英美文學(xué)選讀筆記完整筆記-全面歸納

Ⅲ.WilliamShakespeare1.一般識記BriefIntroductionWilliamShakespearewasthegreatestwriterofplayswhoeverlived.Hisfriend&fellowplaywrightBenJonsonsaidthatShakespearewas"notofanagebutforalltime."The18th-centuryEnglishessayistSamuelJohnsondescribedhisworkas"themirroroflife."The19th-centuryEnglishpoetSamuelTaylorColeridgespokeof"myriad-mindedShakespeare."The20th-centuryEnglishdramatistGeorgeBernardShawstressedhis"enormouspoweroverlanguage."45.領(lǐng)會HisMajorTheme

1)Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecution&racialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequality&thecorruptinginfluenceofgold&money.

2)Hewasahumanistofthetime&acceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.7.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings

1)Sonnet18

Theme:aprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftime&theeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.

Imagery:asummer'sday-youth

theeyeofheaven-thesun

3)Hamlet

ThisisonepartofHamlet'smostfamousmonologue.Hamlet,facingthedilemmaofaction&mind,ishesitatingwhetherheshouldrevengeforhisfather,whichmaybringhimdeath,orheshouldsuffer&hidehishatredforhisuncleinhisdeepheart,whichmaysecurehislife.IV.FrancisBacon1.一般識記BriefIntroductionEnglishRenaissancephilosopher,essayist,statesman,borninLondon,England,Jan22,1561anddiedinLondon,April91626.

OneoftheoutstandingfiguresoftheRenaissance,Baconmadeimportantcontributionstoseveralfields.Hischiefinterestweresciencephilosophy,buthewasalsoadistinguishedmanofletters&heldseveralhighgovernmentalpositionsduringthereignofkingJamesⅠ.Hewasoneoftheearliest&mosteloquentspokesmenforexperimentalscience.Helaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithhisinsistenceonscientificwayofthinking&freshobservationratherthanauthorityasabasisforobtainingknowledge.4.領(lǐng)會Hisachievements

Asaliteraryman,BaconisthefirstEnglishessayist,whoseEssayswonhimahighplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.

Asaphilosopher,heisthefounderofEnglishmaterialisticphilosophy.Headvocatestheinductivemethodofreasoning.Inhisfamouspleaforprogress,Bacondemandsthreethings:1)thefreeinvestigationofnature,2)thediscoveryoffactsinsteadoftheblindbeliefintheories3)theverificationofresultsbyexperimentratherthanbyargument.Inourday,thesearetheABCofscience,butinBacon'stimetheywererevolutionary,Marxcalledhim"therealfatherofEnglishmaterialism&experimentalscienceofmoderntimesingeneral."5.應(yīng)用OfStudies

OfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon's58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,&howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forceful&persuasive,compact&precise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon'smatureattitudetowardslearning.Bacon'slanguageisneat,priest,&weighty.Itissomewhataffected,likethewaterinthereservoir,restricted&confined.V.JohnDonne1.一般識記Donne&theMetaphysicalPoetry

Thefinestworksofthemetaphysicalpoetscombineintellectualsubtletywithgreatemotionalpower.Thepoemsreflectabroadknowledgeofscience,art,&otherbranchesoflearning.Atthesametime,metaphysicalpoemsexpressanintenseawarenessofcommonhumanfeelings&experiences,suchasjealousy,thelossofreligiousfaith,thecomplexitiesoflove&thefearofdeath.Althoughtheimageryofmetaphysicalpoetryisfrequentlystrained,thelanguageisoftenasnatural&directasordinaryspeech.2識記Hismajorworks

Inhislife,Donnewrotealargenumberofpoems&proseworks,Hispoemsareespeciallyadmiredfortheiruniquecombinationofpassionatefeeling&intellectualwit.ManyofhispoemsrankwiththefinestintheEnglishlanguage.AmonghismostfamousworksarethepoemsDeathBeNotProud,"Go&CatchaFallingStar,"TheEcstacy,&AValedictionForbiddingMourning.

