考研真題及答案解析考研英語一真題答案完整版(網(wǎng)絡(luò)版)

考研真題及答案解析考研英語一真題答案完整版(網(wǎng)絡(luò)版)SectionI

UseofEnglish1．【答案】B【解析】從空后信息可以看出，這句表達的是“_

_法官表現(xiàn)得像政治家”的情況下，法庭就不能保持其作為法律法規(guī)的合法衛(wèi)士的形象，所以應(yīng)該選C,maintain“維持，保持”，其他顯然語義不通。2．【答案】A【解析】從第三段可以看出，文章認為法院和政治之間應(yīng)該是有界限的。所以這里應(yīng)該是當法官像政治家一樣行事，模糊了二者之間的區(qū)別時，就失去了其作為法律衛(wèi)士的合法性。只有B，when表示這個意思。3．【答案】B【解析】第二段給的具體事例說明，法官出現(xiàn)在政治活動中會使法官形象受損，影響他們獨立、公正的名聲。只有B，weaken能表示這個意思。4．【答案】D【解析】空前信息顯示，法官出席政治活動會讓法院的審判收到影響，人們就會認為其審判不公正，所以選D，beacceptedas...“被認為是”。5．【答案】C【解析】空所在的語境為：產(chǎn)生這樣的問題，部分原因在于“法官沒有__道德規(guī)范”。后一句話說，至少法院應(yīng)該遵守行為規(guī)范，這顯然是進一步說明上一句話。所以上一句是說法官沒有受到道德規(guī)范的約束，選C，bound。6．【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)解析5可以看出，這里應(yīng)該是說遵守行為規(guī)范，subject與to連用，表示“服從某物，受…支配”。故本題選B。7．【答案】D【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里是由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾說明前面的行為規(guī)范，是說法院也應(yīng)當遵守適用于其他聯(lián)邦司法部的行為規(guī)范。applyto“適用于”符合題意。resortto“求助于”；stickto“堅持（原則等）”語意不通。8．【答案】B【解析】空所在的語境為，類似這樣的案例提出了這樣一個問題：法院和政治之間是否還存在著界限。提出問題，產(chǎn)生問題用只能選raise。9．【答案】A【解析】根據(jù)第8題可知，空內(nèi)應(yīng)填line，“界限”。barrier“障礙”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“沖突”都不合題意。10．【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)句意，憲法的起草者們預(yù)想的是將司法從政治中分出來，讓其享有獨立的權(quán)力。envisionas“將…想象成…”。所以選B。11．【答案】A【解析】本題考察邏輯搭配。本選項答案的確定需結(jié)合前句意思，制憲者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影響，這樣一來，法官就可以免受掌權(quán)者的影響了。此空就是考察由此所帶來的結(jié)果，故選[A]。12．【答案】C【解析】此題承接上題，可知法律不受政治的影響，從而法官也不用擔心掌權(quán)者（thoseinpower）。。hoseinpowerinScaliaa13．【答案】C【解析】此題承接上題,結(jié)合句意,可知該半句主要表達“法官也無需政治支持了?！边x項C最符題意。14．【答案】D【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。原句表達“我們的法律體系是法律完全不受政治的影響，是因為這兩者是緊密。。。”。結(jié)合句意思，[D]最合題意.15．【答案】A【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。文中說“憲法具有政治性，是因其的選擇都是植根于諸如自由，財產(chǎn)之類的基本社會。。。中。”自由，財產(chǎn)是西方社會的一些基本社會理念或概念，故選[A]。16．【答案】C【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。首先分析該句，可知空白處添加上一動詞可構(gòu)成一定語從句，限定“thelaw”。其次，文中語境表達“當法律處理社會政策決策問題時，。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四個選項中，[C]為最佳答案。17．【答案】A【解析】此題考察詞意辨析?？捎晌闹姓Z境得知，該半句主要表達“這也就解釋了為何背離思想路線的決策被看作是不公正的，從而被輕易的….”。結(jié)合語境，以及四個選項的意思，可知[A]最佳。18．【答案】C【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。由文中語境可知該句主要表達“法官必須。。。有關(guān)法庭（裁決的）公正合理的質(zhì)疑。”四個選項中，僅[C]符合題意。19．【答案】D【解析】本題考察短語搭配及相似短語辨析。四個選項均可與連用，其中accessibleto易接近的；可歸屬的；可得到的可歸因的amiableto可親，多指人和藹可親，易于接近agreeableto欣然同意的；適合的，適宜的accountableto對…負責(zé)此題的理解需承接整個句,首先此空所在后半句乃一方式狀語，承接前半句說明法官怎樣來解決有關(guān)法庭（裁決的）公正合理的質(zhì)疑。將此四個選項分別代入，可得出正確答案[D]，法官只有對對行為準則負責(zé)，也即是遵循一定的行為準則才可確保其裁決的公正與合理。20．【答案】D【解析】此題考察邏輯搭配。此句承接上句，旨在說明由此帶來的結(jié)果，也即是文中所說的“。。。使得裁決看起來完全不受政治的影響，如法律一般令人信服?！苯Y(jié)合四個選項意思，可知選[D]。PartB41．【答案】C【解析】略讀第一自然段得知這篇文章的主題是科技給人們的生活帶來的便利，重點論述了媒介。此題空在末尾，那么通讀空前的內(nèi)容，可以找到特征詞或者中心詞“createafabulousmachine”瀏覽七個選項，C項中的“developsuchadevice”剛好與此對應(yīng)42．【答案】D【解析】此題空在了段落的中間，需要在空前和空后找關(guān)聯(lián)詞，空前出現(xiàn)了“reason”這個特征詞，而空后出現(xiàn)了“war”這個特征詞，瀏覽七個選項，D項的“because”和“war”剛好與此對應(yīng)，所以答案選D.43．【答案】A【解析】此題空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找關(guān)聯(lián)詞，瀏覽空前可以找到“superfluousmaterialgoods”,而瀏覽下一自然段的句首可找到“download”這個詞；那么瀏覽七個選項，答案A出現(xiàn)了“thesesuperfluousthings”，接下來也提及到了“download”，因此可以鎖定答案A.44．【答案】F【解析】此題空在句末，所以需要瀏覽下空前以前下一個自然段的句首，通讀空前的內(nèi)容可以找到關(guān)聯(lián)詞“apyramidofproductionremains,”，而下一個自然段的段首提到了“television”，那么瀏覽七個選項，跟此關(guān)聯(lián)的有兩項E和F,再繼續(xù)分析，E項只有“television”這個詞與空后對應(yīng)，而F項不僅出現(xiàn)了“television”這個詞，而且出現(xiàn)了“thispyramidofproduction”這個特征詞，所以，答案為F.45．