2022新牛津譯林版高中英語選修三全冊課文原文

新牛津譯林版選修三unitl

Reading

The7HabitsofHighlyEffectivePeople

The7Habits—AnOverview

Wearewhatwerepeatedlydo.Excellence,then,isnotanact,butahabit.

一Aristotle

Ourcharacter,basically,isacompositeofourhabits.t4Sowathought,reapan

action;sowanaction,reapahabit;sowahabit,reapacharacter;sowacharacter,reapa

destiny,,9themaximgoes.

Habitsarepowerfulfactorsinourlives.Becausetheyareconsistent,often

unconsciouspatterns,theyconstantly,daily,expressourcharacterandproduceour

effectiveness...orineffectiveness.

AsHoraceMann,thegreateducator,oncesaid,"Habitsarelikeacable.Weweavea

strandofiteverydayandsoonitcannotbebroken.,9Ipersonallydonotagreewith

thelastpartofhisexpression.!knowtheycanbebroken.Habitscanbelearnedand

unlearned.ButIalsoknowitisn*taquickfix.Itinvolvesaprocessandatremendous

commitment.

ThoseofuswhowatchedthelunarvoyageofApollo11weretransfixedaswesawthe

firstmenwalkonthemoonandreturntoearth.Superlativessuchas“fantastic”and

“incredible“wereinadequatetodescribethoseeventfuldays.Buttogetthere,those

astronautsliterallyhadtobreakoutofthetremendousgravitypulloftheearth.More

energywasspentinthefirstfewminutesoflift-off,inthefirstfewmilesoftravel,

thanwasusedoverthenextseveraldaystotravelhalfamillionmiles.

Habits,too,havetremendousgravitypull—morethanmostpeoplerealizeorwould

admit.Breakingdeeplyimbeddedhabitualtendenciessuchasprocrastination,

impatience,criticalness,orselfishnessthatviolatebasicprinciplesofhuman

effectivenessinvolvesmorethanalittlewillpowerandafewminorchangesinour

lives/'Lift-ofF^akesatremendouseffort,butoncewebreakoutofthegravitypull,our

freedomtakesonawholenewdimension.

Likeanynaturalforce,thegravitypullcanworkwithusoragainstus.Thegravitypull

ofsomeofourhabitsmaycurrentlybekeepingusfromgoingwherewewantto

go.Butitisalsothegravitypullthatkeepsourworldtogether,thatkeepstheplanets

intheirorbitsandouruniverseinorder.ltisapowerfulforce,andifweuseit

effectively,wecanusethegravitypullofhabittocreatethecohesivenessandorder

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necessarytoestablisheffectivenessinourlives.

“Habits“Defined

Forourpurposes,wewilldefineahabitastheintersectionofknowledge,skill,and

desire.Knowledgeisthetheoreticalparadigm,thewhattodoandthewhy.Skillisthe

howtodo.Anddesireisthemotivation,thewanttodo.Inordertomakesomethinga

habitinourlives,wehavetohaveallthree.

Imaybeineffectiveinmyinteractionswithmyworkassociates,myspouse,ormy

childrenbecauseIconstantlytellthemwhatIthink,butIneverreallylistentothem.

UnlessIsearchoutcorrectprinciplesofhumaninteraction,ImaynotevenknowI

needtolisten.

EvenifIdoknowthatinordertointeracteffectivelywithothersIreallyneedtolisten

tothem,Imaynothavetheskill.Imaynotknowhowtoreallylistendeeplyto

anotherhumanbeing.

ButknowingIneedtolistenandknowinghowtolistenisnotenough.UnlessIwant

tolisten,unlessIhavethedesire,itwon'tbeahabitinmylife.Creatingahabit

requiresworkinallthreedimensions.

Thebeing/seeingchangeisanupwardprocess—beingchangesseeing,whichinturn

changesbeing,andsoforth,aswemoveinanupwardspiralofgrowth.Byworking

onknowledge,skill,anddesire,wecanbreakthroughtonewlevelsofpersonaland

interpersonaleffectivenessaswebreakwitholdparadigmsthatmayhavebeena

sourceofpseudo-securityforyears.

