四級閱讀長篇講義

Direction：Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethan Somepeoplearestillinfavorofprintedbooksbecauseofthesenseoftouchtheycanprovide.OldtechnologysometimescontinuestoexistbecauseofitsTheincreaseofe-booksaleswill thebookbusinesstomakechangesnotseenforcenturies.Anewtechnologyisunlikelytotake ceofanoldonewithoutclearPaperbacksofpopular turearemorelikelytobe cedbyDirection：Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethan 四級考（第三套Newfiguresreleasedby ernmentshowthattodayare thanever Youngpeopledon’tknowwhattolearnbecauseitishardtopredictwhatskillsaremostneededorvaluedtenyearsfromnow.Direction：Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethan Somepeoplearestillinfavorofprintedbooksbecauseofthesenseoftouchtheycanprovide.OldtechnologysometimescontinuestoexistbecauseofitsTheincreaseofe-booksaleswill thebookbusinesstomakechangesnotseenforcenturies.Anewtechnologyisunlikelytotake ceofanoldonewithoutclearPaperbacksofpopular turearemorelikelytobe cedbyDirection：Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethan （第三套Themigrationofoldpeoplefromcoldto cesmademanyjobsavailabletotheyoung.（B）Whenthefrontiervanishedaboutacenturyago,Americafoundneweconomicmobilityin

Newfiguresreleasedbythe ernmentshowthatAmericanstodayare thaneverAmericatodaycanbedividedintotwoclasses:thosewhomoveandthosewhodon’t.（D）

Bytheendofthe19thcentury,asthefrontiervanished,theUShadamildpanicattack.Whatwouldthisenergetic,enterprisingcountrybewithoutnewlandstoconquer?Somepeople,suchasTeddyRoosevelt,decidedtokeeponconquering（Cuba,thePhilippines,etc.）,buteventually,inindustrialization,theUSfoundanewnarrativeofeconomicmobilityathome.Fromthe1890stothe1960s,peoplemovedfromfarmtocity,firstintheNorthandthenintheSouth.Infact,bythe1950s,therewasenoughprosperityandwhite-collarworkthatmanybegantomovetothesuburbs.Asthepopulationaged,therewasalsoashiftfromthecoldRustBelttothecomfortsoftheSunBelt.Wethinkofthisasanold ’smigration,butitcreatedmanyjobsfortheyounginconstructionandhealthcare,nottomentiontourism,retailand TheUShasalwaysbeenaremarkably country,butnewdatafromtheCensusBureauindicatethatmobilityhasreacheditslowestlevelinrecordedhistory.Sure,somepeoplearestuckinhomesvaluedatlessthantheirmortgages（抵押 ）,butmanyyoungpeople—whodon’townhomesanddon’tyethavefamilies—arestayingput,too.Thissuggests,amongotherthings,thatpeoplearen’tpackingupforneweconomicopportunitiesthewaytheyusedto.Ratherthandividingthecountryintothe1percentersversus（與……相對）everyoneelse,thesplitinoureconomyisreallybetweentwootherclasses:the andim Forthelast20years—fromtheendofthecoldwarthroughtwoburstbubblesinasingledecade—theUShasbeencastingaboutforitsnexteconomicnarrative.Andnowitisexperiencinganotherperiodofpanic,whichisbadnewsformuchofthework butparticularlyforitsyoungestmembers.Thosewithoutsuchspecializedskills—likepoetry,orevenhistory,majors—arealreadycompetingwiththeirneighborsforthesamesortsofsecond-rate,poorer-payinglocaljobslikelow-levelmanagementorbig-boxretailsales.Andwiththelow-skilledlabormarketatomizedintothousandsofmicroeconomies,im workersarelessabletodemandbetterwagesorconditionsortoacquirevaluableskills. IsCollegeaWorthy nsuggeststhatkidswhodon’tloveschoolgotoAnincreasingnumberoffamiliesspendmoremoneyonhousesinagoodschooldistrict.OvertheyearsthecostofacollegeeducationhasalmostbyMiddle-classAmericanshavehighlyvaluedagoodOverfiftypercentofrecentcollegegraduatesremainunemployedorunabletofindasuitablejob. TheTouch-ScreenTheauthorattendedtheconference,ho tofindsomeguidingprinciplesforparentingintheelectronicage.AmericanparentsareingmoredoubtfulaboutthebenefitstechnologyissaidtobringtotheirResearchshows ctionwithpeopleiskeybabies’brain 2013- TheriseofthesharingSharingitemssuchascarsdoesgoodtotheenvironment.Airbnb’ssuccessclearlyillustratestheemergenceofahugesharingeconomy.Themajorconcernaboutthesharingeconomyishowthe regulatesit.ThemostfrequentlyshareditemsarethoseexpensivetobuybutnotfullyThesharingeconomyhasapromisingfuture.2013- TheriseofthesharingOnlinesharingwillchangethewaybusinessisdoneintransportation,travel,rentals,etc.Airbnbisawebsitethatenablesownersandrenterstocompletetransactionsonline.Thesharingeconomyislikelytogowayofonline Oneadvantageofsharingisthatownersearnmoneyfromrentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.Sharingappealstothesociablethattheycanmeetnew2013- TheriseofthesharingA）Lastnight40,000peoplerentedmodationfromaservicethatoffers250,000roomsin30,000citiesin192countries.Theychosetheirroomsandpaidforeverythingonline.Buttheirbedswereprovidedbyprivateindividuals,ratherthanaho chain.HostsandguestswerematchedupbyAirbnb,afirmbasedinSanFrancisco.Sinceitslaunchin2008morethan4millionpeoplehaveusedit—2.5millionofthemin2012alone.Itisthemostprominentexampleofahugenew“sharingeconomy”,inwhichpeoplerentbeds,cars,boatsandotherassetsdirectlyfromeachother,co-ordinatedviathe

