,kings&desperatemen-acraventhingthatkeepsbadcompany,suchaspoison,was&sickness.Finally,Donnetauntsdeathwithaparadox:"death,thoushaltdie."
ThesonnetiswritteninthestrictPetrarchanpattern.Itrevealsthepoet'sbeliefinlifeafterdeath:deathiseternal.
Ⅵ.JohnMilton1.一般識記BriefIntroduction
2.識記Hisliteraryachievements
Milton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups:theearlypoeticworks,themiddleprosepamphlets&thelastgreatpoems.
3.領(lǐng)會HisMajorWorks
2)ParadiseLost
ParadiseLost,anepicpoemin12books,writteninblankverse,representsthefullestexpressionofMilton'sgenius.ThepoemvividlyportraysthestoryofSatan'srebellionagainstGod&histemptingofAdam&EvetoeatthefruitoftheforbiddenTreeofKnowledge.Thethemeisthe"FallofMan,"i.e.man'sdisobedience&thelossofParadise,withitsprimecause-Satan.AlthoughAdamisthecentralfigureinParadiseLost,itisthevillain,Satan,whoemergesformanyreadersasthemostinterestingcharacterinthepoem,InParadiseLost,MiltonusedtheconventionsofancientGreek&Latinepics&enrichedhispoemwithreferencetoclassicalmythology&literature.二該時期的重要作家I.WilliamBlake2.識記Hispolitical,religious&literaryviews
Blakenevertriedtofitintotheworld;hewasarebelinnocently&completelyallhislife.Hewaspoliticallyofthepermanentleft&mixedagooddealwiththeradicalslikeThomasPaine&WilliamGodwin.LikeShelley,Blakestronglycriticizedthecapitalists'cruelexploitation,sayingthatthe"darksatanicmillsleftmenunemployed,killedchildren&forcedprostitution."Meanwhilehecherishedgreatexpectations&enthusiasmfortheFrenchRevolution,®ardeditasanecessarystageleadingtothemillenniumpredictedbythebiblicalprophets.LiterarilyBlakewasthefirstimportantRomanticpoet,showingcontemptfortheruleofreason,opposingtheclassicaltraditionofthe18thcentury&treasuringtheindividual'simagination.3.領(lǐng)會Hispoems
5.應(yīng)用SelectReadings:
1)TheChimneySweeper(fromSongsofInnocence)
SongsofInnocenceisalovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappy&innocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevils&sufferings.Inthisvolume,Blake,withhiseagerquestfornewpoeticsforms&techniques,brokecompletelywiththetraditionsofthe18thcentury.Heexperimentedinmeter&rhymes&introducedboldmetricalinnovationswhichcouldnotbefoundinthepoetryofhiscontemporaries.
3)TheTyger
TheTyger,includedinSongsofExperience,isoneofBlake'sbest-knownpoems.Itseeminglypraisesthegreatpoweroftiger,butwhatthetigersymbolizesremainsdisputable:thepowerofman?Ortherevolutionaryforce?Ortheevil?Orasitisusuallyinterpreted,theAlmightyMakerwhocreatedboththemeek&gentlelamb&theterrible&awesometiger?Thepoemishighlysymbolicwithatouchofmysticism&itisopentovariousinterpretations.Thepoemcontainssixquatrainsinrhymingcouplets&itslanguageisterse&forcefulwithananvilrhythm.
II.WilliamWordsworth5.應(yīng)用:SelectedReadings
1)IWanderedLonelyasaCloud(1)
Wordsworthisregardedasa"worshipperofnature."Hecanpenetratetotheheartofthings&givethereadertheverylifeofnature."IWanderedLonelyasaCloud"isperhapsthemostanthologizedpoeminEnglishliterature,&onethattakesustothecoreofWordsworth'spoeticbeliefs.Wordsworthwrotethisbeautifulpoemofnatureafterhecameacrossalongbeltofgolddaffodilstossing&reeling&dancingalongthewaterside.Thereisavividpictureofthedaffodilshere,mixedwiththepoet'sphilosophical&somewhatmysticalthoughts.