It'ssometimesapainfulprocess.It'sachangethathastobemotivatedbyahigher

purpose,bythewillingnesstosubordinatewhatyouthinkyouwantnowtowhatyou

wantlater.Butthisprocessproduceshappiness,whichcanbedefined,inpartat

least,asthefruitofthedesireandabilitytosacrificewhatwewantnowforwhatwe

wanteventually.

Extendedreading

Timemanagement

Goodafternoon.Letmebeginmypresentationbyaskingyouthisquestion:how

muchtimedoesittakeyoutosleep,eat,commuteandmaintainyourpersonalhygiene

everyday?Dosomequickcalculations,anditwilloccurtoyouthattheseessential

activitiestakeupanenormouspartofyourday,leavingonlylimitedtimetostaywith

familyandfriends,pursueahobbyorworkonpersonaldevelopment.

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Managingyourtimeeffectively,therefore,becomesamatterofcriticalimportance.It

meansthatyouwillbeabletoaccomplishmuchmorewithlesseffortinshorter

periodsoftime.Itwillkeepyourstresslevelstoaminimum,boostyourperformance

andgiveyouasenseofaccomplishment,leadingtoimprovedself-confidenceanda

morepositiveoutlookonlife.Importantly,effectivetimemanagementwillnotonly

supportyourstudiestoday,butalsohelpyouthroughoutyouradultlife.So,nowthat

youunderstandwhygoodtimemanagementisofgreatimportance,howcanyou

improveyourabilitytomanageyourtime?Therearemanythingsyoucando,butlet

mesharewithyouwhatIconsidertobethethreemostimportantskills.

Thefirstthingyouneedtodoistoplanahead.Getintothehabitofthinkingabout

upcomingeventsandmakingamonthly,weeklyorevendailyto-dolist.Thiswill

giveyouameasureofcontroloverwhatisgoingtohappen.Whetheritisaplanner

thatyoustickonthewalloracalendarapponyoursmartphone,findinganorganizing

toolthatworkswellforyouisessential.Then,recordallimportanteventssuchas

exams,projectsandrehearsals,sothatyouknowallthedatesanddeadlinesandcan

prepareaccordingly.

Afteryouhaveallthatneedstobedoneinmind,youcansetaboutcreating

favourableconditionstoactuallygetthingsdone.Thisisabouttheskillof

organization.Beingwellorganizedincludesmakingsureyouhaveeverythingready

fortomorrow'slessonsandafter-schoolactivities.Itisalsoimportantforyouto

organizeyourpersonalspaceathomesothatwhenyouaredoingyourhomework,

youareinatidyplace,freefromdistractions.Thisincludesputtingawayyourmobile

phoneuntilyouhavefinishedeverythingthatneedstobedone.

Mostimportantly,youmustlearntoprioritizeallyourtasks.Thereisonlyalimited

amountoftimeinaday,andevenwithgoodplanningandorganization,itisnot

alwayspossibletocompleteeverythingthatneedstobedone.Insuch

circumstances,youwillhavetodecidewhichtasksshouldbecompletedfirst.

AccordingtoStephenCovey'sTimeManagementMatrix,therearefourequalareas

indicatingthetasksthatyouhavetoorwanttodoeveryday.Youshouldclassifythe

activitiesinthefourareasandidentifywhichareurgentandimportant,whicharenot

urgentbutimportant,whichareurgentbutnotimportant,andwhichareneitherurgent

norimportant.Understandingthattaskscanbeclassifiedinthiswaywillhelpyou

prioritizewhatneedstobedone.Whilechoosingwhichtaskneedstobedonefirstcan

beadifficultdecisiontomake,itisimportantnottoletpeerpressureorthequestfor

short-termrewardsinfluenceyou,buttofocusonthegoalsyouhavesetforyourself

andsticktothem.

