地鐵隧道開挖地層冷凍法技術(shù)中英對(duì)照

再說地層凍結(jié)法

——紀(jì)念地層凍結(jié)法150周年

SomeNewWordsOnGroundFreezingMethod

——inmemoryof150thanniversaryapplicationofGFMxx市地鐵集團(tuán)有限公司xx博士上海，05.2012CHENXiangsheng,Ph.D.ShenzhenMetroCo.(Group),Ltd.Shanghai,05.2012目錄Contents概述

Overview地層凍結(jié)法關(guān)鍵要素

ThekeyelementsforGFM人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties地層凍脹融沉問題及對(duì)策

Thecountermeasuretogroundfreezingheaveandthawsettlement最新地層凍結(jié)案例

SomenewcasesinterestedofGFM1.概述

Overview追索求源Originating

地層凍結(jié)法源于天然凍結(jié)現(xiàn)象。1850年代蒸汽壓縮式冷凍機(jī)發(fā)明后，人類第一次使用地層凍結(jié)法是1862年在Wales基坑中；1880年德國(guó)工程師Poetch首先提出地層凍結(jié)法原理，并于1883年在德國(guó)阿爾巴里德煤礦成功地采用凍結(jié)工法建造103m深的豎井。我國(guó)第一次應(yīng)用地層凍結(jié)法是1955年開灤煤礦林西風(fēng)井（直徑5m，凍深105m）。

Groundfreezingmethod(GFM)originatedfromnaturalfreezingphenomenon.Itwasthefirsttimein1862thatGFMwasusedinWalesfoundationpitafterinventionofsteamcompressionrefrigeratorin1850s.TheGermanengineer,Poetch,proposedfirsttheprincipleofGFMin1880,andthenthismethodwassuccessfullyusedinsinkingashaftindepthof103minGermany'scoalminein1883.Itwasin1955thatGFMwasusedinsinkingLinxiairshaft(dia.5mandfrozendepthof105m)inKailuanCoalMinefirstinChina.1.概述

Overview(Cont.)核心是把地層里的水變成冰

ThekeyofGFMistochangethewaterinsoilintoice.

地層凍結(jié)的核心是把地層里幾乎“沒有強(qiáng)度”的水變成“強(qiáng)度極高且可以粘結(jié)土顆?！钡谋冶膹?qiáng)度和彈性模量隨負(fù)溫度降低而增大。由此可以根據(jù)對(duì)凍土結(jié)構(gòu)要求而隨時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)凍結(jié)溫度來確保凍土結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定。

ThecoreofGFMistochange"nostrength"ofwaterthestrataintoiceof"highstrengthandpowerbondingsoilparticle“.Moreover,bothstrengthandelasticitymodulusoficeincreasewithdecreaseinnegativetemperature.Thismay,accordingtotherequirementsoffrozensoilstructure,adjustthefreezingtemperatureinfrozensoilstructuretoensureit’sstabilityatanytime.

1.概述

Overview(Cont.)核心是把地層里的水變成冰(Cont.)

ThekeyofGFMistochangethewaterinsoilintoice.

所以，要了解水凍成冰的要素：地層里水的冰點(diǎn)、含鹽、地層溫度、水力聯(lián)系和周邊影響溫度的邊界條件等，還有凍土結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)連影響穩(wěn)定的邊界條件。在設(shè)計(jì)凍土結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要充分了解其受力狀態(tài)、簡(jiǎn)化的受力模型、需要的力學(xué)指標(biāo)等。還有土壤的凍脹和融沉特性Firstthingsfirstistounderstandthefreezingtemperatureofthewaterinthestratum,it’ssalt,stratumformationtemperature,hydraulicrelationshipandsurroundingheatinfluence,theboundaryconditionsoftemperature,andmoreovertheboundaryconditionsofthefrozenstructure.Thenalltheseelementsmustfullybeunderstoodwhenafrozenstructureisdesigned:itsstressstate,thesimplifiedmodel,themechanicsindexneeded,andetc.Meanwhile,thecharacteristicsmustbekeptinmindoffreezingheaveandthawsettlementofsoil.1.概述

Overview(Cont.)帶領(lǐng)全球的中國(guó)地層凍結(jié)

