同等學(xué)歷課件第八講翻譯技巧

第八講翻譯技巧(2)同等學(xué)歷聯(lián)考英譯漢技巧解構(gòu)：英語為形態(tài)語言，語句結(jié)構(gòu)非常嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，主次

非常分明，通常采先抓住主要成分，即主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，而后再處理次要成分，即定狀補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。先完整地閱

讀理解整個(gè)段落，確定語句與詞語意思，然后把段

落按意思開斷，再按意思把片斷分為語句；定語處理：英語的定語可以轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的主補(bǔ)；帶定語從句的長句還可以再分開，變成兩個(gè)簡單句。狀語處理：英語語句的狀語按其不同功能，在語句 中占據(jù)不同的位置；漢語的絕大多數(shù)狀語，尤其是 單個(gè)的狀語，都出現(xiàn)在被修飾動(dòng)詞的左邊。增補(bǔ)詞語：漢語常常在實(shí)義詞后邊增加類義詞,如: tension:

緊張局勢(shì);bilateral

cooperation:

雙邊合作 關(guān)系等,英譯漢,有時(shí)要增補(bǔ)類義詞。約定俗成：特定短語約定俗成的翻譯*human

cloning

research:克隆人研究，*hold

hearings

on

theissue:

對(duì)該問題舉行聽證會(huì)名詞短語：英語的（名詞+of+名詞）結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)前后名詞內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，譯成漢語至少有兩種情況：

A．限定關(guān)系：名詞（1）為中心詞，of+名詞（2）限定名詞（1），譯名詞（2）的名詞（1），如thestudents

of

Class

5,

五班的學(xué)生；B．動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：名詞（1）動(dòng)詞派生而來，與名詞（2）呈動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，翻譯時(shí)名詞（1）轉(zhuǎn)換為原動(dòng)詞+賓語（名詞（2）），修飾名詞的形容詞也要轉(zhuǎn)換為與之相應(yīng)的副詞。如：

the

creation

of

three

million

jobs,

創(chuàng)造了300萬個(gè)工作崗位。–

名詞處理：英語泛指與特指名詞，下義詞與上義詞，不定數(shù)與定數(shù)在英語篇章中，第一次出現(xiàn)的名詞，通常表達(dá)

的是泛指意義，同一個(gè)第二次再出現(xiàn)時(shí)，表達(dá)

的是特指意義，有時(shí)第二次出現(xiàn)的不是原來的

那個(gè)名詞，而是定冠+上義詞。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣，用指示代詞（這個(gè)、這些等）+上義詞，也可以選用原名詞。如：tooutlaw

human

cloning…no

law

prohibiting

the

procedure：宣布克隆人為非法活動(dòng)……沒有任何法律禁止克隆人/禁止這種程序？英語名詞數(shù)概念非常清楚，漢語名詞數(shù)概念模糊，英譯漢

時(shí)可采用模糊表達(dá)法，如87個(gè)學(xué)生，許多學(xué)生。英語:主語與謂語，謂語與賓語，賓語與補(bǔ)語很少分開；主語與謂語之間基本上沒有空間接納狀語，除了頻率副詞（often,

always,

seldom,

never,etc.）；狀語按功能（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，方式等）可分為前位狀語；中位狀語（頻率副詞）；后位狀語，在謂語不及物動(dòng)詞的后邊，在及物動(dòng)詞+賓語的后邊。漢語：語序相對(duì)寬松，習(xí)慣于把修飾成分置于被修飾成分的左邊；主語與謂語之間有很大的空間來接納大量的不同性質(zhì)的狀語；時(shí)間置于主語左邊，構(gòu)成時(shí)間順序；地點(diǎn)置于主語左邊，構(gòu)成空間順序；序列置于主語左邊，構(gòu)成序列。帶狀語復(fù)句：先偏句，后正句邏輯表達(dá)：英語（顯性）vs.漢語（隱性）英語：主從復(fù)合句，都有從屬連詞來引導(dǎo)，漢語：偏正復(fù)句，除了狀語復(fù)句，其它類別的都不需要連詞來引導(dǎo)；英譯漢：先確定其功能，而后按漢語的習(xí)慣放置；狀語偏句的邏輯關(guān)系要搞清楚，才能選對(duì)連詞，尤其是關(guān)聯(lián)詞語，如雖然……但是…….;盡管…….可是……..等等。