Tobringmypresentationtoaconclusion,letmepointoutthatonceyoustarttaking

littlestepseverydaytoplan,organizeandprioritizetheactivitiesyouintendtodevote

yourenergy,skillsandtalentsto,youwillimmediatelybegintoreaptherewardsof

youractions.Thewell-knownChinesewriterLuXunsaid,“Timeislikethewaterin

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asponge.Ifyouarewillingtosqueeze,youwillalwaysgetsome.^^Timeisafinite

resource,butwithalittleeffortyoucanalwaysfindthetimetodowhatneedstobe

done.Tosay“Ihavenotime**isonlyanexcuseforavoidingdoingsomethingthat

couldactuallybedone.Ihopeyouhavefoundmytalkinterestingandusefulandthat

youneveragainhavetosay"Idon'thavethetimetodothat”.

牛津新教材選修三unit2

Reading

Thoughtexperiments:

thelaboratoryofthemind

Whatwouldweobserveifwetravelledatthespeedoflight?ThisisaquestionAlbert

Einsteinaskedhimselfattheageofl6.Imagininghimselfpursuingabeamoflight,he

reasonedthatheshouldobservesuchabeamoflightasanelectromagneticfieldat

rest.Thisintuitivethinkinglaterplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofhis

specialtheoryofrelativity,asEinsteinacknowledgedinhis1949Autobiographical

Notes.ItcametobeknownasoneofEinsteinrsmostfamousthoughtexperiments.

So,whatarethoughtexperiments?Putsimply,theyareexperimentscarriedoutin

thelaboratoryofthemind;inotherwords,theytakeplaceintheimagination.Weset

upsomehypotheticalsituation,carryoutanoperation,seewhathappens,anddrawa

conclusionfromouranalysis.Asweexploretheworldingreaterdepth,wemayreach

apointwhereitisimpossibletorunanexperimentalscenariointherealworlddueto

physical,ethicalorfinanciallimitations.Inthecircumstances,wemoveintothearea

ofthoughtexperiments,whichfunctionasavaluablemeanstotestthelimitsofour

knowledgeandadvanceourunderstandingoftheworld.

Whiletheterm"thoughtexperiment'*originatedinthe19thcentury,theuseofthought

experimentscanbetracedmuchfurtherback,whenancientphilosophersusedthemto

exploredifficultquestions.About2,500yearsago,ChinesephilosopherZhuangzi

recordedoneoftheearliestthoughtexperiments:ifyoucutalongstickinhalfand

thencuttheremainingpartintwoeachfollowingday,youwillneverfinishcuttingit.

Withthebirthofmodernscience,thoughtexperimentsbecameanimportanttoolfor

scientists,especiallyinphysics.Todaythoughtexperimentsareregularlyusedinthe

areasofphilosophy,economicsandthesciences.

Throughouthistory,thoughtexperimentshavecontributedtothedevelopmentof

scientifictheories.Withlogicalreasoning,thoughtexperimentsarecapableofputting

forwardanewtheoryandsupportingordisprovinganexistingtheory.Aclassic

exampleofthisisGalileoGalilei'sthoughtexperimentwithtwofoilingballs.In

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Galileo'sday,Aristotle'sbeliefthataheavierballshouldfallfasterthanalighterone

waswellaccepted.Doubtful,Galileoaskedwhatwouldhappenifthetwoballswere

tiedtogether.Hethenfiguredouttwocontradictoryoutcomes:becausethetwoballs

fellatdifferentspeeds,thelighterballwouldslowdownthefalloftheheavierone;but

ifthetwoballswereconsideredasawhole,togethertheyweighedmoreandshould

fallfasterthaneachindividualball.Usingthepowerofthemind,Galileowasableto

exposetheparadoxandproveAristotlewrong.

However,thoughtexperimentsarenotalwaysaboutprovingsomethingrightor

wrongwithadefiniteanswer.Instead,bymakingabstract,complexideasmore

concreteandaccessible,thoughtexperimentscanstimulatedebateandleadtoamore

thoroughunderstandingofthetopicinquestion.AfamousexampleistheShipof

Theseus,whichwasfirstwrittendownbytheancientGreekphilosopherand

biographerPlutarchinthe1stcentury.Hementionedthatformanycenturies,the

peopleofAthenskepttheoldshipoftheancientGreekheroTheseus.Overtheyears,

alltheoriginalwoodenpartsoftheshipdamagedandreplacedbythelocalpeople.