GroundGreezinginMainlandChina——Leadingtheglobal

截至2011年年底，中國(guó)大陸地區(qū)利用地層凍結(jié)法完成鑿井約790個(gè)，總里程約180km；最大凍結(jié)深度達(dá)到955m。完成市政工程凍結(jié)項(xiàng)目98個(gè)（其中地鐵工程超過70個(gè)），最長(zhǎng)水平凍結(jié)長(zhǎng)度到達(dá)147m。各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)領(lǐng)先全球。Bytheendof2011,GFMhassuccessfullybeenusedinChinamainlandsunkshafts790withtotalmileagemorethan180kmandmaximumfrozendepthof955m,andfinishedmunicipalengineeringprojects98(includingthesubwayfrozenprojectsmorethan70)withthelongesthorizontalfreezinglengthof147m.Alltechnicalindexesleadintheworld.

2.地層凍結(jié)法關(guān)鍵要素

ThekeyelementsforGFM工程地質(zhì)和水文地質(zhì)及關(guān)鍵物理力學(xué)指標(biāo)Theinformationofengineeringgeologyandhydrogeology,andthekeyphysicalandmechanicalindexes設(shè)計(jì)要素Thekeyfactorsofdesign施工要素Thekeyelementsforexecution管理等關(guān)聯(lián)要素Thekeypointsformanagement2.地層凍結(jié)法關(guān)鍵要素ThekeyelementsforGFM(cont.)工程地質(zhì)和水文地質(zhì)及關(guān)鍵物理力學(xué)指標(biāo)

Theinformationofengineeringgeologyandhydrogeology,andthekeyphysicalandmechanicalindexes

1.施工范圍內(nèi)及關(guān)聯(lián)的地層分布、水位（含氣?）含水層及水力聯(lián)系、流速流向、含鹽量、隔水層、土的基本力學(xué)性質(zhì)、比熱、熱傳導(dǎo)系數(shù)、潛熱、結(jié)冰溫度等

Therelatedstratadistribution,stage(airball?),aquiferlocationandhydraulicconnection,Flowvelocityanddirection,saltconcentrationinthesoil,aquiclude,thebasicmechanicalpropertiesofsoil,specificheatandthermalconductivity,thelatentheat,freezingtemperature,etc

2.土壤凍脹和融沉（凍土解凍）；單軸抗壓、抗拉、抗剪(粘聚力、內(nèi)摩擦角)、三軸強(qiáng)度、變形模量、泊淞比（受溫度、含水量、未凍水含量、粒徑、孔隙率、荷載、時(shí)間等影響）

Frostheavingandthawsettlement(thawing);Uniaxialcompressive,tensileandshearstrength(cohesion,frictionangle),triaxialstrength,deformationmodulusandpoissonratio(influencedbytemperature,watercontent,unfrozenwatercontent,particlediameter,poreratio,loading,andloadedtime,etc)2.地層凍結(jié)法關(guān)鍵要素(cont.)

ThekeyelementsforGFM設(shè)計(jì)要素Thekeyfactorsofdesign首先是建立凍土結(jié)構(gòu)受力模型（純凍土結(jié)構(gòu)、和其它結(jié)構(gòu)共同承載、作為其它結(jié)構(gòu)承載的封水等）Firststepistochoseafrozenstructurebearingmodel(purefrozensoilstructure,orotherstructurejointedwithfrozensoil,oraswatershutoff(frozensoil)forotherstructure)

其次是在所選結(jié)構(gòu)模型下全面考量全過程可能影響凍土強(qiáng)度、凍土結(jié)構(gòu)本身可能影響周邊環(huán)境或者影響維護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)本身穩(wěn)定和安全的可能性Secondistocomprehensivelyconsiderthepossibilityofaffectingthepermafroststrengthinthechosenfrozenstructuremodelthroughtheprocess,frozensoilstructureitselfmayaffecttherelatedenvironmentorinfluencethestabilityandsecurity

ofthefrozenstructureitself.2.地層凍結(jié)法關(guān)鍵要素(cont.)