【答案】G【解析】此題空在段末，那么需要瀏覽下空前的句子，尋找關(guān)聯(lián)詞，在B和G之間進行選擇，通讀可知，空前的“flow”與G項的“theflow”是相對應(yīng)的，B項的“applications”在文中沒有提及，所以此題鎖定答案GPartC46.【解析】本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，它是一個簡單句，句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是oneapproachtakes…andseeks…。破折號后面的部分是對前面提到的理論的進一步解釋。1）take…toextreme…把……發(fā)揮到極致，把。。。推至極限2）theoryofeverything萬有理論。或者也可以一個短語翻譯出來“適用于任何事物的理論”3）generativeequation生成等式、生成方程?！緟⒖甲g文】物理學(xué)中的一個理論把這種歸一的沖動發(fā)揮到了極致，它探尋一種萬有理論一個關(guān)于我們能看到的一切的生成方程式。解析：47.【解析】對本句話的理解關(guān)鍵在于對for引導(dǎo)的句子的正確理解。因為有兩個逗號，有的同學(xué)在考場比較緊急的時間和緊張的狀態(tài)下容易把兩個逗號間的部分理解為插入語，那么這句話就很難理解了。1）for引導(dǎo)的句子表原因與前句是并列關(guān)系，for原因并列句中又包含一個if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句2）“itseemsreasonabletosupposethat”對這句話的翻譯可以翻譯成一個長句，也可以分開翻譯成“那么假設(shè)文化差異也能夠追溯到更有限的源頭,這種假設(shè)看上去便是合理的了?！?)對于“culturaldiversity”的理解，我們?nèi)菀资艿街霸趥淇贾薪?jīng)常遇到的“culturaldiversity”的影響，直接翻譯成“文化多樣性”，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以這里我們翻譯為“文化差異”更合適?！緟⒖甲g文】在這里，達爾文主義似乎提供了有力的理由，因為如果全人類有共同的起源，那么假設(shè)文化差異也能夠追溯到更有限的源頭好像就是合理的了。48.【解析】這句話結(jié)構(gòu)主要在于對三個“what”從句的理解。本題是三個what引導(dǎo)的從句第一個是what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，做filterout的賓語。第二個what是介詞from的賓語，from是固定搭配中的介詞filteroutAfromB。第三個what是understand的賓語，和how并列1）句子主干可以看做：TofilteroutAfromBenablesustounderstandCandDA指的是“whatiscontingentandunique”B指的是“whatisshared”howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose”C指的是“howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose”D指的是“whatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms”2）Filterout詞組本意是濾掉，。這個單詞可能有同學(xué)會不熟悉，但是如果對本句結(jié)構(gòu)理解清楚，看到from這個介詞，加之對前文大意的理解，我們可以猜出這個詞的意思，或者理解為“區(qū)分”等也不影響全句的理解。以避免我們有的同學(xué)看到第一個單詞不認識立馬生出的膽怯情緒，影響下文判斷?！緟⒖甲g文】把差異性和獨特性從共性中過濾出來也許能讓我們理解復(fù)雜的文化行為是如何產(chǎn)生的，是什么從進化或認知領(lǐng)域指導(dǎo)著它。49.【解析】本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較明朗，關(guān)鍵是句子前部分單獨很難理解，需要結(jié)合前文。這也恰恰說明了考研英語中的翻譯首先是閱讀理解的一部分，不是單獨的翻譯而已。1）這里的thesecond與上文的“ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,”，所里這里應(yīng)該翻譯成“第二種理論”所以這句話需要根據(jù)上下文和邏輯解釋清楚。而不能單純的翻譯成第二。。。2）對于括號內(nèi)部的處理，我們可以直接放在括號中即可?！緟⒖甲g文】約書亞格林伯格為尋找語言的共性而付出努力提出了第二種理論。他采用了一個更實用的共性理論，做法是辨認出眾多語言的共有特征（尤其是按照詞序排列），這些特征被認為代表了由認知局限導(dǎo)致的偏差。50.【解析】這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，復(fù)雜的是其中大量的術(shù)語和不熟悉的詞匯。對于這些詞匯我們根據(jù)直譯即可。本句結(jié)構(gòu)：Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshow…,whereasGreenbergian….1）That引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾patterns2）這里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成語法，所以這里可以把生成語法翻譯出來。3）co-dependencies這個詞需要根據(jù)上下詞義加之詞根詞綴來猜測出詞義，因為下文指出是兩者關(guān)系，所以可以翻譯為“共存性”?！緟⒖甲g文】喬姆斯基生成語法應(yīng)該表明語言變化的模式，這些模式獨立于族譜或貫穿其中的路徑，然而格林伯格的共性理論預(yù)測詞序關(guān)系的特殊類別之間（而不是其他）有著強烈的共存性。SectionIIIWriting51．小作文【參考范文】Dearinternationalstudents,IamthechairmanoftheStudents’Union.I’vejustreceivedtheemailsfromyouandgotthenewsthatyouwouldcometoouruniversity.Firstly,I’dliketoshowourwarmwelcome.Onbehalfofouruniversityandallthestudentshere,Ireallylookforwardtoyourcoming.Inordertomakeallofyoufeelathome,herearesomeconductivesuggestions.Firstly,you’dbettertakesomewarmclotheswithyoubecauseitiswinterinChinanowanditisverycoldinBeijing.Secondly,IadviseyoutopreparesomerelevantknowledgeaboutChinesecultureforbetterunderstandinginclass.Ireallyhopeyou’llfindtheseproposalsuseful.AndI’mlookingforwardtoyourcoming!Yourssincerely,LiMing52．大作文【參考范文】Howvividthecartoonitis!Whattheprofoundcartoonreflectsisanotuncommonsocialphenomenon,fromwhichwecanobservethat