10．尊重譯入語的習(xí)慣：漢語語句中“同義再現(xiàn)”的現(xiàn)

象俯拾即是，在英譯漢的過程中，偶爾運(yùn)用這種語言技巧，可使譯文更地道，英語：Despite

overwhelming

scientific

evidence介詞短語，漢語，盡管有不容置疑的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明(evidence)偏句Practice

1Many

individuals

think

of

investing

in

the

stock

market

asbeing

similar

to

gambling.

When

they

think

of

the

stockmarket

this

way,

they

miss

one

big

point:

A

gambler

has

a

negative

expected

return,

while

an

investor

has

apositive

expected

return.

Over

time,

the

more

money

thatan

individual

gambles

at

a

casino,

the

more

money

hewill

lose.

In

investing,

the

more

money

that

an

individualcommits

to

long-term

investing,

the

more

money

that

hewill

make

because

the

odds

are

on

the

side

of

theinvestor.

Historically,

stocks

have

returned

about

10

peryear

before

taxes.

People

who

view

the

stock

market

likea

casino

tend

to

act

like

spectators,

trading

in

and

out

ofstocks

every

few

months,

or

in

extreme

cases,

every

fewdays.閱讀理解：總分式語段，立論(投資股票如同賭博），闡述立論(賭博者vs.投資者)，數(shù)據(jù)求證。句式結(jié)構(gòu)：對(duì)比對(duì)照反義詞：gambler

vs.

investor;

negative

vs.

positive;

losevs.

make;

in

and

out;動(dòng)態(tài)比較句：the

more…,the

more…;詞匯與語境：think

of

something

as…:把……看成是……；認(rèn)為……類似……miss

one

big

point:

未抓住/未看見/未明白/錯(cuò)過/想念casino:

賭場，娛樂場所股市用語:stock

market,

long-term;

a

negative

expected

return

vs.

apositive

expected

return;

trading

in

and

out

of

stocks1）立論(投資股票如同賭博)Many

individuals

think

of

investing

in

the

stock

market

asbeing

similar

to

gambling.

When

they

think

of

the

stockmarket

this

way,

they

miss

one

big

point:

A

gambler

has

a

negative

expected

return,

while

an

investor

has

apositive

expected

return.指示代詞：特定指稱作用，聽者或讀者根據(jù)指示代詞可以回收信息翻譯過程：原語：表層意思

深層結(jié)構(gòu)?譯入語：深層結(jié)構(gòu)

表層意思A

gambler

might

expect

to

have

negative

returns

whilean

investor

might

expect

to

have

positive

returns.許多人都認(rèn)為投資股票就如同賭博一樣。假如人們這么想的話，他們就忽略了極為重要的一點(diǎn)：賭博的人會(huì)得到負(fù)回報(bào)，而投資人會(huì)得到正回報(bào)

賭博才會(huì)虧損，而投資者會(huì)贏利。2）闡述立論(賭博者vs.投資者)Over

time,

the

more

money

that

an

individual

gambles

ata

casino,

the

more

money

she

will

lose.

In

investing,

themore

money

that

an

individual

commits

to

long-terminvesting,

the

more

money

that

the

individual

will

makebecause

the

odds

are

on

the

side

of

the

investor.*overtime：隨著時(shí)間的推移*gamble

money

at

a

casino：在賭場上下賭注*commit

money

to

long-term

investing:

在長線投資項(xiàng)目上投入資金*the

odds

are

on

the

side

of

the

investor；odds-on(better

chances

to

win/

likely

to

win)The

investors

are

likely

to

win

/

stand

a

good

chance

ofhaving

a

positive

return隨著時(shí)間的推移，在賭場上下的賭注越大，輸?shù)镁驮蕉?；而在長線上投入的資金越多，贏得就越多，因?yàn)闄C(jī)會(huì)往往落在投資者手中。3）數(shù)據(jù)求證Historically,

stocks

have

returned

about

10

peryear

before

taxes.