Thepoemconsistsoffour6-linedstanzasofiambictetrameterwitharhymeschemeofababccineachstanza.Thelaststanzadescribesthepoet'srecollectionintranquilityfromwhichthispoemarose.ThepoetthinksthatitisablisstorecollectthebeautyofnatureinhismindwhileheisinsolitudeIVGeorgeGordonByron4.領(lǐng)會CharacteristicsofByron'sPoems
Byron'spoetry,thoughmuchcriticizedbysomecriticsonmoralgrounds,wasimmenselypopularathome,&alsoabroad,whereitexertedgreatinfluenceontheRomanticMovement.Thispopularityitowedtotheauthor'spersistentattackson"cantpolitical,religious,&moral,"tothenoveltyofhisorientalscenery,totheromanticcharacteroftheByronichero,&totheeasy,fluent,&naturalbeautyofhisverse.Byron'sdiction,thoughunequal&frequentlyfaulty,hasonthewholeafreedom,copiousness&vigor.Hisdescriptionsaresimple&fresh,&oftenbringvividobjectsbeforethereader.Byron'spoetryisliketheoratorywhichhurriesthehearerswithoutapplause.Theglowingimaginationofthepoetrises&sinkswiththetonesofhisenthusiasm,roughingintoargument,orsofteningintothemelodyfeeling&sentiments.ByronemployedtheOttvaRima(OctaveStanza)fromItaliansmock-heroicpoetry.ItwasperfectedinDonJuaninwhichtheconventionflowswithease&naturalness,asColonelStanhopedescribed"astreamsometimessmooth,sometimesrapid&sometimesrushingdownincataracts-amixtureofphilosophy&slang-ofeverything."5領(lǐng)會ByronicHero
AsaleadingRomanticist,Byron'schiefcontributionishiscreationofthe"Byronichero,"aproud&mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassions&powers,theByronicherowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinanevilsociety,&wouldfightsingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligionorinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewills&inexhaustibleenergies.Theconflictisusuallyoneofrebelliousindividualsagainstoutwornsocialsystems&convention.SuchaheroappearsfirstinChildeHarold'sPilgrimage,&thenfurtherdevelopedinlaterworkssuchasOrientedTales,Manfred,&DonJuanindifferentguises.Thefigureis,tosomeextent,modeledonthelife&personalityofByronhimself,&makesByronfamousbothathomeandabroad.
V.PercyByssheShelley2)OdetotheWestWind
ThepoemOdetotheWestWindwasthebestknownofShelley'sshorterpoems.InthepoemthepoetdescribesvividlytheactivitiesoftheWestWindontheearth,inthesky&onthesea,&thenexpresseshisenvyfortheboundlessfreedomoftheWestWind&hiswishtobefreelikethewind&scatterhiswordsamongmankind.Hegatheredinthispoemawealthofsymbolism,employedastructuralart&hispowersofmetricalorchestrationattheirmightiest.Theautumnwind,buryingthedeadyear,preparingforanewSpring,becomesanimageofShelleyhimself,ashewouldwanttobe,initsfreedom,itsdestructive-constructivepower,itsuniversality,"Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!"callstheShelleythatcouldnotbearbeingfetteredtothehumdrumrealitiesofeveryday!Thewholepoemhasalogicoffeeling,aprogressionthatleadstothetriumphant,hopeful&convincingconclusion:"IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?"Hereisnoreassurance,nomysticism,buttheprimalamoralityofnatureitself,withitsmadfury&itspaganruthlessness.Shelley'sodeisaninvocationtoaprimitivedeity,apleatoexalthiminitsfury&totrumpettheradicalprophecyofhope&rebirth.
VI.JohnKeats5.應(yīng)用SelectedReading:
"OdeonaGrecianUrn"
TheGrecianUrnthatthepoemdepictsisapieceofancientGreekpotterywithapastoralsceneoverwroughtuponit.Theurnrepresentsapieceofartifact,&ithasenduredalonghistory,yetremainsuntarnished,&thepastoralsceneonitcanstillbeseenclearly.
Onthesurface,thisodeisabouttheGrecianUrn,butwecanfairlysayitisacommentaryonnature&art,forarthasthepowertopreserveintensehumanexperiences,sothattheymaygoonbeingenjoyedbymenfromgenerationtogeneration.Pleasureinlifecannotbeprotectedfromchange,whileartifactcanremainintact.
TheOdeconsistsof5stanzas,thefirstfourstanzasdescribingapastoralsceneontheurn,&thelastepitomizingtherelationofthetimelessidealworldinarttothewoefulactualworld.