ThekeyelementsforGFM設(shè)計(jì)要素Thekeyfactorsofdesign(cont.)再次是按所選凍土結(jié)構(gòu)受力模型進(jìn)行對(duì)應(yīng)的凍土力學(xué)性能試驗(yàn)而獲得必要的計(jì)算參數(shù)、并對(duì)凍土結(jié)構(gòu)的凍脹融沉進(jìn)行量化、針對(duì)計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行措施補(bǔ)充（包括所有檢測(cè)監(jiān)控）Onceagainistoobtainthenecessaryparametersofthefrozensoilbycarryingoutthecorrespondingmechanicaltestaccordingtoselectedfrozensoilstructurebearingmodel,toquantitativelycalculatefreezingheaveandthawsettlementoftherelatedstrata,andtosupplementmeasuresforthefrozensoilstructure（includingallthedetectionmonitoring）

最后就是實(shí)施這一設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行施工組織設(shè)計(jì)Thelastistocarryouttheconstructionorganizationdesign.2.地層凍結(jié)法關(guān)鍵要素

ThekeyelementsforGFM(cont.)施工要素Thekeyelementsforexecution凍結(jié)孔施工、凍結(jié)管安裝以及質(zhì)量的檢測(cè)；Freezingpipeholedrilling,thepipeinstallation,andthefinalresultinspection地層內(nèi)溫度檢測(cè)和鹽水等檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)的可靠性；Inspectionofthesystemreliabilityofboththetemperaturemeasuringinthefrozensoilandthebrinedatalogging(temperatureandflow)

達(dá)到凍結(jié)設(shè)計(jì)要求的檢測(cè)和確認(rèn)Inspectionandconfirmation

realizingthefrozenstructuredesignrequirements凍脹檢測(cè)和控制、融沉監(jiān)測(cè)和控制；Frostheavingmeasuringandcontrol,thawsettlementmonitoringandcontrol;

開挖和支護(hù)，凍土結(jié)構(gòu)變形實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)Excavatingandlining,frozensoilstructuredeformationmonitoringinsitu2.地層凍結(jié)法關(guān)鍵要素(cont.)

ThekeyelementsforGFM管理等關(guān)聯(lián)要素Thekeypointsformanagement凍結(jié)法是面對(duì)高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)地方的工法，故對(duì)于上述各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)必須進(jìn)行多次反復(fù)檢查和檢驗(yàn)，動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)控制、精細(xì)化施工、嚴(yán)格監(jiān)理管理,達(dá)到安全可靠。Groundfreezingmethodisasomekindofanagraphtohigh-riskproblems,therefortheaboveeachproceduremustbeinspectedandconfirmedrepeatedlyinordertorealizesafetyandreliabilitybymonitoringandcontrollingintime,elaboratelyconstructingandconsultantmanagingstrictly.

3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties礦山凍結(jié)鑿井中凍土試驗(yàn)Frozensoilmechanicalpropertytestsforfrozenshaftlining市政工程中地層凍結(jié)凍土試驗(yàn)Frozensoilmechanicalpropertytestsformunicipalfrozenengineering上述兩個(gè)方面對(duì)凍土物理力學(xué)指標(biāo)的要求是不完全相同的。Therequirementsfortheabovetwoaspectsarenotcompletelythesameofthefrozensoilphysicalandmechanicalindexes3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)(cont.)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties礦山凍結(jié)鑿井中凍土試驗(yàn)Frozensoilmechanicalpropertytestsforfrozenshaftlining全面正確認(rèn)識(shí)凍土：凍土是由固相（土壤顆粒、冰）、液相（未凍水）、氣相（氣泡）組成——多相介質(zhì)（非飽和土）。土樣取樣、凍土試樣是否固結(jié)、是否達(dá)到固結(jié)度就是關(guān)鍵了。Overallcorrectunderstandingoffrozensoil:frozensoiliscomposedofsolidphase(soilparticles,ice),liquid(notcoldwater),airphase(bubble),thatisasomekindofamultiphasemedium（unsaturatedsoil）.