People

who

view

the

stockmarket

like

a

casino

tend

to

act

like

spectators,trading

in

and

out

of

stocks

every

few

months,

orin

extreme

cases,

every

few

days.*historically：從歷史上看*before

taxes；納稅之前*spectator:在股市/商業(yè)領(lǐng)域，意為“投機(jī)者”， 在體育比賽/娛樂活動(dòng)，意為“觀眾”從歷史上看，股市的回報(bào)率為稅前的10%左右。 把股市看作賭場的人，往往像投機(jī)者一樣，會(huì)在 短短數(shù)月內(nèi)購入股票隨即拋售；更為極端的，甚 至買進(jìn)數(shù)日后就拋售。譯文：許多人認(rèn)為股市投資如同賭博。假

如這么想,就會(huì)忽略極為關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)：賭博者會(huì)虧損，而投資者則會(huì)贏利。隨著時(shí)間

的推移，在賭場上下的賭注越大，輸?shù)镁?/p>

越多；而在長線上投入的資金越多，贏得

就越多，因?yàn)闄C(jī)會(huì)往往落在投資者手中。

從歷史上看，股市的回報(bào)率為稅前的10%左右。把股市看作賭場的人，往往像投機(jī)

者一樣，會(huì)在短短數(shù)月內(nèi)購入股票隨即拋

售；更為極端的，甚至買進(jìn)數(shù)日后就拋售。Practice

2The

M.P.A.

program

is

designed

for

present

and

futureleaders

of

the

public

and

nonprofit

sectors.

The

programemphasizes

broad-based

public

policy

analysis

andmanagement

knowledge,

while

students

pursue

one

ormore

specialized

policy

fields.

The

core

devotesconsiderable

time

to

mastering

the

basic

analytic

andquantitative

skills

needed

by

good

analysts

andmanagers.

The

curriculum

draws

upon

the

wide

range

ofacademic

disciplines

throughout

the

University

ofWashington.

The

school

offers

a

series

of

specialmanagement-skills

workshops

each

year

in

addition

to

its

regular

course

offerings.

Distinguished

public-sectorpractitioners

typically

teach

these

seminars.

Recentworkshops

have

covered

such

topics

as

writing;

effectiveoral

presentations;

building

teams;

managing

a

diversework

force;

financial

resources

in

the

public

sector;managing

consultants;

and

planning

public

participation.閱讀分析：公共管理課程的教學(xué)對(duì)象、教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)資源、學(xué)術(shù)成效詞義與語境的關(guān)系：Program(課程）,emphsize（注重）,policyanalysis（政策分析）,management

knowledge（管理學(xué)知識(shí)）,pursue

a

field（攻讀專業(yè)）,Thecore（課程核心）,devote

considerable

time

to（把大量時(shí)間用于）,analytic

skill（分析技術(shù)）,quantitative

skill（量化技術(shù)）,draw

a

curriculumupon（課程安排）Academic

disciplines（學(xué)科）,special

workshops（專題討論）,its

regularcourse

offerings開設(shè)常規(guī)課程）,teach

theseminars（專題講座）,etc.1）教學(xué)對(duì)象：The

M.P.A.

program

is

designed

forpresent

and

future

leaders

of

the

publicand

nonprofit

sectors.*the

program

is

desinged

for

sb.:課程為特定的人群設(shè)計(jì)，為…度身定設(shè)*the

public

and

nonprofit

sectors:thepublic

sector/the

nonprofit

sector公共事業(yè)和非贏利部門譯文：公共管理課程是為公共事業(yè)和非贏利部門當(dāng)今與未來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者所度身定設(shè)的。2）教學(xué)內(nèi)容：The

program

emphasizes

broad-based

public

policyanalysis

and

management

knowledge,

while

studentspursue

one

or

more

specialized

policy

fields.