cars...Airbnb’ssuccess...hugeernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullypromisingOnlinetransportation,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstothenewYoumightthinkthisisnodifferentfromrunningabed-and-breakfast（家庭旅店）,owningatimeshare（分時度假房）orparticipatinginacarpool.Buttechnologyhasreducedtransactioncosts,makingsharingassetscheaperandeasierthanever—andthereforepossibleonamuchlargerscaleThebigchangeistheavailabilityofmoredataaboutpeopleandthings,whichallowsphysicalassetstobedividedandconsumedasservices.Beforetheinternet,rentingasurfboard,apowertooloraparkingspacefromsomeoneelsewasfeasiblebutwasusuallymoretroublethanitwasworth.NowwebsitessuchasAirbnb,RelayRidesandSnapGoodsmatchupownersandrenters;smartphoneswithGPSletpeopleseewherethenearestrentablecarisparked;socialnetworksprovideawaytocheckuponpeopleandbuildtrust;andonlinepaymentsystemshandlethe

cars...Airbnb’ssuccesssharingernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullymisingOnlinetravel,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstosociable....meetnewWhat’smineisyours,foraJustaspeer-to-peerbusinesseslikeeBayallowanyonetoearetailer,sharingsitesletindividualsactasanadhoc（臨時的）taxiservice,car-hirefirmorboutiqueho （精品酒店）asandwhenitsuitsthem.JustgoonlineordownloadanThemodelworksforitemsthatareexpensivetobuyandarewidelyownedbypeoplewhodonotmakefulluseofthem.Bedroomsandcarsarethemostobviousexamples,butyoucanalsorentcam spacesinSwedenfieldsinAustraliaandwashingmachinesinFrance.Asadvocatesofthesharingeconomyliketoputit,accesstrumps（勝過）ownership.