PlutarchquestionedwhetherthisshipwasstillTheseus'soldship,orwhetheritwas

anentirelynewone.Manycenturieslater,theEnglishphilosopherThomasHobbes

tookthethoughtexperimentonestepfurther:whatifsomeonecollectedallthe

originalpartsandrebuiltanothership?Whichoftheshipswouldthenbetheshipof

Theseus?Eventoday,theshipofTheseusstillsparksintensedebateandcontinuesto

raisemanyquestionsaboutthenatureofidentity.

Withhypotheticalsituations,thoughtexperimentsallowustoexploretheoutcomeof

agivenhypothesiswhichhasreal-lifesignificance.Theyalsohelpusstretchour

mindsbyconfrontingandconsideringdifficultquestions.Whynotaskourown

nWhatif...”questions?Byadoptingnewandinnovativewaysofthinking,wemay

arriveatsurprisingconclusions.

Extendedreading

Howtheworldgoteyeglasses

Whatarethegreatestbreakthroughshumanshavemadesincetheinventionofthe

wheel?Whenamagazineposedthisquestiontoapanelofexperts,including

scientists,entrepreneurs,engineersandhistorians,eyeglassescameinbehindonly

modernelectronics,penicillin,electricityandtheprintingpress.

Ifyoudisagreewiththisranking,trythisquickexperiment:rubsomesoaponapiece

ofglassandholditinfrontofyoureyes.Or,ifyouwearglassesorcontactlenses,

removethemandtrytokeepreading.Oh,wait—youcan't,becauseyoucan'tsee

clearlyenough.Asanyonewhoneedscorrectivelenseswilltellyou,beingabletosee

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clearlyishugelyimportant,whetheryou'retryingtoputtogetherasetofbuilding

blocksorreadyourfavouritebook.

Consideringthatmanypeopleintheworldsufferfrompoorvision,youmaythink

thatthegreatmindsofhistorywouldhavequicklycometogethertotacklethe

problem.However,thisisn*tatallwhathappened.Longbeforeanythinglike

spectaclesexisted,peoplehadnoticedthatapieceofcurvedglasscouldmagnifyan

image.Consequently,about2,000yearsago,peoplebeganmakingmagnifyingglasses

thisway.Thesewereprobablythefirstsimplecorrectivelenses.

Nooneknowswhocameupwiththetechnologyofshapingglasstobringimagesinto

betterfbcus,ormountinglensesinframesthatcouldgoinfrontofyourface.Most

likely,manyanonymousglassmakerstriedtoimprovethetechnologybytrialand

error.Althoughwedon'tknowexactlywhomtothank,itisprettymuchagreedthat

correctivelensesfirstappearedinItalyinthe1280s.

Oncethetechnologywasavailable,spectaclescaughtonquickly.Justlikesomany

popularaccessoriestoday,spectaclessoonbecamefashionable.Peoplethoughtglasses

madethemlookmoreintelligentorsophisticated.Theyweregivenawayasgiftsand

werepopularamongpeoplewhodidn*tevenneedthem.Inthe15thcentury,the

printingpresswasinvented,makingbooksplentifulandrelativelyinexpensive.This

drovethedemandforreadingglasses.Therewas,however,apracticalproblemto

overcome.Whilethequalityofthelenseswasimprovingrapidly,gettingthemtostay

comfortablyonthefacewasagreatchallenge.Indeed,readingwhileeatingoften

meantspectaclesinthesoup!

Peoplemademanyattemptstoovercomethisproblem,somestrangerthanothers.

Spectacleswereheldonthefacebytyingthreadstotheframesandloopingthemover

theears.Weightsweresometimestiedtotheendsofthethreadstocounterbalancethe

weightoftheglassestokeepthemfromslippingoff.Somepeopleusedthreadsor

wirestohooktheirglassestotheirhatssothattheydangledjustinfrontoftheeyes.

Othersattachedthemtostrapstiedaroundtheforeheadorthreadedthemintotheir

hair.Stillotherdesignssimplypercheduneasilyonthebridgeofthenose.Later

modelsworkedabitbetterbyhavingtheframesslightlypinchthenose.Thesestayed

onthefacelonger,buttheymusthavebeenquiteuncomfortable.

It'shardtoimaginewhyittooksolongtodesignspectacleswitharmpiecesthat

couldclipbehindtheears,buttheseweren*tinventeduntilthe18thcentury.Eventhen,

thesidestemswereshortanddesignedtoclamptightlyagainstthetemples(Ouch!).

Likeinventingthelensesthemselves,comingupwithdesignsthatwereeasytouse

wasmostlyamatteroftrialanderror.Thesedays,technologyhasmadespectacles

comfortable.

Unfortunately,nowthatwe'vetackledthetechnologicalproblemofhelpingpeople

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seeclearly,wefaceanethicaldilemmaposedbythedevelopmentofsmartglasses,

whicharewearablecomputersinessence.Lookinglikeapairofordinaryglasses,

smartglassesmakeitpossibleforthewearertousetheWebandmakevideosof

everythingtheysee.However,opponentsofsmartglassesbelievethatadevicethat

allowsitswearertorecordpeoplewithouttheirknowledge,almostanywhereand

anytime,isdisturbing.Eventhoughwehavebecomeusedtothemarvelsofmodern

technology,westillneedtopauseandthinkaboutthepotentialnegativeimpactofthis

newinvention.

We'llhavetowaitandseeifsmartglasseswouldfollowthesamepathasregular

glasses,orinotherwords,iftheirusefulnesswouldoutweighpotentialproblems.

Meanwhile,thoseofuswhoneedcorrectivelensestoreadaboutthecontroversy

shouldbegratefultothatanonymousItalianglassmakerwhofirstinventedordinary

oldspectacles.

牛津新教材選修三Unit3

Reading

Chinesecharacters:foundationofaremarkablewritingsystem

Intheyear1899,somemysticalsymbolscarvedonoraclebonesattractedthe

attentionofascholarinBeijing.Thatwaswhenpeoplefirstbegantorealizethe

significanceofthesebeautifulinscriptions.Sincethen,themysterysurroundingthe

originofChinesecharacters,thefoundationofaremarkablewritingsystem,has

startedtoberevealed.

Theseoracleboneinscriptions,theearliestformofChinesecharacterseverfoundto

thisday,areclearproofthatthehistoryoftheChinesewritingsystemstretchesback

about3,500years.Theinscriptionsarehighlycomplex,suggestingthatearlierforms

areyettobediscovered.Allwehaveatthemoment,however,isthelegendofCang

Jie,whoissaidtohaveinventedthefirstcharactersabout5,000yearsago.Legend

hasitthathesawanimaltracksintheground,andbegandrawingpicturesofobjects

innature,suchasthemoon,thesunandthetrees.

Notsurprisingly,theearliestChinesecharacterswerethefruitsofourancestors*

carefulobservationandstrikingimagination.TheChinesecharactershan,forexample,

issimplyadrawingofamountain.However,ourancestorsfoundnoteverythingwas

convenienttodrawasaconcreteimage,soanotherwayofformingChinese

characterswasdevelopedtorepresentabstractconcepts.Somecharacterswere

createdbyaddingsymbolslikeadotoralinetoanexistingpictographiccharacterto

indicatethings.Forinstance,thecharactersshangandxiaindicatethingsontopofand

belowaline.Gradually,thesecharacterswerefarfromenoughtodescribethe

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colourfulanddiverseworld,soanewwayofformingcharacterswasdevelopedby

puttingtogetherdifferentcharacterstoindicateanewmeaning.Anexampleofthisis

thecharacterming,whichcombinesrifbr“sun"andyuefor"moon"toexpressthe

meaningofbeingbright.Thesetypesofcharactersindicatemeaning,buttheydonot

providecluesabouttheirpronunciation.Anothergroupofcharacterswerecreatedby

combiningmeaningandpronunciation.Inhu,theChinesecharacterfbr"lake”,for

instance,theleftpartindicatesthemeaningandtherightpartthepronunciation.This

methodmadeiteasiertocreatenewcharacters,somostChinesecharacterstoday

belongtothisgroup.

Sincetheircreation,Chinesecharactershavebeenevolvingconsistently,increasingin

practicalvalueasacommunicativetool.About1,000yearsaftertheoraclebone

inscriptionswereusedduringtheShangDynasty,QinshihuangunifiedChinaand

XiaozhuanwasmadetheofficialwritingstyleoftheQinDynasty.ThenLishu

becameamainstreamstyleofwritingintheHanDynasty.Theevolutionfrom

XiaozhuantoLishumarkedarevolutionarytransformationfromancientcharacters

intomoderncharacters.AnothermilestoneintheevolutionofthestyleofChinese

characterswasKaishu,whichreacheditspeakintheTangDynasty.Itbecamepopular

foritseaseofuse,andeventuallyprogressedintowhatwenowconsidertobethe

standardscript.Apartfromchangesinwritingstyle,Chinesecharactershavebeen

simplifiedsothattheycanbeusedmoreeasilybythemasses.Eveninmodemtimes,

therehavebeenattemptstosimplifyChinesecharacters.Onefar-reachingchange

tookplaceinthe1950s,whentheChinesegovernmentsimplifiedandstandardized

Chinesecharacters,promotingmassliteracy.

Alongsideitsevolution,ChinesecharactershavesustainedtheChinesecivilization

overthousandsofyears.ThankstoChinesecharacters,storiesofourancestorshave

beenpasseddowninaformthatremainsaccessibletoustoday,andtheglorious

historyofourcountryhasbeenpreserved.Moreover,Chinesecharactershavegreatly

influencedthewritingsystemsinmanyotherAsiancountriessuchasJapanand

Vietnam,formingthe"Chinesecharacterculturalsphere”.Forinstance,itwasonly

afterChinesecharactersspreadtoJapanthattheJapanesewritingsystemstartedtobe

developed.WiththespreadofChinesecharacters,educatedpeopleinthesecountries

carefullystudiedChineseliteraryandphilosophicaltexts,suchastheworksofthe

TangDynastypoetsandTheAnalectsofConfucius,andlearnttheartofChinese

calligraphy.Aswecansee,Chinesecharactersholdthekeytopromotingthe

transmissionofChineseculture.

AccordingtothefamouswriterYuGuangzhong,eversinceChinesecharacterswere

borninancienttimes,thememoriesandhopesofourancestorshavebeenwellplaced

inthem.Indeed,Chinesecharactersprovideanunbreakablelinktoournation'spast

andconnectustoourancestors.EverytimewereadorwriteChinesecharacters,the

whispersofourancestorstravelthroughtimeandspace,andbringwiththemthe

storiesofhumancivilization.

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Extendedreading

Confucius'sphilosophy:amoralinspiration

On28September,alargenumberofpeoplegatherinQufu,ShandongProvince,

tocelebratethebirthdayofConfucius.Onthisday,peoplehonourthememoryof

Confuciusandcelebratetheuniquelegacyhelefttomankind.Althoughhelivedmore

than2,500yearsago,thegreatphilosopherandeducatorhasmadeamajor

contributiontohumancivilization.

ConfuciuslivedintheSpringandAutumnperiod,fromabout551BCEto479BCE.

HefoundedthephilosophicalschoolofConfucianism,establishedprivateschools,

andeditedanumberofclassicalworks.Accompaniedbysomeofhisloyalstudents,

hespent14yearsofhislifetravellingfromstatetostate,spreadinghisideasand

discussingphilosophicalquestions.AlthoughConfuciusfailedtoreceivethe

recognitionhedeservedduringhislifetime,histeachingshavesurvivedthroughthe

ages,forthebenefitoflatergenerations.