The

coredevotes

considerable

time

to

mastering

the

basicanalytic

and

quantitative

skills

needed

by

good

analysts

and

managers.*主語與謂語的搭配：the

program

emphasizes,

該課程注重……*broad-based

public

policy

analysis:

public

policyanalysis

based

on

broad

fields綜合性的公共政策分析*while可以不翻譯（漢語隱性表達(dá)），*主謂賓搭配語境：students

pursue…fields:

學(xué)生攻讀（追求）一個(gè)或多個(gè)專業(yè)/學(xué)科*主謂賓搭配語境：the

core

devotes

considerable

time

todoing=the

core

of

the

program

allocates

considerabletime

to

doing該課程的核心部分把大量的時(shí)間用于掌握基礎(chǔ)分析技術(shù)和量化技術(shù)*后置過去分詞短語=后置定語從句，通常拆譯：…skills

needed

by

good

analystsand

managers=skills,and

those

skills

areneeded

by

good

analysts

and

managers譯文：該課程注重綜合性的公共政策分析

與管理知識(shí)，學(xué)生可攻讀一個(gè)或多個(gè)專業(yè)

的政策，該課程的核心是把大量的時(shí)間用

于掌握基礎(chǔ)分析技術(shù)與量化技術(shù)，這些技

術(shù)是優(yōu)秀的分析員與管理者所必須具備的。3)教學(xué)資源The

curriculum

draws

upon

the

wide

range

of

academicdisciplines

throughout

the

University

of

Washington.

Theschool

offers

a

series

of

special

management-skillsworkshops

each

year

in

addition

to

its

regular

courseofferings.

Distinguished

public-sector

practitionerstypically

teach

these

seminars.*the

curriculum

draws

upon…subjects

included

in

acourse

of

study整套課程，定冠詞+curriculum=the+program該課程，draw

on

sth.=use

sth利用*a

wide

range

of

academic

disciplines:學(xué)科多=多學(xué)科的優(yōu)勢(shì)*在高校范圍內(nèi)，offer/offerings意為開設(shè)課程，workshops專題討論會(huì)*指示代詞的限定作用：these

seminars所指前方的

workshops,漢語習(xí)慣：省略重復(fù)的名詞，“由…….來講授。譯文：該課程利用華盛頓大學(xué)的多學(xué)科優(yōu)勢(shì)，除開設(shè)常規(guī)的課程外，每年還舉辦一系列的管理技術(shù)專題討論會(huì)，由公共事業(yè)中最有名望的親歷者負(fù)責(zé)講授。4）學(xué)術(shù)成效Recent

workshops

have

covered

such

topics

aswriting;

effective

oral

presentations;

buildingteams;

managing

a

diverse

work

force;

financialresources

in

the

public

sector;

managingconsultants;

and

planning

public

participation.*詞義與語境：cover…topics,

涵蓋…專題；*特定句式：such…as…諸如……；有……*詞類轉(zhuǎn)化：managingadiverseworkforce,管理多元化團(tuán)隊(duì)

多元化團(tuán)隊(duì)管理譯文：最近的討論會(huì)涉及多種專題：有寫作、口 頭報(bào)告、團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)、多元化團(tuán)隊(duì)的管理、公共事 業(yè)的財(cái)政資源、咨詢管理以及制定民眾參與的規(guī) 劃等等。解說：并列成分都可以用相同的結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語：writing,

building

teams,managing

a

diverse

work

force,

managingconsultants,

planning

public

participation,有的為名詞短語:effective

oral

presentations和financial

resources

in

the

public

sector，原則：由于這兩個(gè)名詞短語不可能轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)名詞短語，而3個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語可轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞短語：building

teams

construction

of

team;

managing

a

diverse

work

force

management

ofa

diverse

work

force;

managingconsultants

management

of

consultants;planning

public

participation

planning

of

publicparticipation譯文：公共管理課程是為當(dāng)今與未來的公共事業(yè)和非贏

利部門的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者所度身定設(shè)的。該課程注重綜合

性的公共政策分析與管理知識(shí)，學(xué)生可攻讀一個(gè)