VIIJaneAusten
2.識記HerMajorWorks
Pride&Prejudice,originallydraftedas"FirstImpressions"in1796,isthemostdelightfulofJaneAusten'sworks.Thetitletellsofamajorconcernofthenovelpride&prejudice.Iftoformgoodrelationshipsisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.Ourfirstimpressions,accordingtoJaneAusten,areusuallywrong,asisshownherebythoseofElizabeth.Intheprocessofjudgingothers,Elizabethfindsoutsomethingaboutherself:herblindness,partiality,prejudice&absurdity.Intimeshediscoveredherownshortcomings.Ontheotherhand,Darcytoolearnsaboutotherpeople&himself.Intheendfalseprideishumbled&prejudicedissolved.I.
CharlesDickens3.領(lǐng)會DistinctFeaturesofHisNovels
(1)CharacterSketches&Exaggeration
Inhisnovelsarefoundabout19hundredfigures,someofwhomarereallysuch"typicalcharactersundertypicalcircumstances,"thattheybecomeproverbialorrepresentativeofawholegroupofsimilarpersons.
Asamasterofcharacterization,Dickenswasskillfulindrawingvividcaricaturalsketchesbyexaggeratingsomepeculiarities,&ingivingthemexactlytheactions&wordsthatfitthem:thatis,rightwords&rightactionsfortherightperson.
(2)BroadHumor&PenetratingSatire
Dickensiswellknownasahumoristaswellasasatirist.Hesometimesemployshumortoenlivenasceneorlightenacharacterbymakingit(himorher)eccentric,whimsical,orlaughable.Sometimesheusessatiretoridiculehumanfolliesorvices,withthepurposeoflaughingthemoutofexistenceorbringaboutreform.
(3)Complicated&FascinatingPlot
Dickensseemstolovecomplicatednovelconstructionswithminorplotsbesidethemajorone,ortwoparallelmajorplotswithinonenovel.Heisalsoskillfulatcreatingsuspense&mysterytomakethestoryfascinating.
(4)ThePowerofExposure
AsthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism,Dickensmadehisnoveltheinstrumentofmorality&justice.Eachofhisnovelsrevealsaspecificsocialproblem.
Hislaterworksshowahighlyconsciousmodernartist.Thesettingsaremorecomplicated;thestoriesarebetterstructured.Mostnovelsofthisperiodpresentasharpercriticismofsocialevils&moralsoftheVictorianEngland,forexample,BleakHouse,HardTimes,GreatExpectations&soon.Theearlyoptimismcouldnomorebefound.
II.TheBronteSisters3.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings
ExcerptOne:fromChapterXXIIIofJaneEyrebycharlotteBronte
Theworkisoneofthemostpopular&importantnovelsoftheVictorianage.Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.thereligioushypocrisyofcharityinstitutions,thesocialdiscrimination&thefalsesocialconventionasconcerninglove&marriage.Atthesametime,itisanintensemoralfable.Jane,likeMr.Rochester,hastoundergoaseriesofphysical&moralteststogrowup&achieveherfinalhappiness.ThesuccessofthenovelisalsoduetoitsintroductiontotheEnglishnovelthefirstgovernessheroine.JaneEyreisacompletelynewwomanimage.Sherepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirrights&equalityasahumanbeing.Thevividdescriptionofherintensefeelings&herthought&innerconflictsbringshertotheheartoftheaudience.
JaneEyre'scharacter:
JaneEyre,anorphanchildwithafieryspirit&alongingtolove&beloved,apoor,plain,littlegovernesswhodarestolovehermaster,amansuperiortoherinmanyways,&evenisbraveenoughtodeclaretothemanherloveforhim,cutsacompletelynewwomanimage.InthisnovelCharlottecharacterizesJaneEyreasanaive,kind-hearted,noble-mindedwomanwhopursuesagenuinekindoflove.JaneEyrerepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrights&equalityasahumanbeing.Thevividdescriptionofherintensefeelings&herthought&innerconflictsbringshertotheheartoftheaudience.
TheselectedpartistakenfromChapterXXIII,notlongafterJaneisbackfromheraunt'sfuneral.JanefindsherselfhopelesslyinlovewithMr.Rochesterbutsheisawarethatherloveisoutofthequestion.So,whenforcedtoconfrontMr.Rochester,shedesperately&openlydeclaredherequalitywithhim&herloveforhim.Thepassiondescribedhereisintense&genuine.
III.AlfredTennysonon'spoetry.4.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings
(1)Break,Break,Break(1)
ThisshortlyriciswritteninmemoryofTennyson'sbestfriend,ArthurHallam,whosedeathhasalifelonginfluenceonthepoet.Here,thepoet'sownfeelingsofsadnessarecontrastedwiththecarefree,innocentjoysofthechildren&theunfeelingmovementoftheship&theseawaves.Thebeautyofthelyricistobefoundinthemusicallanguage&intheassociationofsound&imageswithfeelings&emotions.Thepoemcontains4quatrains,withcombinediambic&anapaesticfeet.Mostlineshavethreefeet&somefour.Therhymeschemeisabcb.
