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ChapterThree:Populations,Communities,&SpeciesInteractionsPrinciplesofEnvironmentalScience-InquiryandApplications,3rdEditionbyWilliamandMaryAnnCunningham1Chapter3.KeyTermsMcGraw-HillCourseGlossaryadaptationBatesianmimicrybioticpotentialcarryingcapacitycoevolutioncommensalismcomplexityconvergentevolutiondivergentevolutiondiversityecologicaldevelopmentecologicalnicheecotonesedgeeffectsenvironmentalresistanceevolutionexponentialgrowthhabitatJcurveK-adaptedspecieskeystonespecieslogisticgrowthMullerianmimicrymutualismnaturalselectionovershootspioneerspeciespredatorprimaryproductivityprimarysuccessionr-adaptedspeciesresourcepartitioningS-curvesecondarysuccessionselectivepressuresymbiosistolerancelimits2Chapter3-Topics

WhoLivesWhere,andWhy?SpeciesInteractionsPopulationDynamicsCommunityPropertiesCommunitiesinTransition345678910Part1:WhoLivesWhere,

andWhy?Generalistsvs.Specialists11ToleranceLimitsEachenvironmentalfactor(temperature,nutrientsupply,etc.)hasbothminimumandmaximumlevelsbeyondwhichaspeciescannotsurviveorisunabletoreproduce.

12AbundanceandDistributionofSpeciesLiebig-proposedthatthesingleenvironmentalfactorinshortestsupplyrelativetodemandisthecriticaldeterminantinspeciesdistributionShelford-addedtoLiebig'sworkbyproposingthatthesingleenvironmentalfactorclosesttotolerancelimitsdetermineswhereaparticularorganismcanlive13Todayweknowthatformanyspeciestheinteractionofseveralfactors,ratherthanasinglelimitingfactor,determinesbiogeographicaldistribution.Sometimes,therequirementsandtolerancesofspeciesareusefulindicatorsofspecificenvironmentalcharacteristics.14AdaptationandNaturalSelectionTwotypesofadaptation:Acclimation-changesinanindividualorganismduetonon-permanentphysiologicalmodificationsEvolution-gradualchangesinaspeciesduetochangesingeneticmaterialandcompetitionTheoryofevolution-developedbyCharlesDarwinandAlfredWallace.15Naturalselection-geneticcombinationsbestadaptedforpresentenvironmentalconditionstendtobecomeabundantSpontaneous,randommutationsSelectivepressure-physiologicalstress,predation,competition,luck16Sp摔ec品ia或ti顛onTh奇es碑e造13由s售pe進(jìn)ci別es仿o隆f厘fi錢nc摧he幕s謎ar氏e詳de調(diào)sc煉en腿de輝nt界s念of悶a霞s蝴in歸gl銀e多se榴ed壩-e蕩at態(tài)in晴g費(fèi)sp影ec從ie妄s.17Th才e費(fèi)Ta葡xo凡no珠mi認(rèn)c昨Na的mi蹤蝶ng歸S計(jì)ys緊te燦m18Ha幅bi贈(zèng)ta司t-續(xù)th慮e蟲pl食ac甜e廊or怖s位et危o貫f財(cái)en戶vi蚊ro靜nm肢en章ta示l臺(tái)co某nd磚it附io抹ns事i糞nwh武ic邀h顛a忙pa朽rt悠ic踩ul來(lái)ar龜o安rg如an有is防m(xù)仇li鄙ve臉sEc演ol序og豬ic納al餡n尋ic悲he-久th釘e依ro賓le濃p插la跑ye鄰d悅by賓a玩s烘pe搭ci喚es越i抖n于a嗓bi賺ol橡og盛ic蔑al世c何om勒mu糟ni分tyTh紛eEc王ol期og森ic甩al熟N建ic令he19Re蛙so妹ur潔ce逮P縱ar儀ti肉ti眉o(jì)n胡in棟gOv憐er皮t挖im望e,扇n盈ic型he護(hù)s住ca挨nev削ol非ve先a寒s計(jì)sp片ec廁ie栽s竟de其ve粱lo松p版ne端w乓st暈ra摘te疲gi絮es拋t雹o條ex有pl呈oi始t行re饅so菜ur陜ce猜s.La管w鑰of樹C眠om梯pe馳ti輸ti躁veEx反cl羅us搖io妥n:No把t成wo僑s它pe抗ci跌es松w費(fèi)il蔑loc賀cu享py限t望he狹s皆am抵e劃ni偶ch觸e筋an皆d壤co彼mp緞et肅e粉fo拋r芳th給e格sa構(gòu)me嘗r盟es虛ou拼rc軍es庸i而n幻玉th欣e納sa誤me系h敬ab乓it怎at祝f嫁or激v蘋er睜y評(píng)lo渡ng醬.2021Pa憲rt專2蔑:越Sp骨ec念ie氣s咸In翼te唇ra殃ct惱io鐘nsMo秩st沫o倘bv催io鞠us胃a激re滲P竟re土da棵ti夜onan累dCo贈(zèng)mp同et才it生io壯n-誕an霧ta穩(wěn)go臥ni數(shù)st倘ic谷r題el嗓at釋io輕ns芒hi區(qū)ps22Th略re嫂e憲Ty標(biāo)pe蛾s科ofSy神mb充io冰si棚s:Co棄mm乒en放sa瓶li慨sm-虹on雁e醉me精mb黃er快b留en迫ef壘it場(chǎng)s,外w蓮hi議le止t披he俊o蟲th續(xù)er匙i漠s鄉(xiāng)豐ne肥it島he計(jì)r叉be盈ne淘fi茂te戴d瘦no帶r壓ha聽rm益edMu寇tu紐奉al亡is相m-效bo尖th悼m迫em個(gè)be壟rs股o扮f屬th欺e通pa疲rt樣ne日rs護(hù)hi姜p武be雞ne勤fi控t;穿t綿he樣l塞ic桑he鉗ns劉(斥al基ga雁e評(píng)an諷d粗fu很ng洪i)者a彩bo暖ve劣s福ho攝w蘋mu辟tu洲al杰is傅mPa妥ra栗si劉ti乘sm-嚇a田fo閑rm串o憤f姥pr鹽ed軍at謀io隔n列wh榴er皂e孤on壩e畝sp泥ec上ie耀s銀be慢ne糠fi修ts渴a調(diào)nd另t臉he校o勉th嶺er漿i伯s喚ha板rm斃ed23De掛fe趙ns石iv蠻e贈(zèng)Me作ch陷an靈is倉(cāng)ms2425Ba愛(ài)te轎si飯an萬(wàn)M歌im課ic司ry26Ke者ys緊to不ne久s位pe碗ci殊es-妻sp壞ec傍ie補(bǔ)s樣th卸at禽p拼la嫂y顆es宏se紐奉nt孩ia慎l蘇co拴mm粉un吸it詠yro耐le獅s充(e轎xa攝mp歲le費(fèi)s:儀m舌yc排or禍rh賢iz貌ae懼,奴gi獅an開t亦ke燃lp見)27Pa財(cái)rt同3紛:炸Po荷pu眼la燙ti歇on白D讓yn蝦am碧ic密sEx液po登ne收nt段ia晶l慰gr雹ow蓬th-聰th助e焰un壁re糖st踩ri陽(yáng)ct啞ed貓i建nc尿re殲as銷e恰in薪a皮p策op增ul者at幸io剃n輩(a握l(shuí)s序o城ca雁ll悄ed即t判hebi種ot道ic穗p綠ot接en粒ti購(gòu)alof微a刊p摔op去ul茄a(bǔ)t逮io廈n)Ca開rr肥yi剝ng撲c守ap仁ac班it昏y-茅th膽e較ma暗xi縮慧mu歉m蓄nu水mb販er拋o廟f屬in夏di解vi理du賓al萌s鴨of鴨a都ny屆s縮慧pe樂(lè)ci起es越t術(shù)ha哭t凍ca哄n嗎be客s悔up焦po派rt探ed置b占y講a里pa蘭rt晨ic旺ul悅ar紡e深co仿sy渾st掀em叫o警n拔a靈su侵st濤ai將na服bl治e木ba議si暗s28Ov丙er己sh阻oo竹ts股a捐nd陰D愧ie登ba恭ck支s29Po略pu秒la授ti愧on僻O所sc五il捐la森ti漫on往s30Gr上ow殊th胃t穿o亡a慌St難ab議le染P箏op慘ul裁at客io臺(tái)n31En耐vi據(jù)ro酷nm斥en坡ta箭l役Re嬸si舅st拋an銅ceEn萬(wàn)vi休ro屋nm謹(jǐn)en虛ta梨l誓re后si從st賞an圓ce-植fa口ct羊or理s顧th帆at奪t距en劫d夸to章r漁ed擇uc安e路po維pu煤la喂ti標(biāo)on逢g吃ro克wt安h邀ra幸te吸s:De蓋ns摩it沃y-隊(duì)de悠pe濾nd椒en雄t-賣li燙nk嬸ed泰t爬o汽po倦pu憲la獨(dú)ti招on誘s淺iz聚e-里di藝se花as地e,到l頁(yè)ac焰k堆of格f徹oo勾dDe濃ns號(hào)it裝y-雞in病de妻pe演nd略en庫(kù)t-議of柏te陽(yáng)n該en我vi腿ro節(jié)nm戰(zhàn)en華ta綿l-練dr尼ou爭(zhēng)gh贏ts純,道fl崗oo號(hào)ds疫,互ha黨bi滋ta島tde海st叔ru臺(tái)ct添io撒nIn榨tr抱in鉆si規(guī)c-勺at煤tr食ib閑ut蘋es馳o督f體a螞sp軌ec套ie償s-李sl摸ow獎(jiǎng)r千ep罰ro哥du動(dòng)ct盜io丑nEx鄰tr栽in勝si信c-框ex龍te項(xiàng)rn茅al體t竹o筍a順sp劑ec屯ie殃s-永pr脈ed佛at徑or呆s,苗c健om及pe學(xué)ti腰to寸rs般,en京vi易ro生nm教en散ta冰l踩ri吹sk泛s32Pa宜rt鏡4牧:小Co棋mm賊un近it歌y伯Pr漁op魄er罰ti岔esPr販im尺ar黑y關(guān)pr岔od艇uc假ti佩vi囑ty-理a衰co章mm館un陰it境y'同s暖ra醋te招o螞f眉bi漢om小as唐s閥pr罰od警uc舊ti開on港,黎or賄t此he萍c方on傻ve技rs毀io歪n肯of運(yùn)s刮ol牙ar共e誦ne澆rg儀y美in歪t(yī)o筐c留he治mi赤ca吹l沒(méi)en耗er茶gy情s閱to校re眠d毀in器l尋iv悠in匹g桌(o長(zhǎng)r蟲on五ce竭-l蹈iv秒in默g腸or羊ga平ni罪sm瓜s)Ne隔t炕pr濫im阿ar尸y屯pr規(guī)od我uc犯ti央vi監(jiān)ty-偽pr備im還ar菊y饞pr蜘od制uc直ti籮vi海ty幸m列in置us鞠t渠he堤e售ne翼rg滑y荷lo墨st安i沾n夢(mèng)re飾sp貫ir叨at扔io亞nPr淡od曾uc錘ti碧vi茂ty坊d嘉ep福en她ds堵o健n螞li片gh疫t族le偉ve多l(xiāng)s椒,惡te卵mp肺er盡at衣ur跳e,抹m儀oi欣st叼ur依e,娃a現(xiàn)nd跨n傭ut般ri殺en彎t車av幣ai倒la嫩bi州li動(dòng)ty.33Re職la殊ti卡ve犯b款io香ma雨ss泥a刺cc謝um君ul共at威io導(dǎo)nof度m匆aj灑or禮w潛or隱ld貿(mào)e宏co熟sy輕st弦em紀(jì)s.34Ab盲un秋da嘗nc紅e含an收d逗Di靈ve泄rs纖it唯yAb使un部da及nc杯e-躬th活e尼nu幫mb器er癥o淺f言in彼di挖vi衣du端al然s命of涂a啞s留pe松ci橡es越i艷n或an雖a蛙re帶aDi嚼ve道rs箭it腥y-孔th曠e活nu戲mb轟er間o潮f勾di選ff隊(duì)er釣en爽t距sp銷ec配ie止s長(zhǎng)in并a黎n佩ar早eaA貓us絹ef怪ul岸m董ea刮su身re象o段f墻th廉e芽va緒ri芹et管y幅of捷e勻co干lo兩gi遠(yuǎn)ca足l安ni岡ch撫es擱o汁r陵ge這ne視ti具c福va泛ri亡at閃io隱n響in諸a邀c抗om派mu蘭ni挺tyDe翠cr消ea購(gòu)se陸s棟as提w耀e隸go泉f去ro麻m痰th朋e哭eq炎u(yù)a域to伐r殖to燭wa籃rd累s樣th綁e潑po危le別sAb蕉un助da在nc浸e榴an騾d逝di兄ve廊rs思it理y漠de熱pe團(tuán)nd捐o椅n群to唐ta讓l真re鬧so忠ur骨ce韻a鼻va酷il辛ab護(hù)il慈it器y常in副a暫n染ec歲os萍ys燃te浪m.35An腫ta攏rc禾ti曬cMa漸ri暫ne穴F現(xiàn)oo糟dWe長(zhǎng)bCo舍mp漁l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