3.領(lǐng)會CharacteristicsofHisPoems

Donne'spoetryissubtle,complex,&oftenstartling.Hemadeexpertuseofsuchpoetictechniquesastheparadox,astatementthatseemscontradictorybutactuallycontainstruth,&theconceit,apertinentcomparisonbetween2apparentlydissimilarthings.

HisearlyLyricsmostexistinTheSongs&Sonnets.Loveisthebasictheme.Donneholdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoul&body.Theoperationsofthesouldependonthebody.Idealism&cynicismaboutlovecoexistinDonne'slovepoetry.

Asareligiouspoet,hischiefpowerisshownintheHolySonnets&thelasthymns.

Inhispoems,Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,i.e.extendedmetaphorsinvolvingdramaticcontrasts.Hispoetryinvolvesacertainkindofargument,sometimesinrigidsyllogisticform.Withthebrief,simplelanguage,theargumentiscontinuousthroughoutthepoem.4.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings

1)DeathBeNotProud,oneofDonne'sHolySonnets,isanalmostStartlingput-downofpoordeath.StaunchlyChristianinitspareexpectationoftheresurrection,Donne'spoempersonifiesdeathasanadversaryswollenwithfalsepride&unworthyofbeingcalled"mighty&dreadful."Donnegivesvariousreasonsinaccusingdeathofbeinglittlemorethanaslavebossedaboutbyfate,chance,kings&desperatemen-acraventhingthatkeepsbadcompany,suchaspoison,was&sickness.Finally,Donnetauntsdeathwithaparadox:"death,thoushaltdie."

ThesonnetiswritteninthestrictPetrarchanpattern.Itrevealsthepoet'sbeliefinlifeafterdeath:deathiseternal.

Ⅵ.JohnMilton1.一般識記BriefIntroduction

2.識記Hisliteraryachievements

Milton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups:theearlypoeticworks,themiddleprosepamphlets&thelastgreatpoems.

3.領(lǐng)會HisMajorWorks

2)ParadiseLost

ParadiseLost,anepicpoemin12books,writteninblankverse,representsthefullestexpressionofMilton'sgenius.ThepoemvividlyportraysthestoryofSatan'srebellionagainstGod&histemptingofAdam&EvetoeatthefruitoftheforbiddenTreeofKnowledge.Thethemeisthe"FallofMan,"i.e.man'sdisobedience&thelossofParadise,withitsprimecause-Satan.AlthoughAdamisthecentralfigureinParadiseLost,itisthevillain,Satan,whoemergesformanyreadersasthemostinterestingcharacterinthepoem,InParadiseLost,MiltonusedtheconventionsofancientGreek&Latinepics&enrichedhispoemwithreferencetoclassicalmythology&literature.二該時期的重要作家I.WilliamBlake2.識記Hispolitical,religious&literaryviews

Blakenevertriedtofitintotheworld;hewasarebelinnocently&completelyallhislife.Hewaspoliticallyofthepermanentleft&mixedagooddealwiththeradicalslikeThomasPaine&WilliamGodwin.LikeShelley,Blakestronglycriticizedthecapitalists'cruelexploitation,sayingthatthe"darksatanicmillsleftmenunemployed,killedchildren&forcedprostitution."Meanwhilehecherishedgreatexpectations&enthusiasmfortheFrenchRevolution,®ardeditasanecessarystageleadingtothemillenniumpredictedbythebiblicalprophets.LiterarilyBlakewasthefirstimportantRomanticpoet,showingcontemptfortheruleofreason,opposingtheclassicaltraditionofthe18thcentury&treasuringtheindividual'simagination.3.領(lǐng)會Hispoems

5.應(yīng)用SelectReadings:

1)TheChimneySweeper(fromSongsofInnocence)

SongsofInnocenceisalovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappy&innocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevils&sufferings.Inthisvolume,Blake,withhiseagerquestfornewpoeticsforms&techniques,brokecompletelywiththetraditionsofthe18thcentury.Heexperimentedinmeter&rhymes&introducedboldmetricalinnovationswhichcouldnotbefoundinthepoetryofhiscontemporaries.

