2023 全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(一)試題

#絕密□啟用前2023年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）（科目代碼201）考生注意事項(xiàng)答題前，考生必須在試題冊指定位置上填寫考生姓名和考生編號；在答題卡指定位置上填寫報(bào)考單位、考生姓名和考生編號，并涂寫考生編號信息點(diǎn)?？忌毎言囶}冊上的試卷?xiàng)l形碼粘貼條取下，粘貼在答題卡“試卷?xiàng)l形碼粘貼位置”框中。不按規(guī)定粘貼條形碼而影響評卷結(jié)果的，責(zé)任由考生自負(fù)。選擇題的答案必須涂寫在答題卡相應(yīng)題號的選項(xiàng)上，非選擇題的答案必須書寫在答題卡指定位置的邊框區(qū)域內(nèi)。超出答題區(qū)域書寫的答案無效；在草稿紙、試題冊上答題無效。填（書）寫部分必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆或者鋼筆書寫，字跡工整、筆跡清楚；涂寫部分必須使用2B鉛筆填涂?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將答題卡和試題冊按規(guī)定一并交回，不可帶出考場?？忌彰?考生編號：SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C],or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)CaravanseraiswereroadsideinnsthatwerebuiltalongtheSilkRoadinareasincludingChina,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Theyweretypically__1__outsidethewallsofacityorvillageandwereusuallyfundedbygovernmentsof_2_.Thisword“Caravanserais”isa__3__ofthePersianword“karvan”，whichmeansagroupoftravellersoracaravan,andseray,apalaceorenclosedbuilding.ThePermcaravanwasusedto__4_groupsofpeoplewhotravelledtogetheracrosstheancientnetworkforsafetyreasons,_5_merchants,travellersorpilgrims.Fromthe10thcenturyonwards,asmerchantandtravelroutesbecomemoredeveloped,the__6_oftheCaravanseraisincreasedandtheyservedasasafeplaceforpeopletorestatnight.TravellersontheSilkRoad_7_possibilityofbeingattackedbythievesorbeing_8_toextremeconditions.Forthisreason,Caravanseraiswerestrategicallyplaced_9_theycouldbereachedinaday’straveltime.Caravanseraisservedasaninformal__10__pointforthevariouspeoplewhotravelledtheSilkRoad.__11__,thosestructuresbecameimportantcentersforculture__12__andinteraction,withtravelerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,_13_talkingknowledgewiththem,greatly__14__thedevelopmentofseveralcivilizations.Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand__15__inthetradeofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad.__16__,itwasfrequentlythefirststopmerchantslookingtoselltheirwaresand__17__suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis__18__thataround120,000to15,000caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,__19__onlyabout3,000areknowntoremaintoday,manyofwhicharein__20__.

1.A.displayedB.occupiedC.locatedD.equipped2.A.privatelyB.regularlyC.respectivelyD.permanently3.A.definitionB.transitionC.substitutionD.combination4.A.classifyB.recordC.describeD.connect5.A.apartfromB.insteadofC.suchasD.alongwith6.A.constructionB.restorationC.impressionD.evaluation7.A.doubtedB.facedC.acceptedD.reduced8.A.assignedB.subjectedC.accustomedD.opposed9.A.sothatB.evenifC.nowthatD.incase10.A.talkingB.startingC.breakingD.meeting11.A.BythewayB.OnoccasionC.IncomparisonD.Asaresult12.A.heritageB.revivalC.exchangeD.status13.A.withregardtoB.inspiteofC.aswellasD.inlinewith14.A.completingB.influencingC.resumingD.pioneering15.A.aidedB.investedC.failedD.competed16.A.RatherB.IndeedC.OtherwiseD.However17.A.goinforB.standupforC.closeinonD.stockupon18.A.believedB.predictedC.recalledD.implied19.A.untilB.becauseC.unlessD.although20.A.ruinsB.debtC.fashionD.seriesSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40Points)Text1TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthetemperaturewillbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonthasofficialsdebatehowclimatechangeistaughtinTexasschools.PatHardy,aconservativememberoftheboardwhosympathiseswiththeviewsoftheenergysector,isresistingproposedchangestosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewouldemphasisetheprimacyofhumanactivityinrecentclimatechangeandencouragediscussionofmitigationmeasures.Mostscientistsandindependentexpertssharplydisputeherviews.“WhatmillionsofTexaskidslearnintheirpublicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenbythepoliticalideologyofpartisanboardmembers,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship,”saysDanQuinn,seniorcommunicationsstrategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profitgroupthatmonitorspubliceducation.“Theycasuallydismissthecareerworkofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion.”SuchdebatesreflectsfiercediscussionacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,asresearchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreaterfocusonteachingaboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschool.AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupofscientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimatechangeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+orhigher.Amongthe10worstperformersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowestgrade(F)andhasadisproportionateinfluencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.GlennBranch,thecentre’sdeputydirector,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelsciencestandardsisonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionstolocalschoolboards.Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitssciencestandards,“thatdoesnotmeanitwillbetaught”,hesays.Anotherissueisthat,whileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsandatsomeages——suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschools——itisnotaswellrepresentedincurriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidelytaught,suchasbiologyandchemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudiescourses.Branchpointsoutthat,evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooksreflectscientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthatconveymoreslantedperspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyincludematerialssponsoredbylibertarianthink-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedto.forecastapolicyshiftinTexasschoolsstresstheconsequencesofclimatechangeindicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeetingdrawthepublic’sattentiontoenergyshortages.WhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?sheexaggeratestheexistingpanic.shedeniesthevalueofscientificworksheshowsnoconcernforpre-teens.sheexpressesself-contradictoryviews.ThestudymentionedinParagraph5.climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschoolspolicymakershavelittledriveforscienceeducationTexasisreluctanttorewriteitssciencetextbooksenvironmentalteachinginsomestateslackssupervisionAccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUS.callforregularrevisionrequireurgentapplicationhavelimitedinfluencecatertolocalneedsItisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschools .agreetomajorpublicdemandsreflectsteachers’personalbiasmaymisrepresenttheenergysectorcanbeswayedbyexternalforcesText2CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Nowwithrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylowinventory,there’sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.TheStateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould’vemadeitillegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,”saidNickTaylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshiretowns,“employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahardtimeEndingaplacetolive,”Taylorsaid.However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOofalocalassociationofrealter."Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,”Castlesaid,“andsoit’sacyclicaleffect.”Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,anexpertonaffordablehousingpolicy."Ithinkindividualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit’stheirvacationhomeanyway,andit’sjustempty,whycan’tyoumakemoneyoffit?”Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—efactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations."Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn’tadeveloperwho’sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?”Hornsaid.Attheendof2018,governorCharlieBakerofMassachusettssignedabilltoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestatemandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy.Bostontookthingsevenfurther,requiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity’sInspectionalServicesDepartment.Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitstrugglingcitiesandtowns,but“ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.ItsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowlyItshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedto.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.ComparedwithCastle,Taylorismorelikelytosupport.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers.WhatdoesHornemphasizeinParagraph5?Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.Theefficientoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.Thenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses.Hornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis.anirrationaldecision.anunfeasibleproposal.anunnecessarymeasure.aninadequatesolution.Text3Ifyou’reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstones,thebiggestbookretailerintheUK,insearchoftheDuchessofSussex’snewchildren’sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaroundabit,thesamemaybetrueofThePresident’sDaughter,thenewthrillerbyBillClintonandJamesPatterson.BothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekbyPenguinRandomHouse(PRH),acompanycurrentlyinvolvedinastand-offwithWaterstones.Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPRHconfirmedthatithadintroducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel”.ThetrademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections”.PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:“WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherintheUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwearedoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusy.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018.”Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butit’sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstaff’spassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.ItcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster——thereductioninthenumberofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmoreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpower,”saysliteraryagentAndrewLownie.“Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmallpublishers.”Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublisherstobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.TheauthormentionstwobooksinParagraph1topresent.anongoingconflict.anintellectualconcept.aprevailingsentiment.aliteraryphenomenon.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?Tomakethemeasilynoticeable.TocomplywithPRH’srequirement.TorespondtoPRH’sbusinessmove.Toarrangetheminasystematicway.WhatmessagedoesthespokespersonforWaterstonesseemtoconvey?Theircustomersremainloyal.Thecreditlimitwillberemoved.Theirstockisunderestimated.Thebookmarketisratherslack.