或多個(gè)專業(yè)的政策，該課程的重點(diǎn)是把大量的時(shí)

間用于掌握基礎(chǔ)分析技術(shù)與量化技術(shù)，這些技術(shù)

是優(yōu)秀的分析員與管理者所必須具備的。該課程

利用華盛頓大學(xué)的多學(xué)科優(yōu)勢(shì)，除開設(shè)常規(guī)的課

程外，每年還舉辦一系列的管理技術(shù)專題討論會(huì)，由公共事業(yè)最有名望的親歷者負(fù)責(zé)講授。最近的

討論會(huì)涉及多種專題，有寫作、口頭報(bào)告、團(tuán)隊(duì)

建設(shè)、多元化團(tuán)隊(duì)的管理、公共事業(yè)的財(cái)政資源、咨詢管理以及制定民眾參與規(guī)劃等等。Practice

3Anyone

who

has

roomed

with

a

noisy

person,

worked

ina

noisy

office

or

tried

to

study

with

a

party

going

on

in

thenext

room

can

attest

to

the

effects

of

noise

on

one’s

levelof

stress.

Noise

has

been

found

to

be

related

to

jobdissatisfaction

and

to

result

in

irritation

and

anxiety.

It

isdescribed

by

an

expert

as

the

most

troublesome

of

allstresses

in

the

environment.

Most

disturbing

is

the

noisethat

constantly

changes

in

pitch,

intensity

or

frequency.People

may e

used

to

common

noise

and

almost

ignoreit.

For

example,

those

who

live

near

airports

seem

evennot

to

hear

the

planes

after

a

while.

However,

this

doesn’t

mean

that

they

are

not

being

affected

by

thenoise

just

because

they

have e

accustomed

to

it

or

areable

to

tune

it

out.

Noise

is

measured

in

decibels.

At

85decibels,

stress

responses

usually

develop,

andprolonged

exposure

to

sounds

above

90

decibels

canresult

in

hearing

damage.1）背景Anyone

who

has

roomed

with

a

noisy

person,

worked

ina

noisy

office

or

tried

to

study

with

a

party

going

on

in

thenext

room

can

attest

to

the

effects

of

noise

on

one’s

levelof

stress.*詞類轉(zhuǎn)換：room

with，to

share

a

room

with*特殊定語從句的翻譯：先行詞為不定代詞，表達(dá)泛指意義結(jié)構(gòu):定語從句的并列謂語has

roomed…,

worked…ortried為選擇關(guān)系；主句的謂語為can

attest

to可以證明…拆開:Anyone

has

roomed

with

a

noisy

person,worked

ina

noisy

office

or

tried

to

study

with

a

party

going

on

in

thenext

room.

He

can

attest

to

the

effects

of

noise

on

one’slevel

of

stress.譯為漢語的連動(dòng)句：第二句的主語不譯任何人與吵吵吵鬧鬧的人同住，或在喧鬧的辦公室上班，或試圖在隔壁舉辦晚會(huì)時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)，都能證明噪音對(duì)人所造成的壓力有多大。2)定論定性:Noise

has

been

found

to

be

related

to

jobdissatisfaction

and

to

result

in

irritation

and

anxiety.It

isdescribed

by

an

expert

as

the

most

troublesome

of

allstresses

in

the

environment.