3)TheTyger

TheTyger,includedinSongsofExperience,isoneofBlake'sbest-knownpoems.Itseeminglypraisesthegreatpoweroftiger,butwhatthetigersymbolizesremainsdisputable:thepowerofman?Ortherevolutionaryforce?Ortheevil?Orasitisusuallyinterpreted,theAlmightyMakerwhocreatedboththemeek&gentlelamb&theterrible&awesometiger?Thepoemishighlysymbolicwithatouchofmysticism&itisopentovariousinterpretations.Thepoemcontainssixquatrainsinrhymingcouplets&itslanguageisterse&forcefulwithananvilrhythm.

II.WilliamWordsworth5.應(yīng)用：SelectedReadings

1)IWanderedLonelyasaCloud(1)

Wordsworthisregardedasa"worshipperofnature."Hecanpenetratetotheheartofthings&givethereadertheverylifeofnature."IWanderedLonelyasaCloud"isperhapsthemostanthologizedpoeminEnglishliterature,&onethattakesustothecoreofWordsworth'spoeticbeliefs.Wordsworthwrotethisbeautifulpoemofnatureafterhecameacrossalongbeltofgolddaffodilstossing&reeling&dancingalongthewaterside.Thereisavividpictureofthedaffodilshere,mixedwiththepoet'sphilosophical&somewhatmysticalthoughts.

Thepoemconsistsoffour6-linedstanzasofiambictetrameterwitharhymeschemeofababccineachstanza.Thelaststanzadescribesthepoet'srecollectionintranquilityfromwhichthispoemarose.ThepoetthinksthatitisablisstorecollectthebeautyofnatureinhismindwhileheisinsolitudeIVGeorgeGordonByron4.領(lǐng)會CharacteristicsofByron'sPoems

Byron'spoetry,thoughmuchcriticizedbysomecriticsonmoralgrounds,wasimmenselypopularathome,&alsoabroad,whereitexertedgreatinfluenceontheRomanticMovement.Thispopularityitowedtotheauthor'spersistentattackson"cantpolitical,religious,&moral,"tothenoveltyofhisorientalscenery,totheromanticcharacteroftheByronichero,&totheeasy,fluent,&naturalbeautyofhisverse.Byron'sdiction,thoughunequal&frequentlyfaulty,hasonthewholeafreedom,copiousness&vigor.Hisdescriptionsaresimple&fresh,&oftenbringvividobjectsbeforethereader.Byron'spoetryisliketheoratorywhichhurriesthehearerswithoutapplause.Theglowingimaginationofthepoetrises&sinkswiththetonesofhisenthusiasm,roughingintoargument,orsofteningintothemelodyfeeling&sentiments.ByronemployedtheOttvaRima(OctaveStanza)fromItaliansmock-heroicpoetry.ItwasperfectedinDonJuaninwhichtheconventionflowswithease&naturalness,asColonelStanhopedescribed"astreamsometimessmooth,sometimesrapid&sometimesrushingdownincataracts-amixtureofphilosophy&slang-ofeverything."5領(lǐng)會ByronicHero

AsaleadingRomanticist,Byron'schiefcontributionishiscreationofthe"Byronichero,"aproud&mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassions&powers,theByronicherowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinanevilsociety,&wouldfightsingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligionorinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewills&inexhaustibleenergies.Theconflictisusuallyoneofrebelliousindividualsagainstoutwornsocialsystems&convention.SuchaheroappearsfirstinChildeHarold'sPilgrimage,&thenfurtherdevelopedinlaterworkssuchasOrientedTales,Manfred,&DonJuanindifferentguises.Thefigureis,tosomeextent,modeledonthelife&personalityofByronhimself,&makesByronfamousbothathomeandabroad.