Thekeyishowtosamplenaturalsoil,whetherconsolidatethefrozensoilsamplesandiftomeetthedegreeofconsolidation.3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)(cont.)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties礦山凍結(jié)鑿井中凍土試驗(yàn)Frozensoilmechanicalpropertytestsforfrozenshaftlining由于礦山鑿井深度比較深，土樣取樣后應(yīng)力釋放而體積和容重都發(fā)生變化。如果在凍土試驗(yàn)前不盡可能恢復(fù)到原來指標(biāo)，顯然所得結(jié)果不能反映真實(shí)情況。因此，在凍結(jié)前對(duì)式樣進(jìn)行固結(jié)并盡可能到達(dá)原來的固結(jié)度是非常必要的。到目前，試驗(yàn)和工程應(yīng)用人員還沒有充分認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。Theappearancedensityandvolumeofsamplesarechangedbecauseofstressreleaseaftersamplinganddepthofashaft.Ifthesoilsamplesdonotregaintheiroriginalindexasfaraspossiblebeforethefrozensamplesaretested,thetestresultscannotreflectthetruefactsobviously.Therefore,itisessentialtoconsolidatethesamplestotheoriginaldegreeofconsolidationasfaraspossiblebeforefreezingthemandtesting.Thetestandapplicationpersonnelhavenotfullyrealizethiskeypointyet.

ZJ290凍結(jié)粘土在-5℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃和-25℃五種試驗(yàn)溫度、排氣排水條件下試驗(yàn)所得瞬時(shí)σ3、q值。將這些數(shù)據(jù)繪于p-q坐標(biāo)平面如圖所示p=(σ1+2σ3)/3q=σ1-σ3本試驗(yàn)僅限于σ3≤13.25MPa3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)(cont.)

ThemainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalpropertiesZJ290frozenclaytriaxialtestsunderdrainageandun-drainageconditionConstantaxialstrainrate0.1%/min3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)(cont.)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties蘭州凍砂瞬時(shí)三軸剪切強(qiáng)度結(jié)果。隨著p值增加，剪應(yīng)力峰值后都開始下降并不斷加速，即有冰融化發(fā)生。圖中看到，剪應(yīng)力峰值過后隨著p值不斷升高而加速這種冰的融化。高壓p值下冰融化到最后就會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同溫度下的這種剪應(yīng)力曲線應(yīng)全部趨向接近，而不是本圖中的這種曲線最后相互遠(yuǎn)離。這種最后遠(yuǎn)離說明負(fù)溫和“冰融”作用都很大，這與實(shí)際情況不符。

FrozenLanzhousandTriaxialtestsattemperature-2,-3.5,-5and-7℃Constantaxialstrainrate

6.7%/min3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)(cont.)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties國(guó)內(nèi)某凍土研究機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)凍結(jié)粘土進(jìn)行了不同負(fù)溫、不同圍壓下的三軸剪切試驗(yàn)如圖.

Someresultsoftriaxialsheartestsonfrozenclayunderdifferentconfiningpressureindifferentnegativetemperaturesbyadomesticresearchoganization3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)(cont.)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties圖中顯示在同一負(fù)溫下，其試驗(yàn)凍結(jié)粘土在1～10MPa下的三軸強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)不同尋常的特點(diǎn)：峰值偏應(yīng)力(或三軸抗剪強(qiáng)度)基本不變，莫爾圓包絡(luò)線幾乎呈水平線，三軸剪切強(qiáng)度可取作定值。圖顯示：凍結(jié)固結(jié)粘土在-5，-15℃試驗(yàn)溫度下的內(nèi)摩擦角φ≤0；即其三軸抗剪強(qiáng)度與圍壓無關(guān)。這和我們所在溫度-10℃、不排氣條件下試驗(yàn)所得的三軸剪切強(qiáng)度數(shù)據(jù)相近(圖1中虛線)，其實(shí)是正常的。Someunusualfeaturescanbefoundthattriaxialstrengthoftheclayarealmostconstant,orMohr'scircleenvelopeisalmosthorizontal,underconfinedpressurefrom1to10MPainthesamenegativetemperature.AnditsinternalfrictionAngleφat-5,-10,-15℃isequaltoorlessthan0°,orthetriaxialstrengthisnotrelatedtoconfinedpressure.Thesekindsofsocalled“unusualfeatures”arejustusual,allarethesameasthetriaxialshearstrengthdatathatwefoundunderun-drainageofairandwaterat-10℃(thedottedline).°3.人工凍土力學(xué)參數(shù)試驗(yàn)注意事項(xiàng)(cont.)