Ⅲ.WilliamButlerYeats(1865-1939)二.識記和領(lǐng)會:
1.Yeats'sliteraryideas:
Notcontentwithanydogmainanyoftheestablishedreligiousinstitutions,Yeatsbuiltupforhimselfamysticalsystemofbeliefs.Inchoosingthemysticalbeliefofcyclicalhistoryoverthemodernconceptionofprogress,YeatsowedagreatdealtotheItalianphilosopherVico,andtheGermanphilosopherNietzsche.Hebelievedthathistory,andlife,followedacircular,spiralpatternconsistingoflongcycleswhichrepeatedthemselvesoverandoverondifferentlevels.Andsymbols1ike"windingstairs,""spinningtops,""gyres"and"spirals"werepartofhiselaboratetheoryofhistory,whichhadobviouslybecomethecentralcoreoforderinhisgreatpoems.Yeatslaterdisagreedwiththeideaof"artforart'ssake."Hecametoseethatliteratureshouldnotbeanendinitselfbuttheexpressionofconvictionandthegarmentofnobleemotion.TowriteaboutIre1andforanIrishaudienceandtorecreateaspecificallyIrishliterature--theseweretheaimsthatYeatswasfightingforasapoetandaplaywright.
2.ThethreeperiodsofYeats'spoeticcreationandtheirrespectivefeatures:
三.應(yīng)用:SelectedReadings:
1.TheLakeIsleofInnisfree第一章
美國浪漫主義時期一、美國浪漫主義時期概述
Ⅰ.本章學(xué)習(xí)目的和要求
通過本章學(xué)習(xí),了解19世紀(jì)初期至中葉美國文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景;認(rèn)識該時期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的根本待征、根本主張,及其對同時代和后期美國文學(xué)的影響;了解該時期主要作家的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作生涯、創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題思想、人物刻畫、語言風(fēng)格等;同時結(jié)合注釋,讀懂所選作品并了解其思想內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)特色,培養(yǎng)理解和欣賞文學(xué)作品的能力。
Ⅱ.本章重點及難點:
1.浪漫主義時期美國文學(xué)的特點
2.主要作家的創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、人物刻畫、語言風(fēng)格、思想意義。
3.分析討論選讀作品Ⅲ.本章考核知識點和考核要求:
(1)."識記"內(nèi)容:美國浪漫主義文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的社會歷史及文化背景
(2)."領(lǐng)會"內(nèi)容:美國浪漫主義在文學(xué)上的表現(xiàn)
(3)."應(yīng)用"內(nèi)容:清教主義、超驗主義、象征主義、自由詩等名詞的解釋
A.華盛頓·歐文
1.一般識記:歐文的生平及創(chuàng)作主涯
2.識記:?紐約外史??見聞札記?
3.領(lǐng)會:歐文的創(chuàng)作領(lǐng)域、創(chuàng)作思想,及其作品的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格
4.應(yīng)用:選讀?瑞普·凡·溫可爾?的主題及其藝術(shù)特色B.拉爾夫·華爾多·愛默生
1.一般識記:.愛默生的生平及創(chuàng)作生涯
2.識記:愛默生的超驗主義思想
3.領(lǐng)會:
〔1〕愛默生的散文:?論自然??論自助??論美國學(xué)者?等
〔2〕.愛默生與梭羅:梭羅的超驗主義思想和他的?沃爾登?