V.PercyByssheShelley2)OdetotheWestWind

ThepoemOdetotheWestWindwasthebestknownofShelley'sshorterpoems.InthepoemthepoetdescribesvividlytheactivitiesoftheWestWindontheearth,inthesky&onthesea,&thenexpresseshisenvyfortheboundlessfreedomoftheWestWind&hiswishtobefreelikethewind&scatterhiswordsamongmankind.Hegatheredinthispoemawealthofsymbolism,employedastructuralart&hispowersofmetricalorchestrationattheirmightiest.Theautumnwind,buryingthedeadyear,preparingforanewSpring,becomesanimageofShelleyhimself,ashewouldwanttobe,initsfreedom,itsdestructive-constructivepower,itsuniversality,"Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!"callstheShelleythatcouldnotbearbeingfetteredtothehumdrumrealitiesofeveryday!Thewholepoemhasalogicoffeeling,aprogressionthatleadstothetriumphant,hopeful&convincingconclusion:"IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?"Hereisnoreassurance,nomysticism,buttheprimalamoralityofnatureitself,withitsmadfury&itspaganruthlessness.Shelley'sodeisaninvocationtoaprimitivedeity,apleatoexalthiminitsfury&totrumpettheradicalprophecyofhope&rebirth.

VI.JohnKeats5.應(yīng)用SelectedReading:

"OdeonaGrecianUrn"

TheGrecianUrnthatthepoemdepictsisapieceofancientGreekpotterywithapastoralsceneoverwroughtuponit.Theurnrepresentsapieceofartifact,&ithasenduredalonghistory,yetremainsuntarnished,&thepastoralsceneonitcanstillbeseenclearly.

Onthesurface,thisodeisabouttheGrecianUrn,butwecanfairlysayitisacommentaryonnature&art,forarthasthepowertopreserveintensehumanexperiences,sothattheymaygoonbeingenjoyedbymenfromgenerationtogeneration.Pleasureinlifecannotbeprotectedfromchange,whileartifactcanremainintact.

TheOdeconsistsof5stanzas,thefirstfourstanzasdescribingapastoralsceneontheurn,&thelastepitomizingtherelationofthetimelessidealworldinarttothewoefulactualworld.

VIIJaneAusten

2.識記HerMajorWorks

Pride&Prejudice,originallydraftedas"FirstImpressions"in1796,isthemostdelightfulofJaneAusten'sworks.Thetitletellsofamajorconcernofthenovelpride&prejudice.Iftoformgoodrelationshipsisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.Ourfirstimpressions,accordingtoJaneAusten,areusuallywrong,asisshownherebythoseofElizabeth.Intheprocessofjudgingothers,Elizabethfindsoutsomethingaboutherself:herblindness,partiality,prejudice&absurdity.Intimeshediscoveredherownshortcomings.Ontheotherhand,Darcytoolearnsaboutotherpeople&himself.Intheendfalseprideishumbled&prejudicedissolved.I.

CharlesDickens3.領(lǐng)會DistinctFeaturesofHisNovels

(1)CharacterSketches&Exaggeration

Inhisnovelsarefoundabout19hundredfigures,someofwhomarereallysuch"typicalcharactersundertypicalcircumstances,"thattheybecomeproverbialorrepresentativeofawholegroupofsimilarpersons.

Asamasterofcharacterization,Dickenswasskillfulindrawingvividcaricaturalsketchesbyexaggeratingsomepeculiarities,&ingivingthemexactlytheactions&wordsthatfitthem:thatis,rightwords&rightactionsfortherightperson.

(2)BroadHumor&PenetratingSatire

Dickensiswellknownasahumoristaswellasasatirist.Hesometimesemployshumortoenlivenasceneorlightenacharacterbymakingit(himorher)eccentric,whimsical,orlaughable.Sometimesheusessatiretoridiculehumanfolliesorvices,withthepurposeoflaughingthemoutofexistenceorbringaboutreform.

(3)Complicated&FascinatingPlot

Dickensseemstolovecomplicatednovelconstructionswithminorplotsbesidethemajorone,ortwoparallelmajorplotswithinonenovel.Heisalsoskillfulatcreatingsuspense&mysterytomakethestoryfascinating.

(4)ThePowerofExposure

AsthegreatestrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism,Dickensmadehisnoveltheinstrumentofmorality&justice.Eachofhisnovelsrevealsaspecificsocialproblem.