Themainpointsfortestsofartificialfrozensoilmechanicalproperties在深凍結(jié)井中除了凍土抗壓強(qiáng)度外，長(zhǎng)時(shí)強(qiáng)度、蠕變特性極為重要，這些指標(biāo)決定著凍結(jié)鑿井的成敗。Boththelong-termstrengthandcreeppropertyoffrozensoilareveryimportantexceptthecompressivestrength,theseparametersdecidethesuccessofthefreezeshaftlining.而在市政工程的地層凍結(jié)中，除了凍土抗壓強(qiáng)度外，有時(shí)候的抗拉強(qiáng)度、抗剪強(qiáng)度、抗彎強(qiáng)度極為重要。Whilethetensilestrength,shearstrengthandbendingstrengthoffrozensoilaresometimesveryimportantexceptthecompressivestrengthinmunicipalgroundfreezingengineering.4.地層凍肌脹融沉枝問題及嚷對(duì)策Thecoun遺term億easu疼reto唇gro拜und劇fr否eez和ing仆he濱ave齊an儲(chǔ)dt萬haw和se棟ttl影eme器nt在市政雜工程的像地層凍浮結(jié)中，山土壤的堅(jiān)凍脹和漸融沉大械小對(duì)關(guān)細(xì)聯(lián)建/構(gòu)筑物飼影響至至關(guān)重要爺。因此卵，在那先些凍敏因性土壤則中應(yīng)用蘋凍結(jié)法諒，要特衛(wèi)別注意侵相關(guān)聯(lián)野建/構(gòu)筑物安虜全要求和姨土壤本身你凍脹和融應(yīng)沉特性，炮通過試驗(yàn)襯和工程類四比估算出燃凍脹和融劑沉量。根扶據(jù)這種估旗算采取必浙要的措施濃。The啦magn宇itud浸eboth氧soil嗚fro李sth浸eavi坦nga方ndt填haw糞sett帥leme麥nti唯sve菌ryi豈mpor乎tant最to鋪the象rela茅ted艷buil朱ding偉s/st執(zhí)ruct歐ures陣in副muni術(shù)cipa左lgr檔ound迎fre沒ezin壇g.T鑒here翅fore高,mo食rea愈tten秤tion則mus灶tbe海pai杯dto魯the白rel絨ated您bui唱ldin稀gs/s松truc友ture乖ssa春fety袍req漂uire誤ment藥san鋼dso塞ili午tsel蝴ffr吵ost澡heav龜ing盈and雁thaw耀cha惰ract閃eris餃tics樣whi塞le尋GFM挨isa勿ppli璃edi堡nth茂efr屯eezi棚ngs趴ensi繁tive估soi廊l.S姨ome福nece攝ssar竊yme敲asur僅esm妄ayb叉eta鞠ken撿for設(shè)the水safe展tyo末nth鄰eba改seo絕fth錯(cuò)ees鐵tima靈ted慚quan掃tity爭(zhēng)of搞fros值the歷avin脫gan揚(yáng)dth棟aws動(dòng)ettl繪emen額tth燥roug郵hte笛sta濤nde精ngin榮eeri福nga孔nalo莖gy.4.地層凍脹士融沉問題醋及對(duì)策Thecou睬nte話rme嗚asu堂retog辟roun蘿dfr解eezi鼓ngh潤(rùn)eave器and撕tha奇wse悲ttle精ment凍脹的主艱要原因是喝液態(tài)水凍搬結(jié)后變成廁固態(tài)冰,其體積灣增加9%產(chǎn)生“凍獎(jiǎng)脹”。對(duì)獵于凍結(jié)時(shí)帥那些土壤拌內(nèi)產(chǎn)生水幟分不斷向奪凍結(jié)鋒面君遷移而不批斷集聚凍搬結(jié)成冰鏡劑體（凍敏究性土），滑對(duì)于原土冷體來說體綱積增加了懷遷移來的珍水的體積陷加上這些肅液態(tài)水變換成固態(tài)冰窗體積增加9%，即增泄加了新戴遷移水109槳%的體積債（遷移殊水凍脹雪）。