DevelopmentalPsychology發(fā)展心理學(xué)英文課件

DevelopmentalPsychologyIntroductionDevelopmentalQuizDefinitionofDevelopmentThepatternofmovementorchangethatbeginsatconceptionandcontinuesthroughthehumanlifespanWhyStudyLife-SpanDevelopment??Youcangaininsighttoyourownlifeasachild,adolescent,andyoungadult.?Youwilllearnaboutlifethroughtheadultyears—middleage,andoldage.?Youmaybeaparentorateachersomeday.?Life-spandevelopmentislinkedwithmanydifferentareasofpsychology.Assumptionsinfluencepractices?OriginalSin-childrenwereperceivedasbeingbasicallybad,bornintotheworldasevilbeings.?TabulaRasa-childrenarelikea“blanktablet,”andacquiretheircharacteristicsthroughexperience.?InnateGoodness-childrenareinherentlygood.Wheredoourassumptionscomefrom??Tradition?Personalexperience?Experts?ResearchHistory:Aristotle(384-322BCE)?YoungMen:“Youngmenhavestrongpassions,andtendtogratifythemindiscriminately”?ElderlyMen:“Theyarecynical…small-minded,cowardly,andarealwaysanticipatingdanger…theylovelife;andallthemorewhentheirlastdayhascome…”?Menintheirprime:“allthevaluablequalitiesthatyouthandagedividebetweenthemareunitedintheprimeoflife..thebodyisinitsprimefromthirtytofive-and-thirty;themindaboutforty-nine”History:English-speakingpioneers?CharlesDarwin(1809-1882):“ABiographicalSketchofanInfant”(1877)?G.S.Hall(1844-1924):“Adolescence”(1907):”Mostsavagesinmostrespectsarechildren,or,becauseofsexualmaturity,moreproperly,adolescentsofadultsize”TraditionalApproachvs.Life-SpanApproach?Thetraditionalapproachemphasizesextensivechangefrombirthtoadolescence,littleornochangeinadulthood,anddeclineinlateoldage.?Thelife-spanapproachemphasizesdevelopmentalchangeduringadulthoodaswellaschildhood.CharacteristicsoftheLife-SpanPerspective?Developmentislifelong?Developmentismultidimensional?Developmentismultidirectional?Developmentisplastic?Developmentiscontextual?Developmentisstudiedbyanumberofdisciplines?Developmentinvolvesgrowth,maintenance,andregulationDevelopmentisLifelong?Noageperioddominatesdevelopment.?Researchersincreasinglystudytheexperiencesandpsychologicalorientationsofadultsatdifferentpointsintheirdevelopment.DevelopmentisMultidimensional?Therearebiologicaldimensions.?Therearecognitivedimensions.?Therearesocioemotionaldimensions.DevelopmentisMultidirectional?Somedimensionsorcomponentsofadimensionincreaseingrowth.?Somedimensionsorcomponentsofadimensiondecreaseingrowth.DevelopmentisPlastic?Plasticityinvolvesthedegreetowhichcharacteristicschangeorremainstable.DevelopmentisContextual?Normativeage-gradedinfluences?Normativehistory-gradedinfluences?NonnormativelifeeventsDevelopmentisStudiedbyaNumberofDisciplines?Psychologists?Sociologists?Anthropologists?Neuroscientists?MedicalResearchersTheThreeGoalsofHumanDevelopment?Maintenance?Growth?RegulationBiologicalProcesses?Involvechangesintheindividual'sphysicalnaturesuchas:?Heightandweightgains?Thedevelopmentofthebrain?Changesinmotorskills?CardiovasculardeclineCognitiveProcesses?Involvechangesintheindividual'sthought,intelligence,andlanguagesuchas:?Watchingamobileswingaboveacrib?Creatingatwo-wordsentence?Memorizingapoem?ImaginingbeingamoviestarSocioemotionalProcesses?Involvechangesintheindividual'srelationshipswithotherpeople,changesinemotions,andchangesinpersonalitysuchas:?Aninfantsmilingfromhermother'stouch?Ayoungboyhittingaplaymate?Agirl'sjoyatherseniorprom?TheaffectionofanelderlycouplePeriodsofDevelopment?Theprenatalperiod?Infancy?Earlychildhood?Middleandlatechildhood?Adolescence?Earlyadulthood?Middleadulthood?LateadulthoodThePrenatalPeriod?Thetimefromconceptiontobirth?Fromasinglecelltoanorganismcompletewithabrainandbehavioralcapabilities?Approximatelya9-monthperiodInfancy?Thedevelopmentalperiodfrombirthto18or24months?Atimeofextremedependencyonadults?ManypsychologicalactivitiesarejustbeginningEarlyChildhood?Thedevelopmentalperiodextendingfromtheendofinfancytoabout5or6years?Oftencalledthe“preschoolyears”?Childrenlearntobecomemoreself-sufficient?Childrennowdevelopschoolreadinessskills?ChildrenspendmanyhoursplayingwithpeersMiddleandLateChildhood?Thedevelopmentalperiodextendingfromabout6to11yearsofage?Approximatelycorrespondstotheelementaryschoolyears?Fundamentalskillsofreading,writing,andarithmeticaremastered?ChildisformallyexposedtolargerworldanditscultureAdolescence?Thedevelopmentalperiodoftransitionfromchildhoodtoearlyadulthood—enteredat10-12years,endingat18-22years?Beginswithrapidphysicalchanges.?Pursuitofindependenceandidentityareprominent?Thoughtisnowmorelogical,abstract,andidealisticEarlyAdulthood?Thedevelopmentalperiodbeginninginthelateteensorearlytwentiesandlastingthroughthethirties?Atimeofestablishingpersonalandeconomicindependence?Alsoatimeofcareerdevelopment?Earlyadultsselectamate,startafamily,andrearchildrenMiddleAdulthood?Thedevelopmentalperiodbeginningaround40yearsofageandextendingtoabout60?Atimeofexpandingpersonalandsocialinvolvementandresponsibility?Alsoatimeofassistingthenextgenerationinbecomingcompetent?MiddleadultsreachandmaintainsatisfactioninacareerLateAdulthood?Thedevelopmentalperiodbeginninginthesixtiesorseventiesandlastinguntildeath?Atimeofadjustmenttodecreasingstrengthandhealth?Alsoatimeoflifereview,retirement,andnewsocialrolesAgeGroupsinLateAdulthood?TheYoungOld,orOldAge(65-74yearsofage)?TheOldOld,orLateOldAge(75yearsandolder)?TheOldestOld(85yearsandolder)AgeandHappiness?Noparticularagegroupsaystheyarehappierormoresatisfiedthananyotheragegroup.ConceptionsofAge?ChronologicalAge?BiologicalAge?PsychologicalAge?SocialAgeChronologicalAge?Thenumberofyearsthathaveelapsedsinceaperson'sbirthBiologicalAge?Aperson'sageintermsofbiologicalhealthPsychologicalAge?Anindividual'sadaptivecapacitiescomparedtothoseofotherindividualsofthesamechronologicalageSocialAge?Referstosocialrolesandexpectationsrelatedtoaperson'sageDevelopmentalIssues?Naturevs.Nurture?Continuityvs.Discontinuity?Stabilityvs.Change?Activityvs.passivity?Universalvs.particularTheNature-NurtureIssue?InvolvesthedebateaboutwhetherdevelopmentisprimarilyinfluencedbynatureornurtureNature?Anorganism'sbiologicalinheritanceNurture?Anorganism'senvironmentalexperiencesTheContinuity-DiscontinuityIssue?Thisissuefocusesontheextenttowhichdevelopmentinvolvesgradual,cumulativechangeordistinctstages.Continuity?Developmentresultsfromagradualprocessoccurringoverseveralweeks,months,andpossiblyyears.Discon