Hislaterworksshowahighlyconsciousmodernartist.Thesettingsaremorecomplicated;thestoriesarebetterstructured.Mostnovelsofthisperiodpresentasharpercriticismofsocialevils&moralsoftheVictorianEngland,forexample,BleakHouse,HardTimes,GreatExpectations&soon.Theearlyoptimismcouldnomorebefound.

II.TheBronteSisters3.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings

ExcerptOne:fromChapterXXIIIofJaneEyrebycharlotteBronte

Theworkisoneofthemostpopular&importantnovelsoftheVictorianage.Itisnotedforitssharpcriticismoftheexistingsociety,e.g.thereligioushypocrisyofcharityinstitutions,thesocialdiscrimination&thefalsesocialconventionasconcerninglove&marriage.Atthesametime,itisanintensemoralfable.Jane,likeMr.Rochester,hastoundergoaseriesofphysical&moralteststogrowup&achieveherfinalhappiness.ThesuccessofthenovelisalsoduetoitsintroductiontotheEnglishnovelthefirstgovernessheroine.JaneEyreisacompletelynewwomanimage.Sherepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirrights&equalityasahumanbeing.Thevividdescriptionofherintensefeelings&herthought&innerconflictsbringshertotheheartoftheaudience.

JaneEyre'scharacter:

JaneEyre,anorphanchildwithafieryspirit&alongingtolove&beloved,apoor,plain,littlegovernesswhodarestolovehermaster,amansuperiortoherinmanyways,&evenisbraveenoughtodeclaretothemanherloveforhim,cutsacompletelynewwomanimage.InthisnovelCharlottecharacterizesJaneEyreasanaive,kind-hearted,noble-mindedwomanwhopursuesagenuinekindoflove.JaneEyrerepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrights&equalityasahumanbeing.Thevividdescriptionofherintensefeelings&herthought&innerconflictsbringshertotheheartoftheaudience.

TheselectedpartistakenfromChapterXXIII,notlongafterJaneisbackfromheraunt'sfuneral.JanefindsherselfhopelesslyinlovewithMr.Rochesterbutsheisawarethatherloveisoutofthequestion.So,whenforcedtoconfrontMr.Rochester,shedesperately&openlydeclaredherequalitywithhim&herloveforhim.Thepassiondescribedhereisintense&genuine.

III.AlfredTennysonon'spoetry.4.應(yīng)用SelectedReadings

(1)Break,Break,Break(1)

ThisshortlyriciswritteninmemoryofTennyson'sbestfriend,ArthurHallam,whosedeathhasalifelonginfluenceonthepoet.Here,thepoet'sownfeelingsofsadnessarecontrastedwiththecarefree,innocentjoysofthechildren&theunfeelingmovementoftheship&theseawaves.Thebeautyofthelyricistobefoundinthemusicallanguage&intheassociationofsound&imageswithfeelings&emotions.Thepoemcontains4quatrains,withcombinediambic&anapaesticfeet.Mostlineshavethreefeet&somefour.Therhymeschemeisabcb.

Ⅲ.WilliamButlerYeats(1865-1939)二．識記和領(lǐng)會：

1.Yeats'sliteraryideas:

Notcontentwithanydogmainanyoftheestablishedreligiousinstitutions,Yeatsbuiltupforhimselfamysticalsystemofbeliefs.Inchoosingthemysticalbeliefofcyclicalhistoryoverthemodernconceptionofprogress,YeatsowedagreatdealtotheItalianphilosopherVico,andtheGermanphilosopherNietzsche.Hebelievedthathistory,andlife,followedacircular,spiralpatternconsistingoflongcycleswhichrepeatedthemselvesoverandoverondifferentlevels.Andsymbols1ike"windingstairs,""spinningtops,""gyres"and"spirals"werepartofhiselaboratetheoryofhistory,whichhadobviouslybecomethecentralcoreoforderinhisgreatpoems.Yeatslaterdisagreedwiththeideaof"artforart'ssake."Hecametoseethatliteratureshouldnotbeanendinitselfbuttheexpressionofconvictionandthegarmentofnobleemotion.TowriteaboutIre1andforanIrishaudienceandtorecreateaspecificallyIrishliterature--theseweretheaimsthatYeatswasfightingforasapoetandaplaywright.