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?Salesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably.Lesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism.Waterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthors5books.Waterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie’sview?Smallpublishersoughttosticktogether.Bigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance.Thepublishingindustryishavingahardtime.Themergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend.Text4Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearcherspublishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythetitle'simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersofscientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.Recently,anotherexpressionofthispredatorybehaviorhasemerged:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticles.Theadventofelectronicpublishingandauthors'needtofindoutletsfortheirpapersresultedinthousandsofnewjournals.Thebirthofpredatoryjournalswasn'tfarbehind.Thesejournalscanactasmilkcowswhereeverysinglearticleinanissuemayciteaspecificpaperoraseriesofpapers.Insomeinstances,thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthecontentofthearticleandthecitations.Thepeculiarpartisthatthejournalthattheeditorissupposedlyworkingforisnotprofitingatall——itisjustprovidingcitationstootherjournals.Suchpracticescanleadanarticletoaccruemorethan150citationsinthesameyearthatitwaspublished.Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual——actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant——wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,acitationdatabase,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“international”journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.Scopusitselfhasallthedatanecessarytodetectthismalpractice.Redflagsincludealargenumberofcitationstoanarticlewithinthefirstyear.Andforauthorswhowishtosteerclearofcitationcartelactivities:whenaneditorareviewer,orasupportserviceasksyoutoaddinappropriatereferences,donotobligeanddoreporttherequesttothejournal.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby.howmanycitationstheirworkscontainhowmanytimestheirpapersarecitedtheprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwiththestatustheyhaveinscientificcirclesThesupportserviceconsultanciestendto.recommendjournalstotheirclients.listcitationpatternstheirclients.askauthorstoincludeextracitationsadvisecontributorstociteeachotherTheFunctionofthe“milkcow”journalsisto.boostcitationcountsforcertainauthorshelpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcostinstructFirst-timecontributorsincitationincreasethereadershipofnewjournals.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusFromthelasttwoparagraphs?ItFosterscompetitionamongcitationprovidersIthasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitationsItestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulationWhatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulators?TakelegalactionDemandanapology.SeekprofessionaladviceRevealtheirmisconductPartBDirections：Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Handfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsA,EandHhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Lastyearmarkedthe150thanniversaryofaseriesofYellowstonephotographsbytherenownedlandscapephotographerWilliamHenryJackson.Jacksonsnappedthe1st-evershotsoficoniclandmarkssuchastheTetons,OldFaithfulandtheColoradoRockies.Onalate19th-centuryexpeditionthroughtheYellowstoneBasinthatwasconductedbytheheadoftheU.S.GeologicalandGeographicalSurveyoftheTerritories,FerdinandV.Hayden.Theteamincludedameteorologist,azoologist,amineralogist,andanagriculturalstatistician.Twocenturiesago,theideaofpreservingnature,ratherthanexploitingit,wasanovelonetomanyU.S.settlers.Oneoftheturningpointsinpublicsupportforlandconservationefforts—andrecognizingthemagnificenceoftheYellowstoneregioninparticular—cameintheformofvividphotographs.AsaneffectiveWashingtonoperator,Haydensensedthathecouldcapitalizeontheexpedition’sstunningvisuals.HeaskedJacksontoprintoutlargecopiesanddistributedthem,alongwithreproductionsofMoran’spaintings,toeachmemberofCongress.“Thevisualization,particularlythosephotographs,reallyhithomethatthisissomethingthathastobeprotected,”saysMurphy.Throughoutthetrip,Jacksonjuggledmultiplecamerasandplatesizesusingthe“collodionprocess”thatrequiredhimtocoattheplateswithachemicalmixture,thenexposethemanddeveloptheresultingimageswithaportabledarkrooms.Thecrudetechniquerequirededucatedguessesonexposuretimes,andinvolvedheavy,awkwardequipment—severalmenhadtoassistinitstransportation.Despitethesechallenges,Jacksoncaptureddozensofstrikingphotos,rangingfrommajesticimageslikehisnow-famoussnapshotofOldFaithful,tocasualportraitsofexpeditionmembersatthecamp.Whileveteransofpreviousexpeditionswroteatlengthaboutstunningtrailsights,thesevividphotographswereanotherthingentirely.Thewell-documentedYellowstonejourneyofficiallybeganinOgden,UtahonJune8,1871.Overnearlyfourmonths,dozensofmenmadetheirwayonhorsebackintoMontanaandtraversedalongtheYellowstoneRiverandaroundYellowstoneLake.Thatfall,theyconcludedthesurveyinFortBridger,Wyoming.ThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognizedthearea’sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That’swhyHayden’sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafullerunderstandingoftheYellowstoneRiverregion,fromitshotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourageofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomasMoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeautyandsharingitwiththeworld.ThebillprovedlargelypopularandsailedthroughCongresswithlargemajoritiesinfavor.Inquicksuccession,theSenateandHousepassedlegislationprotectingYellowstoneinearly1872.ThatMarch,PresidentUlyssesS.GrantsignedanactintolawthatestablishedYellowstoneastheworld’sfirstnationalpark.Somelocalsopposedthedesignation,thedecision