4.應(yīng)用:?論自然?節(jié)選:愛默生的根本哲學(xué)思想及自然觀C.納撒尼爾·霍桑
1.一般識記:霍桑的生平及創(chuàng)作主涯
2.識記:霍桑的長短篇小說
3.領(lǐng)會:
〔1〕?紅字?的主題、心理描寫、象征手法和、小說結(jié)構(gòu)
〔2〕霍桑的清教主義思想及加爾文教條中的"原罪"對霍桑的影響〔人性本惡的觀點〕
〔3〕霍桑對浪漫主義小說的奉獻
4.應(yīng)用:選讀?小伙子布朗?的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、象征手法及語言特色D.華爾特·惠特曼
1.一般識記:惠特曼的生平及其創(chuàng)作生涯
2.識記:惠特曼的民主思想
3.領(lǐng)會:
〔1〕惠特曼的?草葉集?的主創(chuàng)意圖、思想感情及詩體形式、語言風(fēng)格
〔2〕.惠特曼的個人主義
4.應(yīng)用:選讀?草葉集?詩選:"一個孩子的成長"、"涉水的騎兵'"、"自己之歌"的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、詩歌的藝術(shù)特色、語言風(fēng)格E.赫爾曼·麥爾維爾
1.一般識記:麥爾維爾的生平及創(chuàng)作生涯
2.識記:麥爾維爾的早期作品:?瑪?shù)??雷得本??白外衣?,后期作品?皮埃爾??騙子的化裝表演??比利伯德?等
3.領(lǐng)會:?白鯨?的
〔1〕主題:表層及深層意義
〔2〕小說結(jié)構(gòu):浪漫主義和現(xiàn)實主義的統(tǒng)一
〔3〕象征手法和寓言的運用
〔4〕語言特色
4.應(yīng)用:選讀?白鯨?最后一章的節(jié)選:主題思想、人物刻畫、象征手法、語言特色ChapterlTheRomanticPeriod(一)"識記"內(nèi)容:
1.TheoriginofRomanticAmericanliterature
TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman'sLeavesofGrass.2.TheAmericanRenaissanceorNewEnglandRenaissanceisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,fromthei830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWar.Itcameofageasanexpressionofanationalspirit.OneofthemostimportantinfluencesintheperiodwasthatoftheTranscendentalists,includingRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau.TheTranscendentalistscontributedtothefoundingofanewnationalculturebasedonnativeelements.ApartfromtheTranscendentalists,thereemergedduringthisperiodgreatimaginativewriters---NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman---whosenovelsandpoetryleftapermanentimprintonAmericanliterature.3.Itssocialhistoricalandculturalbackground
ThedevelopmentoftheAmericansocietynurtured"theliteratureofagreatnation."Americawasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.Historically,itwasthetimeofwestwardexpansioninAmericaeconomically,thewholenationwasexperiencinganindustrialtransformation.Politically,democracyandequa1itybecametheidealofthenewnation,andthetwo-partysystemcameintobeing.Worthyofmentionistheliteraryandculturallifeofthecountry.WiththefoundingoftheAmericanIndependentGovernment,thenationfeltanurgetohaveitsownliteraryexpression,tomakeknownitsnewexperiencethatothernationsdidnothave:theearlyPuritansettlement,theconfrontationwiththeIndians,thefrontiersmen'slife,andthewildwest.Besides,thenation'sliterarymilieuwasreadyfortheRomanticmovementaswe11.Thus,withastrongsenseofoptimism,aspectacularoutburstofromanticfeelingwasbroughtaboutinthefirstha1fofthe19thcentury.4.Majorwritersofthisperiod
Thereemergedagreathostofmenoflettersduringthisperiod,amongwhomthebetter-knownarepoetssuchasPhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWordsworthLongFellow,JamesRusselLowell,JohnGreenleafWhitter,EdgarEllenPoe,and,especially,WaltWhitman,whoseLeavesOfGrassestablishedhimasthemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe19thcentury.ThefictionoftheAmericanRomanticperiodisanoriginalanddiversebodyofwork.ItrangesfromthecomicfablesofWashingtonIrvingtotheTheGothictalesofEdgarAllenPoe,fromthefrontieradventuresofJamesFenimoreCoopertothenarrativequestsofHermanMelville,fromthepsycho1ogicalromancesofNathanielHawthornetothesocialrealismofRebeccaHardingDavis.(二).領(lǐng)會內(nèi)容
1.TheimpactofEuropeanRomanticismonAmericanRomanticism
Foreignliterarymasters,especiallytheEnglishcounterpartsexertedastimulatingimpactonthewritersofthenewworld.Bornofonecommonculturalheritage,theAmericanwriterssharedsomecommonfeatureswiththeEnglishRomanticists.Theyrevoltedagainsttheliteraryformsandideasoftheperiodofclassicismbydevelopingsomerelativelynewformsoffictionorpoetry.
(1)Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.
(2)TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.
(3)ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.
(4)Theliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrving'sefforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregion,andinCooper'slongseriesofhistoricaltales.
(5)Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.2.TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism
AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.Forexamp1e,(1)theAmericannationalexperienceof"pioneeringintothewest"provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmoral1aw.(2)ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.SuchadesireisparticularlyevidentinCooper'sLeatherStockingTales,inThoreau'sWaldenand,later,inMarkTwain'sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.(3)WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.(4)ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwrite
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