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Blend
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
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Forotheruses,seeBlend(disambiguation.
""Blending"redirectshere.Foralphablending,sAlphacompositin.
Inlinguistics,ablendisawordformedfrompartsoftwootherwords.
Thesepartsaresometimes,butnotalways,morphemes
Contents
[hide]
.1Linguistics
o1.1Formation
1.1.1Blendingoftworoots
1.1.2LexicalSelection
.2Use
.3Seealso
.4References
建[edit]Linguistics
Blendsdealwiththeactionofabridgingandthencombiningvariouslexemestoformanewword.However,theprocessofdefiningwhichwordsaretrueblendsandwhicharenotismorecomplicated.Thedifficultycomesindeterminewhichpartsofanewwordare"recoverable"(itsrootcanbedistinguished).tn
Therearemanytypesofblends,basedonhowtheyareformed.Algeo,alinguist,proposeddividingblendsintothreegroups^:
PhonemicOverlap:asyllableorpartofasyllableissharedbetweentwowords
Clipping:theshorteningoftwowordsandthencompoundingthem
PhenomicOverlapandClipping:shorteningoftwowordstoasharedsyllableandthencompounding
However,classificationoftypesofblendsisnotstandardamongalllinguists.
[edit]Formation
Mostblendsareformedbyoneofthefollowingmethods:
Thebeginningofonewordisaddedtotheendoftheother(seeportmanteauword.Forexample,brunchisablendofbreakfastandlunch.Oneofthetwomaybeawholewordifitisshort.Thisisthemostcommonmethodofblending.Amonosyllabicwordisdividedintoitsonsetandrimeifnecessary.Ablendofthistypetypicallyhasthesamenumberofsyllablesasthesecondword.
obroccoli(3)+cauliflower(4)fbroccoflower(4)
obreakfast⑵+lunch(1)fbrunch(1)
ocamera(3)+recorder(3)fcamcorder(3)
oeducation(4)+entertainment(4)fedutainment(4)
oinformation(4)+commercial(3)finfomercial(4,exception)
omotor(2)+hotel(2)fmotel(2)
osimultaneous(5)+broadcast(2)fsimulcast(3,exception)
osmoke(1)+fog(1)fsmog(1)
ospoon(1)+fork(1)fspork(1)
ostagnation(3)+inflation(3)fstagflation(3)
Thebeginningsoftwowordsarecombined.Forexample,cyborgisablendofcyberneticandorganism
Twowordsareblendedaroundacommonsequenceofsounds.Forexample,thewordCalifornicatio,fromasongbytheRedHotChiliPeppers,isablendofCaliforniaandfornication
Multiplesoundsfromtwocomponentwordsareblended,whilemostlypreservingthesounds'order.PoetLewisCarrollwaswellknownforthesekindsofblends.Anexampleofthisisthewordslithy,ablendoflitheandslimy.ThismethodisdifficulttoachieveandisconsideredasignofCarroll'sverbalwit
Whentwowordsarecombinedintheirentirety,theresultisconsideredacompoundwordratherthanablend.Forexample,bagpipeisacompound,notablend,ofbagandpipe.
[edit]Blendingoftworoots
Blendingcanalsoapplytorootsratherthanwords,forinstanceinIsraeliHebrew."IsraeliF汕7dakhpor‘bulldozer'hybridizes(MishnaicHebrew〉〉)IsraeliomVdhp‘push'and(BiblicalHebrew>>)Israelirm仃Vhpr‘dig'[...]IsraeliUIU^QshiltUt‘zapping,surfingthechannels,flippingthroughthechannels'derivesfrom(i)(Hebrew〉)Israelishalat‘remotecontrol',anellipsis-likeEnglishremote(butusingthenouninstead)—ofthe(widelyknown)compoundpimshalatrakhOk-cf.theAcademyoftheHebrewLanguag6sU^Qpmshalatrdkhakand(ii)(Hebrew〉)IsraeliUIUQshitUt‘wandering,vagrancy'.IsraeliUIU^QshiltUtwasintroducedbytheAcademyoftheHebrewLanguagein[...]1996.Synchronically,itmightappeartoresultfromreduplicationofthefinalconsonantofshalat‘remotecontrol'.AnotherexampleofblendingwhichhasalsobeenexplainedasmerereduplicationisIsraelin'F^巾gakhlilit‘fire-fly,glow-fly,Lampyris'.ThiscoinagebyHayyimNahmanBialikblends(Hebrew〉)Israeli巾gakhelet‘burningcoal'with
(Hebrew〉)Israelin^'^layla‘night'.Comparethiswiththeunblendedn'^'^^nkhakhlilit‘(black)redstart,Phfflnicurus'(〈〈BiblicalHebrew‘dullred,reddish').Synchronicallyspeakingthough,mostnativeIsraeli-speakersfeelthatgakhlilitincludesareduplicationofthethirdradicalofTniVghl.ThisisincidentallyhowErnestKlein。]explainsgakhlilitSinceheisattemptingtoprovideetymology,hisdescriptionmightbemisleadingifoneagreesthatHayyimNahmanBialikhadblendinginmind.〃E"TherearetwopossibleetymologicalanalysesforIsraeliHebrew^曲kaspar‘bankclerk,teller'.Thefirstisthatitconsistsof(Hebrew〉)Israeliqonkesef‘money'andthe
(International/Hebrew>)Israeliagentivesuffixr--ar.Thesecondisthatitisaquasi-portmanteauwordwhichblendsqonkesef‘money'and(Hebrew〉)IsraelirooVspr‘count'.IsraeliHebrewroodkasparstartedasabrandnamebutsoonenteredthecommonlanguage.Evenifthesecondanalysisisthecorrectone,thefinalsyllabler--arapparentlyfacilitatednativizationsinceitwasregardedastheHebrewsuffixr--ar(probablyofPersianpedigree),whichusuallyreferstocraftsmenandprofessionals,forinstanceasinMendeleMocherSforim'scoinageruiur^Osmartutdr‘rag-dealer'.%][edit]LexicalSelection
Blendingmayoccurwithanerrorinlexicalselection,theprocessbywhichaspeakeruseshissemanticknowledgetochoosewords.LewisCarroll'sexplanation,whichgaverisetotheuseof'portmanteau'forsuchcombinations,was:
HumptyDumpty'stheory,oftwomeaningspackedintoonewordlikeaportmanteau,seemstometherightexplanationforall.Forinstance,takethetwowords"fuming"and"furious."Makeupyourmindthatyouwillsaybothwords...youwillsay""frumious."[6]
Theerrorsarebasedonsimilarityofmeanings,ratherthanphonologicalsimilarities,andthemorphemesorphonemesstayinthesamepositionwithinthesyllabled.
[edit]Use
Somelanguages,likeJapanese,encouragetheshorteningandmergingofborrowedforeignwords(asingairaigo),becausetheyarelongordifficulttopronounceinthetargetlanguage.Forexample,karaoke,acombinationoftheJapanesewordkara(meaningempty)andtheclippedformokeoftheEnglishloanword""orchestra""(J.okesutora才一),is
aJapaneseblendthathasenteredtheEnglishlanguage.(Fromthearticlegairaigo.)
Manycorporatebrandnames,trademarks,andinitiatives,aswellasnamesofcorporationsandorganizationsthemselves,areblends.Forexample,Wiktionary,oneofWikipedia'ssisterprojects,isablendofwikianddictionar.Also,NabiscoisablendoftheinitialsyllablesofNationalBiscuitCompany.
[edit]Seealso
LookupBlendin
Wiktionary,thefreedictionary.
.Amalgamation(names)
.Clipping(morphology)
.Compound(linguistics)
.Contr
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