2．ThethreeperiodsofYeats'spoeticcreationandtheirrespectivefeatures:

三．應(yīng)用：SelectedReadings:

1.TheLakeIsleofInnisfree第一章

美國浪漫主義時期一、美國浪漫主義時期概述

Ⅰ.本章學(xué)習(xí)目的和要求

通過本章學(xué)習(xí)，了解１９世紀(jì)初期至中葉美國文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的歷史、文化背景；認(rèn)識該時期文學(xué)創(chuàng)作的根本待征、根本主張，及其對同時代和后期美國文學(xué)的影響；了解該時期主要作家的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作生涯、創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題思想、人物刻畫、語言風(fēng)格等；同時結(jié)合注釋，讀懂所選作品并了解其思想內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)特色，培養(yǎng)理解和欣賞文學(xué)作品的能力。

Ⅱ.本章重點及難點：

1．浪漫主義時期美國文學(xué)的特點

2．主要作家的創(chuàng)作思想、藝術(shù)特色及其代表作品的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、人物刻畫、語言風(fēng)格、思想意義。

3．分析討論選讀作品Ⅲ.本章考核知識點和考核要求：

(1)．"識記"內(nèi)容：美國浪漫主義文學(xué)產(chǎn)生的社會歷史及文化背景

(2)．"領(lǐng)會"內(nèi)容：美國浪漫主義在文學(xué)上的表現(xiàn)

(3)．"應(yīng)用"內(nèi)容：清教主義、超驗主義、象征主義、自由詩等名詞的解釋

Ａ．華盛頓·歐文

1．一般識記：歐文的生平及創(chuàng)作主涯

2．識記：?紐約外史??見聞札記?

3．領(lǐng)會：歐文的創(chuàng)作領(lǐng)域、創(chuàng)作思想，及其作品的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格

4.應(yīng)用：選讀?瑞普·凡·溫可爾?的主題及其藝術(shù)特色Ｂ．拉爾夫·華爾多·愛默生

1．一般識記：．愛默生的生平及創(chuàng)作生涯

2．識記：愛默生的超驗主義思想

3．領(lǐng)會：

〔1〕愛默生的散文：?論自然??論自助??論美國學(xué)者?等

〔2〕．愛默生與梭羅：梭羅的超驗主義思想和他的?沃爾登?

4．應(yīng)用：?論自然?節(jié)選：愛默生的根本哲學(xué)思想及自然觀Ｃ．納撒尼爾·霍桑

1．一般識記：霍桑的生平及創(chuàng)作主涯

2．識記：霍桑的長短篇小說

3．領(lǐng)會：

〔1〕?紅字?的主題、心理描寫、象征手法和、小說結(jié)構(gòu)

〔2〕霍桑的清教主義思想及加爾文教條中的"原罪"對霍桑的影響〔人性本惡的觀點〕

〔3〕霍桑對浪漫主義小說的奉獻

4．應(yīng)用：選讀?小伙子布朗?的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、象征手法及語言特色Ｄ．華爾特·惠特曼

1．一般識記：惠特曼的生平及其創(chuàng)作生涯

2．識記：惠特曼的民主思想

3．領(lǐng)會：

〔1〕惠特曼的?草葉集?的主創(chuàng)意圖、思想感情及詩體形式、語言風(fēng)格

〔2〕．惠特曼的個人主義

4．應(yīng)用：選讀?草葉集?詩選："一個孩子的成長"、"涉水的騎兵'"、"自己之歌"的主題結(jié)構(gòu)、詩歌的藝術(shù)特色、語言風(fēng)格Ｅ．赫爾曼·麥爾維爾