前綱者叫土匠體“原執(zhí)位凍脹堂”，后克者叫“介遷移水蔽凍脹”敬或者叫遵“分嶄凝凍脹嫌”The蜻main咐rea判son棄off就rost功hea斥ving晨is果beca偏use使its撥volu洞mei楚ncre嗓ases辭9%農(nóng)when衡the勉wat慕er(恐liqu消id)希chan緩ges倡into瞧ice壇(so蔥lid)梢aft糞erf肺reez肥ing.螞Th鵝evo亦l(xiāng)ume繞of霸the童new跌migr什ated校wat該eri際ncre團(tuán)ases源109禍%(t唱hev薯olum禿eof婦the縮慧new軟mig凡rati撇onw羊ater腸100瓜%pl駝usi宵tsf富rost搞hea紡ving川9%)閥for松tho繳sek隔inds偏of教free拐zing愁sen羅siti劉ves覽oils茂in休whic肯hwa考ter蕉migr榆ates狀con連tinu美ousl便yto愁the午fre迫ezin匪gfr頌inge辟whe皆res素ome合ice蹤蝶lens并com卵eou沸tco葡nsta銳ntly暮by障wate繁rga沙ther竭ing.青The桂for創(chuàng)mer室isc惡alle五d“o酸rigi薪nal咬fros晶the泰avin值g",逼the急latt座eri尿sca鉗lled序“mi叢grat葬edw肆ater抽fro盡sth抗eavi汽ng"認(rèn)or"淘segr鹽egat紡ing日cond踢ensa沉tion醋fro栗sth閉eave陸"4.地層凍掘脹融沉蒸問題及杏對(duì)策Thecoun粥term貨easu胞reto僵gro芝und宰fr鴉eez露ing演he恐ave壁an弟dt去haw箱se萄ttl己eme邪nt在工程喘中原位旦凍脹很掛難消除窯（除非肆對(duì)土壤磚孔隙水軟做某種稠處理）排，主要秒是盡可約能減少礙遷移水喪凍脹。禿這種凍撥脹是一哪種在土肺壤凍結(jié)掀時(shí)形成掛一種勢(shì)訓(xùn)（能量毅）使水網(wǎng)能在連兩通的非鋒常細(xì)小貍的土壤器孔隙里亞不斷向舌凍結(jié)封般面遷移欠，所謂萄“土水軟勢(shì)”。泛它是一駛項(xiàng)目前羞還不能嘉完全清璃晰表達(dá)以的物理脊量。它未由重力懇勢(shì)、壓智力勢(shì)、狼滲壓勢(shì)狂、溫度舞勢(shì)、電且力勢(shì)和冤磁力勢(shì)滾中的某樣些和組攝成。Iti棵sve壓ryd蛾iffi漁cult振to埋elim出inat途eth鐘eor寒igin混alf墓rost扭hea誕ving筍(un轟less完doi肥ngs沃omet畜hing墨wit錢hth親eso秒ilp稀ore斗wate客r)i疑nth劑een香gine墓erin磚g,w女hile禁mai晨nly禁tor安educ渾emi乖grat興edw倚ater緞fro末sth伍eavi彩ng.撫This系kin碼dof通fro臘sth糟eave語is妖caus林edb洽ya劉kind犧of朋apo豪tent彎ial歷(ene次rgy)蘇gat攀here燃dwh悶enf窩reez詠ing甜whic宿hdr乒ives宿wat叉erm鳥igra不ting永to穿the幟free替zing哭fri葛nge媽thro秀ugh埋micr盾ohy現(xiàn)drau乓lic堆capi擇llar類yin帳fre喘ezin恩gse攝nsit件ive持soil候.Th節(jié)isp冰oten括tial物is蔽so-c翁alle裳d“w課ater兩pot叛enti麥ali勁nso陜il”漿,wh吵ich倍has蘋not盜yet裝dist蜻inct燙lye牲xpre襪ssed亞som優(yōu)eki切ndo宇fph泉ysic旺alq剛uant全ity.漂It逗cons缸ists顯of江some抵sum束of楚grav埋ity茅pote慎ntia谷l,p殖ress蕉ure的pote滾ntia腰lan大dse閉epag刪epr矛essu范rep彎oten箭tial耽,te獅mper抹atur運(yùn)edi錦ffer撓enti肅al,青elec叫tric忠pot谷enti袋ala端ndm華agne勸tic靈pote樂ntia鄙l.4.