inthiscartoonstandtwomenand

abottleofmilk.The2menshowdifferentperspectivestowardthebottleofmilkthatisplaceontheground.Accordingtotheinformationgivenintheabove-mentionedcartoon,thegistofitisregardinghowweshouldperceivetheworldaroundus.Peopletendtoshowdifferentattitudestowardstheissue.Then,whatprovetobetheunderlyingreasonsforit?Thefollowingseveralreasonsstatedbelowcanbetakentoberesponsibleforit.Firstandforemost,thatissueislargelyhavingsomethingtodowiththecurrentstateofpeople’mind,withoutanydoubt,somepeoplearebornpositively,andwhilesomeothersarebornnegatively.Whatismoreimportantisthattheoutlookandvalueembodiedinsocietyaffectshowwethrowourinsightsintosomethingwearedealwith.Asfarasmypersonalthinkingisconcerned,whenitcomestomentioningtheissueconcerninghowtolookattheworld,whatweshoulddoistoobserveitpositivelyandconfidently,especiallywhen

weareexperiencingandencounteringsetbacks,onlyifwehavetheabove-mentionedproposalsadopted,canwebeboundtolivealifeofhappiness.2012年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題答案詳解2012年考研真題及答案解析

2012考研英語一真題答案完整版（網(wǎng)絡(luò)版）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.[D]systematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris[A]illegallysecured.[B]indirectlyaugmented.[C]excessivelyincreased.[D]fairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment.40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongco