閱讀難點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵句200包括譯文

Wearingaseatbeltsaveslives;itreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanButitwillbethedriver’sresponsibilitytomakesurethatchildrenunder14donotrideinthefrontunlesstheyarewearingaseatbeltofsomekind.However,youdonothavetowearaseatbeltifyouarereversingyourvehicle;oryouaremakingalocaldeliveryorcollectionusingaspecialvehicle;orifyouhaveavalidmedicalwhichexcusesyoufromwearingit.Rememberyoumaybetakentocourtfornotngso,andyoumaybefinedifyoucannotprovetothecourtthatyouhavebeenexcusedfromwearingit.ProfessorTaijuMatsuzawawantedtofindoutwhyotherwisehealthyfarmersinnorthernJapanappearedtobelosingtheirabilitytothinkandreasonatarelativelyearlyage,andhowtheprocessofageingcouldhesloweddown.WithateamofcolleaguesatTokyoNationalUniversity,hesetaboutmeasuringbrainvolumesofathousandpeopleofdifferentagesandvaryingoccupations.Computertechnologyenabledtheresearcherstoobtainprecisemeasurementsofthevolumeofthefrontandsidesectionsofthebrain,whichrelatetoinlect(智能)andemotion,anddeterminethehumancharacter.Contractionoffrontandsidepartsascellsdieoffwasobservedinsomesubjectsintheirthirties,butitwasstillnotevidentinsomesixtyandseventy-year-olds.Thefindingsshowingeneraltermsthatcontractionofthebrainbeginssoonerinpeopleinthecountrythaninthetowns.Whitecollarworkersngroutineworkinernmentofficesare,however,aslikelytohaveshrinkingbrainsasthefarmworker,busdriverandshopassistant.Weknowthatyouhaveahighopinionofthekindoflearningtaughtinyourcolleges,andthatthecostsoflivingofouryoungmen,whilewithyou,wouldbeveryexpensivetoyou.Butyoumustknowthatdifferentnationshavedifferentwaysoflookingatthings,andyouwillthereforenotbeoffendedifourideasofthiskindofeducationhappennottobethesameasyours.Weare,however,notthelessobligedbyyourkindoffer,thoughwerefusetoacceptit;and,toshowourgratefulsenseofit,ifthegentlemenofVirginiawillsendusadozenoftheirsons,wewilltakecareoftheireducation,teachtheminallweknow,andmakemenofthem.Inwhatnowseemsliketheprehistorictimesofcomputerhistory,theearth’spostwarera,therewasquitewide-spreadconcernthatcomputerswouldtakeovertheworldfrommanoneAlreadytoday,lessthanfortyyearslater,ascomputersarerelievingusofmoreandmoreoftheroutinetasksinbusinessandinourallives.Wearefacedwithalessdramaticbutalsolessforeseenproblem.Obviously,therewouldbenopointininvestinginacomputerifyouhadtocheckallitsanswers,butpeopleshouldalsorelyontheirowninternalcomputersandcheckthemachinewhentheyhavethefeelingthatsomethinghasgonewrong.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctanttogotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravellersorotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion“Whatisatthebottomoftheoceans?”hadtobeansweredwithanycialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofaegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasAttheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Foreverycoursethathefollowsastudentisgivenagrade,whichisrecorded,andtherecordisavailableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemploAllthisimposesaconstantpressureandstrainofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentsstillfindtimeforgreatactivityinstudentaffairs.Theeffectiveworkofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademic.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.Wealsovalue alqualitiesandsocialskills,andwefindthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.Theyalsolearnhowtocopewith alproblemsaswellaslearninghowtothink,tomakedecisions,toyseandevaluate,andtocommunicateeffecTheproblemis,howtoencourageachildtoexpresshimselflyandconfidentlyinwritingwithoutholdinghimbackwiththecomplexitiesofspelling?Itmayhavebeenasharpcriticismofthepupil’stechnicalabilitiesinwriting,butitwasalsoasadreflectionontheteacherwhohadomittedtoreadtheessay,whichcontainedsomebeautifulexpressionsofthechild’sdeepfTheteacherwasnotwrongtodrawattentiontotheerrors,butifhisprioritieshadcentredonthechild’sideas,anexpressionofhisdisappointmentwiththepresentationwouldhavegiventhepupilmoremotivationtoseekimprovemGiventhenatureof ernmentandprivateemployers,itseemsmostlikelythatdiscriminationbyprivateemployerswouldbegreater.Thereleaseofthecarboninthesecompoundsforrecyclingdependsalmostentirelyontheactionofbothaerobicandanaerobicbacteriaandcertaintypesoffungi.Aspiriteddiscussionspringsupbetweenayounggirlwhosaysthatwomenhaveoutgrownthejum-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-amouseeraandamajorwhosaysthattheyhaven’t.Theyaretryingtofindoutwhetherthereissomethingaboutthewayweteachlanguagetochildrenwhichinfactpreventschildrenfromlearningsooner.Mathematicianswhohavetriedtousethecomputerstocopythewaytheinworkshavefoundthatevenusingthelatestelectronicequipmenttheywouldhavetobuildacomputerwhichweighedover10,000kilos.Sincedifferentpeopleliketodosomanydifferentthingsintheirsparetime,wecouldmakealonglistofhobbies,takingineverythingfromcollectingmatchboxesandraisingrarefish,tolearningaboutthestarsandmakingmodelTheyknowthatasealswimmingundertheicewillkeepabreathingholeopenbyitswarmbreath,sotheywillwaitbesidetheholeandkillit.WemaybeabletodecidewhethersomeoneiswhiteonlybyseeingiftheyhavenoneofthefeaturesthatwouldmarkthemclearlyasamemberofAlthoughsignsofdishonestyinschool,businessand ernmentseemmuchmorenumerousinyearsthaninthepast,coulditbethatwearegettingbetteratrevealingsuchdishonesty?Itisnotquiteamatterofdisagreeingwiththetheoryofindependence,butofrejectingitsimplications:thattheromancesmaybetakeninanyornoparticularorder,thattheyhavenocumulativeeffect,andthattheyareasseparateastheworksofamodernHisthesisworksrelativelywellwhenappliedtodiscriminationagainstBlacksintheUnitedStates,buthisdefinitionofracialprejudiceas“racially-basednegativeprejudgmentsagainstagroupgenerallyacceptedasaraceinanygivenregionofethniccompetition,”canbeinterpretedasalsoincludinghostilitytowardsuchethnicgroupsastheinCaliforniaandtheJewsinmedievalEurope.GutmanarguesconvincinglythatthestabilityoftheBlackfamilyencouragedthetransmissionofandsowascrucialinsustaining—theBlackheritageoffolklore,music,andreligiousexpressionfromonegenerationtoanother,aheritagethatslaveswerecontinuallyfashioningoutoftheirAfricanandAmericanEventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamples alThereareseveralstepsthatcanbetaken,ofwhichthechiefoneistodemandofalltheorganizationsthatexistwiththedeclaredobjectivesofsafeguardingtheinterestsofanimalsthattheyshoulddeclareclearlywheretheystandontowardspeople.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes,however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralAccordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,butratherthedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisTheresultofattritionisthat,wheretheareasofthewholeleavesfollowanormaldistribution,abimodaldistributionisproduced,onepeakcomposedmainlyoffragmentedpieces,theotherofthelargerremains.TheBibledoesnotlushowtheRomancensustakersmadeout,andasregardsourmoreimmediateconcern,thereliabilityofpresentdayeconomicforecasting,thereareconsiderabledifferenceofopinion.AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithXrayscontractedcancer.Yetacrossthegulfofspace,mindsthataretoourmindsasoursaretothoseofthebeaststhatperish,inlectsvastandcoolandunsympathetic,regardedthisearthwithenviouseyes,andslowlyandsurelydrewtheirnsagainstus.Eventhedoctoraldegree,longrecognizedasarequired“unioncard”intheacademicworld,hascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Whileaselectionofnecessarydetailsisinvolvedinboth,theofficermustremainneutralandclearlytrytopresentapictureofthefacts,whiletheusuallybeginswithapreconceivedmessageorattitudewhichisthentransmittedthroughtheuseofcarefullyselecteddetailsofactiondescribedinwordsintendedtoprovokeassociationsandemotionalreactionsinthereader.ArticlesinthepopularpressevencriticizetheGrossNationalProduction(GNP)becauseitisnotsuchacompleteindexofwelfare,ignoring,ontheonehand,thatitwasneverintendedtobe,andsuggesting,ontheother,thatwithappropriatechangesitcouldbeconvertedintoone.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasfaraspsychoneuaralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.Thehavedistributedpublicationstofarmersandotherruralresidentsinstructingtheminwhattowatchfortheiranimalssothateveryhouseholdcanjoininheltopredictearthquakes.SupportersoftheStarWarsdefensesystemhopethatthiswouldnotonlyprotectanationagainstanactualnuclearattack,butwouldbeenoughofathreattokeepanuclearwarfromeverhappening.Neitherwoulditpreventcruisemissilesorbombers,whoseflightsarewithintheEarth’satmosphere,hittingtheirCivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.Duringthenineteenthcentury,sheargues,theconceptofthe“useful”childwhocontributedtothefamilyeconomygavewaygraduallytothepresentdaynotionofthe“useless”childwho,thoughproducingno for,andindeedextremelycostlytoitsparents,isyetconsideredemotionally“priceless”.Wellestablishedamongsegmentsofthemiddleandupperclassesbythemid-1800’s,thisnewviewofchildhoodspreadthroughoutsocietyinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesasreformersintroducedchildlaborregulationsandcompulsoryeducationlawspredictedinpartontheassumptionthatachild’semotionalvaluemadechildlabortaboo.Ofcourse,itwouldbeasdangeroustooverreacttohistorybyconcludingthatthemajoritymustnowbewrongaboutexpansionasitwouldbetore-enacttheresponsethatgreetedthesuggestionthatthecontinentshadWhilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubt,threekeyuestionsweretheconsumers?Whatweretheirmotives?Andwhattheeffectnewdemandfor63.Althoughbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantalswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedWithrespecttotheirreasonsforimmigrating,Grassydoesnotdenytheirfrequentlynotedfactthatsomeoftheimmigrantsofthe1630’s,mostnotablytheorganizersandclergy,advancedreligiousexnationsfordeparture,buthefindsthatsuchexnationsusuallyassumedprimacyonlyinretrospect.Ifwetaketheage-and -specificunemploymentratesthatexistedin1956(whentheoverallunemploymentratewas4.1percent)andweightthembytheage- -specificsharesofthelaborthatprevailcurrently,thellunemploymentratees5HewaspuzzledthatIdidnotwantwhatwasobviouslya“stepup”towardwhatallAmericansaretaughttowantwhentheygrowup:moneyandpower.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylarge,however,theexpansionofrealoutputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.However,wheninvestmentflowsprimarilyinonedirection,asitgenerallydoesfromindustrialtodevelocountries,theseeminglyreciprocalsource-basedrestrictionsproducerevenuesacrificesprimarilybythestatereceivingmostoftheforeigninvestmentandproducingmostofthe e—namely,thedevelocountrypartner.Thepursuitofprivateinterestswithaslittleinterferenceaspossiblefro ernmentwasseenastheroadtohumanhappinessandprogressratherthanthepublicobligationandinvolvementinthecollectivecommunitythatemphasizedbytheThedefenselawyerreliedonlong-standingprincipleserningtheconductofprosecutingattorneys:asquasi-judicialofficersofthecourttheyareunderadutynottoprejudiceaparty’scasethroughoverzealousprosecutionortodetractfromtheimpartialityofcourtroomatmosphere.Noprudent daredtoactontheassumptionthat,whenthecontinentwassettled, ernmentcouldincludethewhole;andwhenthevastbrokeup,asseemedinevitable,intoacollectionofseparatenations,onlydiscord,antagonism,andwarscouldbeexpected.72.Iftheywerethinkingthatthenextnecessityinhumanwastolifttheuponaninlectualandsociallevelwithmostfavored,theystoodleastthreegenerationsnearerthanEuropetogSomehowheknowsthatifourhucksteringcivilizationdidnotateverymomentviolatetheeternalfitnessofthings,thepoet’ssongwouldhavebeengiventotheworld,andthepoetwouldhavebeencaredforbythewholehumanbrotherhood,asanymanshouldbewhodoesthedutythateverymanowesit.Theinstinctivesenseofthedishonorwhichmoney-purchasedoestoartissostrongthatsometimesamanofletterswhocanpayhiswayotherwiserefusespayforhiswork,asLordByrondid,forawhile,fromanoblepride,andasCountTolstoyhastriedtodo,fromanobleconscience.PerhapshebelievedthathecouldnotcriticizeAmericanforeignwithoutendangeringthesupportforcivilrightsthathehadwonfromthefederalAbrahamLincoln,whopresidedinhisstonetempleonAugust28,1963abovethechildrenoftheslavesheemancipated放),mayhaveusedjusttherightwordstosumupthegeneralreactiontotheNegroes’massivemarchonWashington.IntheWarrenCourtera,votersaskedtheCourttopassonissuesconcerningthesizeandshapeofelectoraldistricts,partlyoutofdesperationbecausenootherbranchofernmentofferedrelief,andpartlyoutofhopethattheCourtwouldreexamineolddecisionsinthisareaasithadinothers,lookingatbasicconstitutionalprinciplesinthelightofmodernlivingconditions.Someevenargueusiblythatthisweaknessmaybeirremediable:inanysocietythat,likeacapitalistsociety,seeksto eeverwealthierinmaterialtermsdisproportionaterewardsareboundtoflowtothepeoplewhoareinstrumentalinproducingtheincreaseinitswealth.ThisdoctrinehasbroadenedtheapplicationoftheFourteenthAmendmenttoother,nonracialformsofdiscrimination,forwhilesomejusticeshaverefusedtofindanylegislativeclassificationotherthanracetobeconstitutionallydisfavored,mosthavebeenreceptivetoargumentsthatatleastsomenonracialdiscriminations,ualdiscriminationinparticular,are“”anddeservethisheightenedscrutinybythecourts.Butascamerasemoresophisticated,moreautomated,somephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmed,preferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitsimposedbypremoderncameratechnologybecauseacruder,lesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresults,tohavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.Bothnovelistsuseastorylingmethodthatemphasizesironicdisjunctionsbetweendifferentsonthesameeventsaswellasironictensionsthatinhereintherelationshipbetweensurfacedramaandconcealedauthoricalintention,amethodIcallanevidentiarynarrativetechnique.Whenblackpoetsarediscussedseparayasagroup,forinstance,theextenttowhichtheirworkreflectsthedevelopmentofpoetryingeneralshouldnotbeforgotten,oradistortionoflicyhistorymayresult.Thesedifferencesincludethebolderandmoreforthrightspeechofthelatergenerationanditstechnicalinventiveness.Butblackpoetswerenotbattlingoveroldornewrather,oneplishedBlackpoetwasreadytoeanother,whateverhisorherstyle,forwhatmatteredwasracialpride.Tolstoyreversedallpreconceptionsandineveryreversalheoverthrewthe“system”,the“machine”,theexternallyordainedbelief,theconventionalbehaviourinfavorofunsystematic,impulsivelife,ofinwardmotivationandthesolutionsofindependentthought.ItwasbettercoveredbyevisionandpressthananyeventheresincePresidentKennedy’sinauguration(就職),and,sinceindifferentisalmostasgreataproblemtotheNegroashostility,thiswasaplus.ButdonotthechallengeandtheexcitementofthecriticalproblemassuchlieinthatambivalenceofattitudewhichallowsustorecognizetheinligenceandeventhesplendorofMeredith’swork,while,atthesametime,weexperiencealackofsympathy,afailureofanyenthusiasmofresponse?Inthisrespectsheresembledoneofherfavouritecontemporaries,MaryBrunton,whowouldratherhave“glidedthroughtheworldunknown”thanbeensuspectedofliryairs—tobeshunned,aslirywomenare,bythemorepretendingoftheirown,andabhorred,aslirywomenare,bythemorepretendingoftheother!Fromthosesoundswhichwehearonsmalloroncoarseoccasions,wedonoteasilyreceivestrongimpressions,ordelightfulimages;andwordstowhichwearenearlystrangers,whenevertheyoccur,drawthatattentiononichtheyshouldtransmittoToproceedthusistosetupafivefoldhypothesisthatenablesyoutogatherfromtheinnumerableitemscastupbytheseaofexperienceupontheshoresofyourobservationonlythelimitednumberofrelevantdata—relevant,thatis,tooneormoreofthefivefactorsofyourhypothesis.Asanauthor,IamnaturallyconcernedthatasurprisinglylargepercentageofthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisfunctionallyilli te;iftheycan’treadorcannotunderstandwhattheyread,theywon’tbuybooks,orthisTheydonotknowthosepartsofthedoctrinewhich inandjustifyremainder;theconsiderationswhichshowthatafactwhichseeminglyswithanotherisreconcilablewithit,orthat,oftwoapparentlystrongreasons,oneandnottheotheroughttobeQuiteapartfromthelogisticproblems,thereexistedawell-establishedtraditioninBritainwhichrefusedtorepatriateagainsttheirwillpeoplewhofoundthemselvesinBritishhandsandthenatureofwhosereceptionbytheirvernmentwas,tosaytheleast,AnobsessionwiththeexactprivilegesofacoloniallegislatureandthepreciseextentofBritain’simperialpower,thespecificsofastateandtheabsolutenecessityofafederalone,allexpressedthisurgeforacarefularticulationasproofthattherightrelationshipwithexternalpowersdidindeedOneencyclopaedialsusthatinligenceisrelatedtotheabilitytolearn,tothespeedwithwhichthingsarelearned,tohowwellandhowlongideasareremembered,totheabilitytounderstandthoseideasandusetheminproblem-solving,andtocreativity.TheeventmarkedtheendofanextendedeffortbyWilliamBartonRogers,.I.T.‘sfounderandfirst,tocreateanewkindofeducationalinstitutionrelevanttothetimesandtothecontrary’sneed,whereyoungmenandwomenwouldbeeducatedintheapplicationaswellastheacquisitionofknowEachdepartmentalprogramconsists,inpart,ofagrouofsubjectsinthedepartment’sareasofprofessionalinterestand,inpart,ofadditionalopportunitiesforstudentsoftheirchoice.Alternatively,astudentmayuseelectivetimetoprepareforadvancedstudyinsomeprofessionalfield,suchasmedicineorlaw,forgraduatestudyinsomeareainwhichM.I.T.givesnoundergraduatedegree,suchasmeteorologyorpsychology,orforadvancedstudyinaninterdisciplinaryfield,suchasastrophysics,communicationscience,orWhiletheundergraduatecurriculumforanopenBachelorofSciencedegree,aslistedbyadepartment,mayhaveitsownuniquefeatures,eachprogrammustbelaidoutinconsultationwithadepartmentalrepresentativetoassurethatitismeaningfulinstructureandchallenginginWherepreviouslyithadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojectssuchasdams,roadsandbridges,itbegantoswitchtoprojectswhichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofaThusinadditiontothechancesofgoingawayfromtherightpathoutlinedabove,thescientificinvestigatorshareswiththeordinarycitizenthepossibilitiesoffallingintoerrorsofreasoninginthewayswehavejustindicated,andmanyothersaswell.Hemadeaholeandpeeringthrough,couldseejewellery,andotherobjectsstackedinpilesinthethatextendedbeyondthebeamoflightpenetratingtheNeitherAyatnortheRassoulbrothersnoticed,however,thatmostofthepiecestheyweresellingwereofaypenotpreviouslyseeninthemarketce—pieceswhoseexistencehadbeenedbutwhichhadnotyetbeendiscoveredbyarchaeologists.“Thebiggestconstructionprojectofthiscentury”,exinedFrenchFrancoisMitndinJanuary,1986asheandthenBritishprimeministerMargaretThatcherjointlyannouncedthatthetwocountrieswouldfin eancientquarrelsandprejudicesandforgealinkacrossthenarrowChannelseparatingthem.Perhapsthefactthatmanyofthesefirststudiesconsideredonlyalgae(藻)ofasizethatcouldbecollectedinanet(netphytonkton),apracticethatoverlookedthesmallerphyton落thatwenowknowgrazersaremostlikelytofeedonledtoade-emphasisoftheroleofgrazersinsubsequentTheconverseobservation,oftheabsenceofgrazers(食草動(dòng)物)inareasofhighphytonkton(浮游植物群落)concentration,ledHardytoproposehisprincipleofanimalexclusion,whichhypothesizedthatphytonktonproducedarepellent(驅(qū)蟲劑)thatexcludedgrazersfromregionsofhighphytonktonAlthoughthesemoleculesallowradiationatvisibleatwavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemission(紅外輻射radiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintoInaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likenToomer’sCane,vergesonexpressionismor義doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?Roseenblatt’sthematicysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity;heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworks—yethisreluctanceseemsmisced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Thus,forinstance,itmaycomeasashocktomathematicianstolearnthattheSchrodingerequation(式)forthehydrogenatomisnotali llycorrectdescriptionofthisatom,butonlyanapproximationtoasomewhatmorecorrectequationtakingaccountofspin,magneticdipole(磁性偶極子andrelatiristiceffectsandthatcorrectedequationisitselfonlyanimperfectapproximationtoaninfinitesetofquantumfieldtheoreticalequations(量子場論方程式).Greatcomicsassumethattruthmaybearalllights,andthustheyseektoaccentuate(強(qiáng)調(diào))contradictionsinsocialaction,notglossoverortranscendthembyappealstoextrasocialsymbolsofdivineends,cosmicpurpose,orlawsofnature.Thehydrologic的)cycle,amajortopicinthisscience,isthecompletecycleofphenomenathroughwhichwaterpasses,beginningasatmosphericwatervapor,passingintoliquidandsolidformasprecipitation(降水(量)),thencealongandintothegroundsurface,andfinallyagainreturningtotheformofatmosphericwatervaporbymeansofevaporationandtranspiration(Mypointisthatitscentralconsciousness—itsprofoundunderstandingofassandgenderasshainfluencesonpeople’slives—owesmuchtothatearlierliryheritage,aheritagethat,ingeneral,hasnotbeensufficientlyvaluedbymostcontemporarylirycritics.Intheearly1950’shistorianswhostudiespreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialpeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelite(精華):thekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnates人)whohadhitherto(迄今)usuallyfilledhistorybooks.ThehistorianFrederickJ.Tunerwroteinthe1890’sthattheagrarian(農(nóng)民)discontent(不滿)thathadbeendevelosteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeenprecipitated(加速)bytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier—thatis,thedepletion竭)ofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingFalloisproposedthatProusthadtriedtobeginanovelin1908,abandoneditforwhatwastobealongdemonstrationofSaint-Beure’sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreatwriting,foundtheessaygivingrisetoal