1．一般識記：麥爾維爾的生平及創(chuàng)作生涯

2．識記：麥爾維爾的早期作品：?瑪?shù)??雷得本??白外衣?，后期作品?皮埃爾??騙子的化裝表演??比利伯德?等

3．領(lǐng)會：?白鯨?的

〔1〕主題：表層及深層意義

〔2〕小說結(jié)構(gòu)：浪漫主義和現(xiàn)實主義的統(tǒng)一

〔3〕象征手法和寓言的運用

〔4〕語言特色

4．應(yīng)用：選讀?白鯨?最后一章的節(jié)選：主題思想、人物刻畫、象征手法、語言特色ChapterlTheRomanticPeriod(一)"識記"內(nèi)容：

1.TheoriginofRomanticAmericanliterature

TheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman'sLeavesofGrass.2.TheAmericanRenaissanceorNewEnglandRenaissanceisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,fromthei830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWar.Itcameofageasanexpressionofanationalspirit.OneofthemostimportantinfluencesintheperiodwasthatoftheTranscendentalists,includingRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau.TheTranscendentalistscontributedtothefoundingofanewnationalculturebasedonnativeelements.ApartfromtheTranscendentalists,thereemergedduringthisperiodgreatimaginativewriters---NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,andWaltWhitman---whosenovelsandpoetryleftapermanentimprintonAmericanliterature.3.Itssocialhistoricalandculturalbackground

ThedevelopmentoftheAmericansocietynurtured"theliteratureofagreatnation."Americawasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.Historically,itwasthetimeofwestwardexpansioninAmericaeconomically,thewholenationwasexperiencinganindustrialtransformation.Politically,democracyandequa1itybecametheidealofthenewnation,andthetwo-partysystemcameintobeing.Worthyofmentionistheliteraryandculturallifeofthecountry.WiththefoundingoftheAmericanIndependentGovernment,thenationfeltanurgetohaveitsownliteraryexpression,tomakeknownitsnewexperiencethatothernationsdidnothave:theearlyPuritansettlement,theconfrontationwiththeIndians,thefrontiersmen'slife,andthewildwest.Besides,thenation'sliterarymilieuwasreadyfortheRomanticmovementaswe11.Thus,withastrongsenseofoptimism,aspectacularoutburstofromanticfeelingwasbroughtaboutinthefirstha1fofthe19thcentury.4.Majorwritersofthisperiod

Thereemergedagreathostofmenoflettersduringthisperiod,amongwhomthebetter-knownarepoetssuchasPhilipFreneau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWordsworthLongFellow,JamesRusselLowell,JohnGreenleafWhitter,EdgarEllenPoe,and,especially,WaltWhitman,whoseLeavesOfGrassestablishedhimasthemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe19thcentury.ThefictionoftheAmericanRomanticperiodisanoriginalanddiversebodyofwork.ItrangesfromthecomicfablesofWashingtonIrvingtotheTheGothictalesofEdgarAllenPoe,fromthefrontieradventuresofJamesFenimoreCoopertothenarrativequestsofHermanMelville,fromthepsycho1ogicalromancesofNathanielHawthornetothesocialrealismofRebeccaHardingDavis.(二)．領(lǐng)會內(nèi)容

1.TheimpactofEuropeanRomanticismonAmericanRomanticism

Foreignliterarymasters,especiallytheEnglishcounterpartsexertedastimulatingimpactonthewritersofthenewworld.Bornofonecommonculturalheritage,theAmericanwriterssharedsomecommonfeatureswiththeEnglishRomanticists.Theyrevoltedagainsttheliteraryformsandideasoftheperiodofclassicismbydevelopingsomerelativelynewformsoffictionorpoetry.

(1)Theyputemphasisupontheimaginativeandemotionalqualitiesofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.

(2)TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.

(3)ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.

(4)Theliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrving'sefforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregion,andinCooper'slongseriesofhistoricaltales.

(5)Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.2.TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism

AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.Forexamp1e,(1)theAmericannationalexperienceof"pioneeringintothewest"provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmoral1aw.(2)ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.SuchadesireisparticularlyevidentinCooper'sLeatherStockingTales,inThoreau'sWaldenand,later,inMarkTwain'sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.(3)WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.(4)ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwrite