對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)歷年真題及詳解

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2011年對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真題

考試科目：1101經(jīng)濟(jì)英語(yǔ)

基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)部分（共50分）

Pleasewriteallyour

answersontheAnswerSheet.

PartOneReading(15points)

Directions:Readthearticlebelowandfulfillthetasksthatfollowthe

article.

AStheplanetwarms,floods,storms,risingseasand

droughtwilluprootmillionsofpeopleandwithdirewiderconsequences.Barack

Obama,collectinghisNobelpeaceprize,saidthatclimatechange“willfuel

moreconflictfordecades”,HetooktheanalysisnotfromenvironmentalscaremongersbutfromagroupofAmericangenerals.

Theforecastisclose(1)  becoming

receivedwisdom.Aflurryofnewbookswithtitlessuchas“GlobalWarring”and

“ClimateConflict”offernear-apocalypticvisions.CleoPaskal,attheRoyalInstituteof

InternationalAffairsinLondon,predictsthosefloods,storms,thefailureof

theIndianmonsoonandagriculturalcollapsewillbring“enormousmadspecific,

geopolitical,economic,andsecurityconsequencesforallofus...theworldof

tomorrowlookschaoticandviolent”.JeffreyMazooftheInternational

InstituteforStrategicStudies,alsoinLondon,callsclimatechangean

“existentialthreat”andfearsitcouldusher(2)  “state

failureandinternalconflict”inexposedplaces,notablyAfrica.

Yet

surprisinglyfewfactssupportthesealarmingassertions.Widelytouted

forecastssuchasfor200mclimaterefugeesinfirenextfewdecadesseemto

havebeenplucked(3)  theair.Littleorno

academicresearchhaslookedatquestionssuchaswhetherBangladeshis

displacedbyarisingseawouldmoveaseriesofshortdistancesoveralong

period,or(moredisruptively)agreaterdistanceimmediately.

So

scientistspreparingthefifthreportoftheIntergovernrnentalPanelon

ClimateChange,duein2013,areforthefirsttimeincludingachapteron

threatstohumansecurity.Anearlyeffortcameataconferencelastmonthin

Norway,(4)theauspicesofthePeaceResearch

InstituteinOslo.

One

ideaistofindpreviousoccasionswhenbigenvironmentalchangescame(5) 

 social,politicalandmilitaryshifts.DroughtsintheCentralAsian

steppe,forexample,ledtomasswestwardmigrationandthe“barbarian”

invasionsthathelpedtoppletheRomanEmpire.Hungeranddroughtledtothe

collapseofMayancivilizationamillenniumago.Suddencoolingwipedoutan

earlyEuropeansettlementonGreenland.TheDustB0wlofthe1930sforcedover

2mpeopletomigratewithintheUnitedStates.

ThoseexamplesmayberelevantinAfrica,whereinmanycountriesaround

three-quartersofthepopulationsurvivebycultivatingafewvarietiesof

cropswatereddirectlybyrain,theformoffarmingmostvulnerable(6) 

 climatechange.Africahaswarmedby0.5℃

onaverageinthepasthalfcentury,andmayheatby1.5-4℃morethiscentury.Heathitscerealyields(especially

maize),perhapsby10-20%fora1℃rise.Rainfall

patternswillalsoshift.

 

ThehardestevidenceforalinksofarcomesfromateamledbyMarshallBurke

oftheUniversityofCalifornia,whichstudiedAfricanwarsfrom1980to2002

andfoundthatrisingtemperaturesareindeedassociatedwithcropfailure,

economicdeclineandasharpriseinthelikelihoodofwar.Itpredicteda“50%

increase”inthechanceofcivilwarinAfricaby2030.

But

thatclaimisnowheavilyrevised,sinceresearchersredidtheirsumstotake

accountofthemorepeacefulperiodof2002-08.Otherssaythatpoliticaland

otherfactorssuchasethnicconflictandoutsideinterventionare

farbetterindicatorsofthelikelihoodoffighting.

Take

thewidelycitedcaseofthewarinDarfur,thewesternregionofSudan.Ban

Ki-moon,theUNsecretary-general,describeditas“anecologicalcrisis,

arisingatleast(7)  partfromclimatechange”.

EnvironmentalproblemshaveprobablyworsenedtheDarfuris’dreadfulplight,

offeringgristtothosewhocallclimatechangea“threatmultiplier”.Average

rainfallintheregionfellabruptly(byathirdormore)intheearly1970s

andDarfurrepeatedlysuffereddroughts.Clashesovergrazingandthen

displacementofvillagerswerefollowed,from2003,byhorrificwar.

Yet

theconnectioniselusive.Roughlythreedecadeselapsedbetween

therainstoppingandwarstarting.Manyotherfactors—political,ethnic,

demographicandeconomic—conspiredtostokeviolence.Thosewerespecificto

Darfur,whereasthesharpdropinrainfallhitthewholeSahel,withoutintensifyingconflictelsewhere.

Anothercommonlycitedexampleisviolentcompetitionforscarcegrazing

betweennomadicherdsmenintheHornofAfrica.Yetastudyoffightingamong

pastoralistsontheborderbetweenKenyaandSomaliainthepast60years

(presentedattheconference)showedinsteadthatconflictworsenedwhen

grazingwasabundantandfell(8)  droughts.

Hungrypeoplewaretoobusystayingalive,ortooexhausted,tofight.By

contrast,whenrainsmadeherdsmen'sliveseasier,theycouldreleasesurplus

younglabourfortheviolentsportofraidingothergroups.

Otherresearcherslookatthepoliticalormilitaryconsequencesofphenomena

unrelatedtoweather,suchasrapidurbanization,migrationorearthquakes.Yet

theevidenceheretooismixed(9)  best.Where

naturaldisastersdoshowpredictablepoliticaloutcomes,theyareveryslight.

Astudyoftheshort-termimpactofhurricanesonHaitiandtheDominican

Republicfrom1850-2007,forexample,suggeststhatthestormshavegrownmore

intense(ifnotmorefrequent),buttheirarrivalisnotassociatedwithmorn

politicalviolence.Anotherstudyshowedthatnaturaldisastersusually

producedshoo-termeconomicpainbutnosignofincreasedpoliticalviolence

Earthquakes,too,tendtoproducemixedoutcomes.AMexicanquakein1985may

havestokedaninsurgency.Butthetsunamiof2005offeredamomentfor

secessionistsinAcehandthecentralIndonesiangovernmenttoco-operate.

Climatechangecouldindeedcausewoesaplenty.Thatisallthemorereasontobe

precise(10)  them.

1Fillineachblankinthearticlewithan

appropriatepreposition(介詞) (5points,0.5pointeach)

2Readthearticlecarefullyandexplainthe

meaningofthewordsaccordingtothecontext.(5points,0.5pointeach)

(1)scaremonger(in

paragraph1)

(2)apocalyptic(in

paragraph2)

(3)tout(inparagraph

3)

(4)topple(in

paragraph5)

(5)intervention(in

paragraph8)

(6)elapse(in

paragraph10)

(7)stoke(inparagraph

10)

(8)intensify(in

paragraph10)

(9)grazing(in

paragraph11)

(l0)woe(inparagraph

13)

3Theabovearticlementionedthewidelycited

caseofthewarinDarfur,thewesternregionofSudan.BanKi-moon,theUN

secretary-general,describeditas“anecologicalcrisis…”Why?Somepeoplecall

climatechangea”threatmultiplier'.Whatdoesthatmean?(5points)

PartTwoTranslation(20points)

1Translatetile

followingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish(10points)

歷代的智慧，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)人類一直籍以為樂的故事，所有這些都可以從書中方便而又便宜的獲得。但是我必須懂得如何利用這份寶藏，懂得如何才能使它對(duì)我們最為有益.世界上最為不幸的人，也就是那些從未體驗(yàn)過讀好書之樂趣的人吧。

我對(duì)人最為感興趣,喜歡結(jié)識(shí)他們，喜歡了解他們。我認(rèn)識(shí)的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之中，然后表現(xiàn)在作品的字里行間，最后在我的想象中重新顯現(xiàn)。我在書中找到了新的朋友，新的社會(huì),還有新的語(yǔ)言。

把你的一部分空閑時(shí)光用來(lái)培養(yǎng)閱讀好書的愛好吧。愛讀書的人從好書中不但得到樂趣，他們從中獲得的那種精神食糧，從其他地方是很難得到的。盡管他們未必有意識(shí)地想到讀書是為了提高才智。在不知不覺中，他們從書中吸取的知識(shí)積累起來(lái)，經(jīng)過想象力的加工，對(duì)將來(lái)大有用處。

2Translatethe

followingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese(10points)

Naturecontainstheelements,incolorandform,ofallpictures,asthe

keyboardcontainsthenotesofallmusic.

But

theartistisborntopick,andchoose;andgroupwithscience,theseelements,

thatdmresultmaybebeautiful-asthemusiciangathershisnotes,andforms

his.chords,untilhebringsforthfromchaosgloriousharmony.

To

saytothepainter,thatNatureistobetakenassheis,istosaytotheplayer,

thathemaysitonthepiano...

The

dignityofthesnow-cappedmountainislostindistinctness,butthejoyofthe

tourististorecognizethetraveleronthetop.Tiledesiretosee,forfile

sakeofseeing,is,withthemass,alonetheonetobegratified,hencethe

delightindetail.

PartThreeWriting(15points)

Directions:Writeacompositionofabout300wordsbasedonthefollowing:

The

past10yearshaswitnessedtheunprecedenteddevelopmentoftheInternetand

theonlineworld,whichhavealreadytransformedthewaymostofuslive.

Pleasewriteacompositionentitled“IstheInternetablessingorcursefor

us?”What'syouropinionabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftile

internet?Doyouthinkitsadvantagesoutweighitsdisadvantagesortheother

wayround?Howtomakethebestuseoftheinternet?

專業(yè)英語(yǔ)部分（共50分）

PartFourTranslation

Translatethefollowing

EnglishintoChinese.(10points)

Historically,economistshavesaidthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.

However,ithasbeanfoundthatoncewealthreachesasubsistencelevel,its

effectivenessasageneratorofwell-beingisgreatlydiminished.Thisparadox

hasbeenreferredtoastheEasterlinparadox.Thismeansthat

aspirationsincreasewithincome;afterbasicneedsaremet;relativerather

thanabsoluteincomelevelsinfluencewell-being.Happinesseconomistshopeto

changethewaygovernmentsviewwell-beingandhowtomosteffectivelygovern

andallocateresourcesgiventhisparadox.However,otherresearchsuggests

thatnoparadoxexists,andhappinessislinearlyrelatedtothelogarithmof

absolute(real,PPP-adjusted)income,withlittleornorelativeincome

component.

Moneycorrelateswithhappiness,buttheratediminisheswithmoremoney.In

2010,twoeconomistsfoundthathigherearnersgenerallyreportedbetterlife

satisfaction,butpeople'sday-to-dayemotionalwell-beingonlyrosewith

earningsuntilathresholdannualincomeof$75,000.Otherfactorshavebeen

suggestedasmakingpeoplehappierthanmoney.Onestudy,whencorrectedfor

socialstatus,showednocorrelationbetweenincomeandhappiness.

PartFive

Makesomecommentsin

EnglishonChinesePrimer'spromisetomakepeoplehappierinhiscongress

address.(5points)

PartSix

漢譯英：(10points)

對(duì)于希望利用中國(guó)大量廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力的國(guó)內(nèi)外企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，多年來(lái)，中國(guó)沿海制造業(yè)中心一直是生產(chǎn)基地的上上之選。然而，自今年5月份以來(lái)，中國(guó)境內(nèi)勞資爭(zhēng)端明顯增多，加之人民幣走強(qiáng)以及政府采取行動(dòng)遏制污染和產(chǎn)能過剩，表明這種低成本的生產(chǎn)模式已不再穩(wěn)固。

PartSeven

Readthefollowing

passageandanswerthequestions:(25points)

The

conclusionoftheUruguayRoundofmultilateraltradenegotiationsin1994,and

theestablishmentoftheWTOin1995toprovidetheinstitutionalsupportto

themultilateraltradeagreements,constitutedasignificantmilestoneinthe

evolutionofthemultilateraltradingsystem.Theprincipleof“single

undertaking”boundallWTOmemberstoalltheresultsoftheUruguayRound

negotiations(withtheexceptionofplurilateralagreements),thereby

reinforcingthefundamentalprincipleofmost-favorednation(MFN)treatment.

WiththeconclusionoftheUruguayRoundandthestrengthenedmultilateral

tradingsystem(MTS),therewasanexpectationthatexceptionsto

multilateralism,suchasregionaltradeagreements,eventhoughlegallycovered

bytheWTOundercertainconditions,wouldeitherbecomelessofanalterative

policyoptionforcountriesorwillneedtobeadaptedandconductedinsucha

mannerastobecomeoutward-oriented;notinward-looking,andhasconstitute

buildingblocksforthenewmultilateralismusheredinbytheWTO.

This

objectivehasbeencontinuallyemphasizedinWTOMinisterialDeclarationsthat

reaffirmcommitmenttothesupremacyofmultilateralismwhilerecognizingthe

importantrolethatregionaltradeagreements(RTAs)canplay.Thisisapparent

fromparagraph4intheDohaDeclarationwhereWTOMembersstressedtheir

“commitmenttotheWTOastheuniqueforumforglobaltraderule-makingand

liberalization,whilealsorecognizingthatregionaltradeagreementscanplay

animportantroleinpromotingtheliberalizationandexpansionoftradeandin

fosteringdevelopment”.IntheworkprogrammeadoptedatDoha.WTOMembersalso

agreedtonegotiationsaimedatclarifyingandimprovingexistingWTO

provisionsapplyingtoRTAswhiletakingintoaccounttheirdevelopmental

aspects(paragraph29).Such“developmentalaspects”areaconcreteexpression

ofthewideremphasisintheDohaWorkProgramme(DWP)ondevelopmentissues,

includingimplementation-relatedissuesandconcerns,specialanddifferential

treatmentandtechnicalassistance.

As

recognizedbytheseDeclarations,thegrowth,expansionanddeepeningof

regionaltradeagreementshasbeenremarkable.Almostallcountriesinthe

worldandvirtuallyallWTOMembers(theexceptionbeingMongolia)todayare

partyto,orareintheprocessofnegotiating,atleastoneRTA.Thus,

regionalismhasbecomeapolicyoptionformostcountriesandisapermanent

featureoftheinternationaltradingenvironmentfortheforeseeablefuture.

Anotablefeatureintherecentriseofregionalismisthat

countriesthathavetraditionallyfavoredthemultilateralapproachtotrade

liberalization,includingAustralia,NewZealand,Japan,Singapore,Indiaand

theRepublicofKoreahavejoinedtheRTAbandwagon.TheUnitedStateshasalso

givenmoreattentiontoconcludingRTAs.AdifferentcompositionofRTAs

involvingthewideningofcountrycoveragebeyondthetraditionalregionalzone

hasemerged.Significantly,RTAshaveemergedbetweencountriesandentitiesin

differentregions/continents(e.g.EU-Mexico,EU-SouthAfrica,US-Israel.

Jordan,Morocco,Chile).Inmostcases,theseagreementsarebilateralin

membership,concludedbytwocountries/entities,includingthecaseoffree

tradeagreementsnegotiatedandconcludedbythetwodistinctRTAs(e.g.

EU-MERCOSURundernegotiation).

The

expansion,wideninganddeepeningofRTAshasresultedin,asituationwhereby

intra-RTAtradeaccountedforsome40percentofworldtrade(merchandise

imports)in2000andwillaccountforover50percentin2