地層凍脹榜融沉問題唐及對(duì)策Thecoun富term冊(cè)easu夏retog向roun世dfr彼eezi棋ngh艇eave球and仁tha吉wse否ttle驗(yàn)ment速凍法：既快速降溫害使凍結(jié)速敢度超過水桶分遷移所孝需勢(shì)形成紫的速度，變使水分來狂不及遷移Ins探tan偷tf柔roz捕en熔met殺hod藍(lán):f撓ast鏈fr據(jù)eez習(xí)ing漸ca挪use寒sw椅ate主rf搏ree呼zin莊gs導(dǎo)pee啦df博ast只er頓tha嘗nt腿hat圾of期th成ep負(fù)ote姐nti串a(chǎn)l鴨for鋼med剃fo石rm滑igr雀ati供on追in屑o(jì)rd各er盯to屑mak數(shù)ew顧ate很rt萌oo作lat巖et沃om騎igr更ate稿.動(dòng)態(tài)平衡首式凍結(jié)法液：達(dá)到凍致結(jié)厚度后謎控制制冷劍量使凍土鏡不再發(fā)展救，從而減系小水分遷忽移Bal卻anc撫ed缺fre貪ezi冤ng謙in天tim廁em蓬eth答od:佳to翠co撈ntr捷ol刪ref懸rig栗era奶tin碼gc敘apa勁cit殃yw蒼hen萄th賞ef稅ree驕ze黨thi絮ckn瓣ess眼ha張sb妖een稿fo顯rme巧df辜o(jì)r仿red鐮uci佳ng璃wat抽er予mig并rat媽ion土壤改有良法：褲凍結(jié)前冤對(duì)土壤傷進(jìn)行某鑰種改良倉，達(dá)到鹿阻礙水悅力通道劃的目的Soi填li激mpr簡(jiǎn)ove讓men仿tm撫eth劈燕od:咐to皆co碎ndu匹ct定som就ei匆mpr妥o(hù)ve烏men脈to洗ns岸oil嚇be項(xiàng)for補(bǔ)ef傅ree糠ze糊to麥blo仿ck愈the釘hy篩dra抹uli襪cc凱api繁lla鑼ry.4.地層凍脹初融沉問題順及對(duì)策Thecoun源term輛easu烏retog員roun軋dfr跌eezi顛ngh島eave恰and御tha寧wse驗(yàn)ttle易ment把凍脹控盲制了，融憂沉就基本?？刂屏?0—9島0%。對(duì)于沉胃降要求很糞嚴(yán)的地方呀，可以采橋取跟蹤注轉(zhuǎn)漿等方式覽控制沉降悲量。The制th允aw北set紛tle絮men食tw權(quán)ill美be倘re些duc組ed翼by屑80-泄90%等if察mi燈gra臘ted甘wa辛ter俘fr往ost留he托ave蹦ha影sb若een士to麻tal掙ly漲blo識(shí)cke執(zhí)d.字Som蜂eti差mes免se優(yōu)ttl翠eme口nt蛇tra報(bào)cke犁dg放rou匹tin葉gm閱ay乏be鴉car耳rie赤do魚ut刃for布th塵ep螺lac姓ew霉her坦es腹ett莊lem亞ent裂co名ntr營(yíng)ol夸is碌str咬ict迷.5.最新地層柴凍結(jié)案例(豎井)Som調(diào)en恒ew狂cas我es撲int窮ere源ste懼do明fG初FM（shaf喉t）我國(guó)最深陪凍結(jié)井(也是世界鳥最深凍結(jié)戚井，下部憶凍結(jié))核桃峪礦美井位于甘償肅省慶陽萄市正寧縣臘周家鄉(xiāng)，冶礦井建設(shè)或規(guī)模為120丘0萬噸/年。副立唱井井筒施彼工到472米深處恥發(fā)現(xiàn)巖辣層下部風(fēng)含水量綠很大而誦無法繼清續(xù)施工扭，決定我下部施燒工前先肆對(duì)開挖火荒徑外珍進(jìn)行凍邪結(jié)封水澡，也就奮是從472米深處往結(jié)下凍結(jié)到柄深度955值m。Heit嫁aoyu梅Ser圍vice劍sha且ft,恩loca超ted諷inZ只houj批iaD袋isit佛rict鎮(zhèn),Zh蒼engn樓ing及Coun貫ty,備Gans紗uPr黎ovin扁ce,戚is9淚55m緒deep腹,th指ede界epes緣瑞tfr襖ozen只in苦the朽worl瓦dwi朽tha鄰nnua副lou診tput暫12閥mill之ion志tons付/yea羅r.T扣hes怕haft拐,li蒸ning視to資dept繳hof壺472憤mwh叉ere庸unde咱rgro運(yùn)und懷wate咳rwa秧senco滿unte屠red,hav月et類ob罰es院unk晃by庸GF究Mf鹽rom施th貪ed尿ept俯ho湯f4河72m繡to成95憤5m.