Unit3詞語(yǔ)選擇、引申和褒貶

詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶Unit3:Diction

Dictionmeanstheproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶詞義選擇詞義引申詞義褒貶詞義選擇注意點(diǎn)詞義選擇接風(fēng)接骨接球接電話接電線接任接生接新生接風(fēng)接骨接球接電話接電線接任接生接新生giveadinnerforsb.fromafarsetabrokenbonecatchaballanswerthephoneconnectwirestakeoverajobdeliverachildmeetthefreshmenwetShehadawetnursefortheinfantElliot.IfyouthinkIamforhim,youareallwet.Shewetherpantsatthenews.Hewassuchawetblanketatthepartythattheyneverinvitedhimagain.

Story1)Theplayisreallyalovestory.2)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthemeetingbrokethestory.4)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.5)Don’ttellstoriesagain,Tom.Idon’tbelieveyourstories.6)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.7)Hestoriedabouthisage.這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)將成為這一代人的最重大的事件一些沒有參加那次會(huì)議的記者把內(nèi)情捅出去。

對(duì)他的報(bào)道越來(lái)越少,并且漸漸地從美國(guó)電視上消失了

byandby(不久以后）現(xiàn)在的情況完全不同了

他謊報(bào)了自己的年齡

1.Correspondenceatwordlevel(1)

word-for-wordcorrespondenceMarxism馬克思主義激光laser

aspirin阿斯匹林打白條topaysb.IOUs回扣commission

強(qiáng)硬政策toughpolicies好票goodseats(2)oneword---multipleequivalentsofthesamemeaningwife:

妻子，愛人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳婦，堂客，內(nèi)人，賤內(nèi)potato:

馬鈴薯，洋芋，土豆、山藥蛋3）oneword----severalequivalentsofdifferentmeaningscousin:

堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹---president：總統(tǒng)，總裁，主席，董事長(zhǎng)，會(huì)長(zhǎng)，校長(zhǎng)，院長(zhǎng)，---carry:拿,搬,扛,運(yùn)，提,背,拎，挑，抬,擔(dān)，摟，抱，握,舉，端，托,夾,執(zhí),攜,挾,抓,持,挎,挽，---2.Choiceofthemeanings1)Judgingfromthepartofspeech:

roundThereareseveralroundtablesinthedinning-room.(adj.圓的)Comeroundandseemetomorrow.(adv.到某處)Hehadatourroundtheworld.(prep.在---周圍)Sheroundeduptheboys.(v.集合)butHeknowssomemethodsbuthedoesn’tknowhowtoapplythem.（連詞，但是）Therearenobutsaboutit.（名詞,excuses）沒有理由這樣做Thewordoccursinthelastlinebutone.（介詞，除去）Therewasnotasinglepersontherebutwasmovedtotears.在場(chǎng)沒有一個(gè)人不敢動(dòng)的熱淚盈眶（關(guān)系代詞，whonot）

2）judgingfromthecontextWehopeMr.Whitewillnotforgethimself.GonearethedayswhenarepresentativeofalargecountryinUNmaydowhateverhelikes.(behavewithoutproperdignity忘乎所以）

WehopethatourmostrespectedSecretaryGeneralwillnotforgethimself.Hispoorhealthisknowntoeverybody.(actunselfishly忘我工作）一個(gè)大國(guó)代表在聯(lián)合國(guó)為所欲為的日子已經(jīng)過(guò)去了3)Judgingfromcollocationdelicateskindelicatechilddelicatevasedelicatedifferencedelicatesenseofsmelldelicatefood嬌嫩的皮膚嬌弱的小孩易碎的花瓶細(xì)微的差別靈敏的嗅覺美味的食物Hecanappreciatemodernmusic.Idonotappreciatefullywhathemeans.Iappreciatetheregardyouhaveforme.Exercise:aheavyrain/aheavysea/aheavyload/aheavybuyer/aheavycrop/aheavydemand/heavynews/heavysorrow/aheavyvote/aheavythinker/aheavyschedule/aheavypolitician/heavyadvertising/heavycasualtiesAwordindifferentcollocationsorcontext.Likechargesrepel;unlikechargesattract.相同的電荷相斥，不同的電荷相吸。HelikesmathematicsmorethanEnglish.他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)勝于喜歡英語(yǔ)。Likeknowslike.英雄識(shí)英雄。Thetwopicturesareverylike.Likeattractslike.物以類聚。Likecureslike.以毒攻毒。Likeforlike.以牙還牙。詞義的引申ExtensionWhatTypeHowNotes在英譯漢時(shí)，有些英語(yǔ)單詞字典上找不到適當(dāng)?shù)脑~義來(lái)確切表達(dá)愿意，需要把原來(lái)的詞義引申出來(lái)才能更好更確切地表達(dá)出來(lái)。這種情況，常常從詞義的角度來(lái)考慮。WhatAgoodwarbringsagoodpeace.一場(chǎng)正義的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)帶來(lái)持久的和平。Goodmen,goodwomen,goodchildren.

忠誠(chéng)的丈夫，賢惠的妻子，孝順的子女。TypeTechnicalextensionRhetoricalextensionConcreteextensionAbstractextensionOther

thingsbeingequal,ironheatsupfasterthanaluminum.其他條件相同時(shí)，鐵比鋁熱的多。Asecond'sthoughttellsyouthatairactuallyweighsquitealot.稍作思考，你就明白空氣實(shí)際上是有一定重量的。碧波萬(wàn)頃aboundlessexpanseofbluewater；aboundlessstretchofclearwater；HowConcreteAbstractConversion引申1．詞義的引申Itisregrettablethatourappealremainsadeadletter.遺憾的是，我們的呼吁沒有得到響應(yīng)。(1)

具體含義的引申=abstractextensionTheyhavetheirsmilesandtears.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

Duringthewar,hewasanembryosurgeon,andjoinedthemobilemedicalteam.Iwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.歡樂與悲哀有苦又有甜胚胎---初出茅廬的情感—理智殘暴—狡猾2比喻的引申:如果英語(yǔ)的比喻在內(nèi)容、形式、形象上與漢語(yǔ)相近似，可以相互借用，不用引申。如：Themanisasstubbornasamule.

犟得像頭牛。Iamonlyasmallpotatointhisoffice.小人物Don’tputyourfingerintoanother’spie.別管他人閑事。漢語(yǔ)中沒有相似的比喻，需要引申：Lastnight,Iheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.（鼾聲如雷）Sheisasbusyasabeerecently.（特別忙）OldMr.Joneskickedthebucketlastweek.（嗚呼哀哉）Don’tcrossthebridgebeforeyougettoit.（不必?fù)?dān)心太早）動(dòng)物的隱喻性意義：由于人們對(duì)日常生活中常見的動(dòng)物比較熟悉和了解，語(yǔ)言中用動(dòng)物來(lái)作隱喻的例子很多。猴子：豬：貓：狗：狐貍：虎：母老虎：孔雀：精明；靈活；瘦小笨；懶惰；貪吃；臟；輕手輕腳；嘴饞奴性；兇惡；走狗，狗頭軍師；狼心狗肺；狗東西狡猾兇狠；有生氣；虎視眈眈；龍騰虎躍；霸道；兇；無(wú)理美麗、驕傲(2)抽象概念的引申=concreteextensionAniceenoughyoungfellow,youunderstand,butnothingupstairs.（腦子里是一張白紙）TheIraqiWarmakesalltheinternationalmoralityorinternationallawsbecomeimpossible.（失去作用）Therearethreestepswhichmustbetakenbeforewegraduatefromtheintegratedcircuittechnology.（完全掌握）TheGreatWallisamustformostforeignvisitorstoBeijing.必不可少的參觀游覽項(xiàng)目詞義褒貶褒貶譯法：1.Johnwasanaggressivesalesmanwhodidhisjobquitewell.2.Hitlerpursuedanaggressivepolicyafterheseizedpower.3.Hanswastooobviouslyflatteringthegentlemanbysayinghewasthemostcourageousmanhehadeverseen.4.Mr.Brownfeltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture.約翰是個(gè)積極肯干的推銷員,他工作干得很出色。

希特勒奪取了政權(quán)之后就推行侵略政策。HitlerwasthenotoriouswarmongerintheWarWorld2.希特勒是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)期臭名昭著的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狂人5.Hehadliedtomeandmademethetoolofhiswickeddeeds.6.Theenemy’sschemewentbankrupt.7.Thestubbornboyrefusedtolistentohisparents’advice.8.Theinvadersmetastubbornresistancefromthelocalpeople.9.Asluckwouldhaveit,noonewasinthebuildingwhentheexplosionoccurred.10.Asluckwouldhaveit,therewasrainonthedayofthepicnic.他欺騙了我，使我成了他進(jìn)行罪惡勾當(dāng)?shù)墓ぞ摺?/p>

侵略者遭到了當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦念B強(qiáng)抵抗。

受原文表層語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的影響和字面意思的束縛，對(duì)約定俗成、固定搭配、成語(yǔ)等易產(chǎn)生望文生義的錯(cuò)誤。詞義選擇應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：1.詞義選擇，避免望文生義例1：“Iwillteachhimtodeceiveothers,”hesaid.

【誤】他說(shuō)，“我要教他去欺騙別人。”【正】他說(shuō)，“我要告誡他不要騙人?！?/p>

例2：Mydogsarekillingme.【誤】我的狗要咬死我了?！菊课业碾p腳疼死我了。例3：Hedidn’tspeak(for)long.【誤】他長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒有說(shuō)話了。【正】他說(shuō)話時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)。例4：Iboughtatape-recorderforasong.【誤】我買一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)來(lái)聽唱歌?！菊课伊畠r(jià)買了一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)。

2.詞義選擇，立足三“意”

每一個(gè)詞匯都有：基本意義（basicmeaning）衍生意義（derivativemeaning）

搭配意義（collocativemeaning）

例1：kill1）Theykilledabottleofwhiskybetweenthem.【譯文】他們兩人喝完了一瓶威士忌酒。2）Hekilledtengoodyearsonthatjob.【譯文】他在那件工作上浪費(fèi)了整整10年。3）Herbrightredhatkilledthequietcolourofherdress.【譯文】她戴著一頂紅色的帽子，這和她一身的素裝很不相稱。4）Theseflowerskilleasily.【譯文】這些花很容易枯死。5）Thefunnyplaynearlykilledme.【譯文】這出有趣的戲幾乎把我笑死。6）Thatbusrideeverydaykillsoffallofmyenergy.【譯文】每天坐那趟公共汽車使我筋疲力盡。7）