cars...Airbnb’ssuccesssharingernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullymisingOnlinetravel,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstosociable....meetnewRachelBotsman,theauthorofabookonthesubject,saystheconsumerpeer-to-peerrentalmarketaloneisworth$26billion.Broaderdefinitionsofthesharingeconomyincludepeer-to-peerlendingorputtingasolarpanelonyourroofandsellingpowerbacktothegrid（電網(wǎng)Anditisnotjustindividuals;thewebmakeseasierforcompaniestorentoutspareofficesandidlemachines,too.Butthecoreofthesharingeconomyispeoplerentingthingsfromeachother.

cars...Airbnb’ssuccesssharingernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullymisingOnlinetravel,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstosociable....meetnewSuch“collaborative（合作的）consumption”isagoodthingforseveralreasons.Ownersmakemoneyfromunderusedassets.AirbnbsayshostsinSanFranciscowhorentouttheirhomesdosoforanaverageof58nightsayear,making$9,300.CarownerswhorenttheirvehiclestoothersusingRelayRidesmakeanaverageof$250amonth;somemakemorethan$1,000.Renters,meanwhile,paylessthantheywouldiftheyboughttheitemthemselves,orturnedtoatraditionalprovidersuchasaho orcar-hirefirm.Andthereareenvironmentalbenefits,too:rentingacarwhenyouneedit,ratherthanowningone,meansfewercarsarerequiredandfewerresourcesmustbedevotedtomakingthem.

cars...Airbnb’ssuccesssharingernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullymisingOnlinetravel,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstosociable....meetnewForsociablesouls,meetingnewpeoplestayingintheirhomesispartoftheCurmudgeons（倔脾氣的人）whoimaginethateveryrenterisamurderercanstillstayatconventionalho s.Forothers,thewebfosterstrust.Aswellasthebackgroundcheckscarriedouttformowners,onlinereviewsandratingsareusuallypostedbybothpartiestoeachtransaction,whichmakesiteasytospotbaddrivers,bathrobe-thievesandsurfboard-wreckers.Byusingandothersocialnetworks,participantscancheckeachotheroutandidentifyfriends（orfriendsoffriends）incommon.AnAirbnbuserhadherapartmenttrashedin2011.Buttheremarkablethingishowwellthesystemusuallyworks.

cars...Airbnb’ssuccesssharingernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullymisingOnlinetravel,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstosociable....meetnewThesharingeconomyisalittlelike ,whichstartedinAmerica15yearsago.Atfirst,peoplewereworriedaboutsecurity.Buthavingmadeasuccessfulpurchasefrom,say,Amazon,theyfeltsafebuyingelsewhere.Similarly,usingAirbnboracar-hireserviceforthefirsttimeencouragespeopletotryotherofferings.Next,considereBay.Havingstartedoutasapeer-to-peermarket ce,itisnowdominatedbyprofessional“powersellers”（manyofwhomstartedoutasordinaryeBayusers）.Thesamemayhappenwiththesharingeconomy,whichalsoprovidesnewopportunitiesforenterprise.Somepeoplehaveboughtcarssolelytorentthemout,forexample.

cars...Airbnb’ssuccesssharingernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullymisingOnlinetravel,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstosociable....meetnewExistingrentalbusinessesaregettinginvolvedtoo.Avis,acar-hirefirm,hasashareinasharingrival.SodoGMandDaimler,twocarmakers.Infuture,companiesmaydevelophybrid（混合的）models,listingexcesscapacity（whethervehicles,equipmentorofficespace）onpeer-to-peerrentalsites.Inthepast,newwaysof ngthingsonlinehavenot cedtheoldwaysentirely.Buttheyoftenchangedthem.JustasinternetdWal-martandTescotoadapt,soonlinesharingwillshakeuptransport,tourism,equipment-hireandmore.

cars...Airbnb’ssuccesssharingernmentregulates49.expensivetobuybutnotfullymisingOnlinetravel,Airbnbisaonlineshop 54.advantage....rentingoutitemsnotmadefulluseof.55.appealstosociab