循Ho眠wev國(guó)er,碎th屬ef或ree先zin裕gh絨ole第sw刮ere覽dr糠ill押ed耗fro久mt慈he霉sur缺fac架et保ot殘he慰dep賞th蜻of零955務(wù)m.5.最新地層滿凍結(jié)案例丟（豎井）Som撒en等ew駛cas盡es澇int聯(lián)ere稻ste掉do茂fG丈FM但(sh貸aft聾)（con易t.）井筒凈淚直徑9m，開挖荒思徑10.4～13.賤4m，凍結(jié)孔漆布置圈徑19.社4m凍結(jié)孔杰深度(深孔/淺孔)9德55/德856倦m，凍結(jié)孔(深孔/淺孔)個(gè)22/2老2凍結(jié)孔書開孔間凍距1.38里5m，凍結(jié)管梯規(guī)格φ168麻mm，巖石潮凍結(jié)的盒凍結(jié)壁貌設(shè)計(jì)厚間度4m，凍結(jié)壁鉆平均溫度-8℃鹽水溫度-30℃?，F(xiàn)在泥已經(jīng)開愉始凍結(jié)倚。The蔽exca表vate糊ddi繪amet懷eri善sab失out殺10.4米~1做3.4丟mwi寒thn窄etd留iame匹ter寄9m廊and壘fre臥ezin末gho嶺lea珍rran躬ged傻circ統(tǒng)led助iame面ter慕19.4心m.炸The查free守zeh律ole歇dept咐hsa鋤re盜955/姑856溫m(2掛2de拘eph劇oles經(jīng)/22去shal酷low揀hole高s),抽resp孩ecti蜂vely筒,an巴dfr厚eezi攪ngh勢(shì)ole螞spac菜es1目.385嚷mw分ith釣tota雜l22尼+22流free傭zing德hol槍es.惠The島diam護(hù)eter衛(wèi)of純free盤zing溜pip粗eis蘿168工mm.嬌The潮roc噸kde錢sign嚇edt敗hick亦ness鏟of放froz欲enr夠ock孩wall嗓is圣4ma燙ndf艱roze廚nwa厲lla則vera絡(luò)get葛empe銷ratu瞞rei糖s-8絮℃w從ith若the禁brin膽ete杯mper繪atur少eis狼abo界ut-成30℃司.Th慘ere城frig坊erat鋤ors敲tati賽onh獻(xiàn)ass來tart鉆edo豆pera享tion讓.核桃峪礦計(jì)井地質(zhì)柱鐵狀圖The嬌se茂rvi房誠ce腥sha信ft聞geo怨log蓮ic管col劣umn5.最新地價(jià)層凍結(jié)雄案例(隧道)Som求en閑ew牲c(diǎn)as活es圍int誓ere叫ste解do狀fG抵FM揭(tu卡nne惡l)（con鄉(xiāng)豐t.）拱北隧驕道為港姐珠澳大刃橋珠?；爝B接線Zhuh霸ai嫁con腫nec襪tio壯no叫ft華he塔Hon參gK夾ong彈,Z胖huh抵ai拔and導(dǎo)Ma紋cau獲br粘idg圈e5.最新地港層凍結(jié)輪案例(隧道)Some耗new馬cas踢esi眾nter懂este蔽dof凍GFM致(tu乎nnel按)（cont讀.）5.最新地層棋凍結(jié)案例(隧道)Som糞en累ew逝cas粉es址int嗽ere湯ste貌do鑼fG云FM糖(tu劑nne退l)（cont士.）臨時(shí)圍解護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)灰是管幕(管徑1.8興m)梳,管間凈距20—25mm。管間用邁凍結(jié)止水博。凍結(jié)管然安置在1.8釀m的鋼管內(nèi)界沿圈徑方議向布置。Tem墓por羊ary斧pa廁lis贏ade講st凍ruc哪tur飄ei晉ss欣tee謹(jǐn)lt角ube當(dāng)ac譜t(屢pip蜻ed公iam娘ete須ro陷f1搬.8亭m),蘿cl瘦ear天di押sta蛛nce想be