Afterhisdeath,hissayingswererecordedandcompiledbyhisstudentsintoabook

calledTheAnalectsofConfucius,whichsummarizedthephilosopher'sthoughtson

differentsubjectssuchasmorality,politicsandeducation.Atthecoreofhisthinking

arethethreekeyconceptsofRen,YiandLi,whichareallconnectedtoour

relationshipwithotherpeople.Renisgenerallydefinedas"benevolence”,which

meanslovingpeople.Confuciusemphasizedthatloveshouldbeginwiththeloveof

one'sparents.Hesaid,“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhentheirparentsare

alive.?,Thiskindofloveisthenexpandedintotheloveofallpeople.Yicanbe

translatedas"righteousness”,thatis,doingwhatoneoughttodo.Confuciusbelieved

thatagentleman“thinksofrighteousnessinthefaceofgain”.Lirefersto"ritual”in

sociallife.Itisaboutbehavinginthemostappropriatewayinanygivensituation,

basedonsocialcustomsandone'srelationshipwithotherpeopleinvolved.

ThephilosophyofConfuciuscanprovideuswithvaluablemoralguidanceonhowto

developourselvesasindividuals,howtoworkforthecommongood,andhowto

buildandmaintainharmoniousrelationshipswithothers.Confucius'sgoldenprinciple,

“Donotdotootherswhatyoudonotwantotherstodotoyou”,stillholdstruefor

peopleinmoderntimes.Wheninteractingwithothers,peopleshouldputthemselves

intheotherperson'sposition,regardingitasacodeofconducttoliveharmoniously

withothers.Furthermore,acoreconceptinthephilosophyofConfuciusthathas

greatlyinfluencedChinesepeople'smoralvaluesisthatthepublicgoodcomesbefore

personalinterest.Peoplewhoshouldergreatresponsibilityinpursuitofthecommon

goodandselflesslyputtheinterestsofothersbeforetheirownaregreatlyadmiredand

heldupasrolemodels.ItisalsoworthnotingthatConfuciusfocusedonthe

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conventionsofritualandetiquette,whichhavedeeplyinfluencedhowpeopleplay

theirmultipleritualroles.Forexample,studentsshouldhonourtheirteachers,and

childrenshouldshowrespectfortheirelders.Byobservingsuchsocialnorms,each

individualcangetaclearerideaofhowtobalancetheirvariousrolesand

relationshipswithintheirfamilyandinsocietyatlarge.

Beyondthemoralprinciplesforpersonalbehaviour,Confucianthoughtsalsoprovide

guidanceonhowtomanageanation'sdomesticandforeignaffairsintoday'scomplex,

ever-changingworld.TheConfucianconcept,“harmonyismostprecious**,withits

focusonmaintainingsocialorder,stabilityandharmonywithinsociety,hassince

ancienttimesplayedanimportantroleinChinesepoliticalthought.Theideaof

preserving“harmonywithoutuniformity”hasalsolongbeenconsideredimportantin

China.ThiswayofembracingdifferencesisevidentinChina'sapproachtoother

cultures,whichischaracterizedbyappreciation,inclusivenessandthespiritofmutual

learning,withtheaimofsafeguardingthediversityofworldcivilizations.The

Confucianideaofactivelystrivingforthecommongoodcanalsobeseeninhow

Chinacooperateswithothercountriestobuildahumancommunitywithashared

future.

Allinall,Confuciuswasoneofthemostinfluentialthinkersinworldhistory.His

ideashavenotonlyhadafar-reachingimpactonthedevelopmentofChinese

civilization,butwillalsocontinuetoinspirepeoplebothathomeandabroad.

牛津新教材選修三Unit4

Reading

WhatIlivedfor

Threepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:the

longingforlove,thesearchfbrknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingof

mankind.Thesepassions,likegreatwinds,haveblownmeinawaywardcourse,over

agreatoceanofanguish,reachingtotheveryedgeofdespair.

Ihave