Most

disturbing

is

the

noisethat

constantly

changes

in

pitch,

intensity

or

frequency.*詞語搭配:be

related

to,

與……相關(guān);jobdissatisfaction

to

feel

dissatisfied

with

a

job,

對(duì)工作不滿意;to

result

in

irritation

and

anxiety

feel

irritated

andanxious

because

of

noise;

troublesome

trouble+some:causing

annoyance

to

sb.*結(jié)構(gòu):通過增加表示泛指意義的’有人…”把英語的被動(dòng)句譯為漢語的主動(dòng)句,與下句的“有專家說”相呼應(yīng);主語與表語對(duì)調(diào)：英語句子“前輕后重”,漢語句子“前重后輕”Most

disturbing

is

the

noise

that

constantly

changes

inpitch,

intensity

or

frequency=

The

noise

that

constantlychanges

in

pitch,

intensity

or

frequency

is

mostdisturbing.譯文：有人已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，噪音與人們對(duì)工作不滿有關(guān)，噪音會(huì)讓人氣憤，使人焦慮，有專家把噪音描述為周圍環(huán)境中最令人生厭的壓力，不斷變化著音調(diào)、音頻和強(qiáng)度的噪音最令人煩憂。3）論點(diǎn)論述People

may e

used

to

common

noise

and

almost

ignoreit.

For

example,

those

who

live

near

airports

seem

evennot

to

hear

the

planes

after

a

while.

However,

thisdoesn’t

mean

that

they

are

not

being

affected

by

thenoise

just

because

they

have e

accustomed

to

it

or

areable

to

tune

it

out.*詞語搭配：e

used

to

sth,

e

accustomed

to

sth,

對(duì)某事/某物已經(jīng)習(xí)慣習(xí)以為常；not

tohear

the

planes

not

to

hear

the

noise

of

the

planes聽不見飛機(jī)的轟鳴聲To

tune

the

noise

out,

to

adjust

themselves

not

to

hearthe

noise可做到充耳不聞*結(jié)構(gòu)：調(diào)整狀語的位置，英語“先果后因”或“先因后果”，漢語通?！跋纫蚝蠊弊g文：人們或許可能對(duì)經(jīng)常聽見的噪音習(xí)以為常，甚至不予理睬，比如，居住在機(jī)場附近的人，一段時(shí)間后，甚至聽不見飛機(jī)的轟鳴聲，但不并不意味著因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)習(xí)慣或者可以充耳不聞，噪音就對(duì)他們沒有影響。4)

科學(xué)依據(jù)Noise

is

measured

in

decibels.

At

85

decibels,stress

responses

usually

develop,

andprolonged

exposure

to

sounds

above

90decibels

can

result

in

hearing

damage.*詞義與語境：stress

responses

usuallydevelop—one

usually

develops

stress

inresponse

to

noise

at

85

decibels*prolonged

exposure

to

sounds

above

90decibels—if

one

was

exposed

to

sounds

above90

decibels,

his

hearing

would

be

damaged譯文：噪音是按分貝計(jì)算的，當(dāng)噪音達(dá)到85分貝 時(shí)，人就會(huì)感覺有壓力，長時(shí)間處在高于90分貝 的噪音下會(huì)損害聽力。任何人與吵吵吵鬧鬧的人同住，或在喧鬧的辦公

室上班，或試圖在隔壁舉辦晚會(huì)時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)，都能證

明噪音對(duì)人所造成的壓力有多大。有人已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，噪音與人們對(duì)工作不滿有關(guān)，噪音會(huì)讓人氣憤，

使人焦慮，有專家把噪音描述為周圍環(huán)境中最令

人生厭的壓力，不斷變化著音調(diào)、音頻和強(qiáng)度的

噪音最令人煩憂。人們或許可能對(duì)經(jīng)常聽見的噪

音習(xí)以為常，甚至不予理睬，比如，居住在機(jī)場

附近的人，一段時(shí)間后，甚至聽不見飛機(jī)的轟鳴

聲，但不并不意味著因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)習(xí)慣或者可以

充耳不聞，噪音就對(duì)他們沒有影響。噪音是按分

貝計(jì)算的，當(dāng)噪音達(dá)到85分貝時(shí)，人們就會(huì)感覺

有壓力，長時(shí)間處在90分貝的噪音下會(huì)損害聽力。Practice

4Each

of

us

requires

about

50

quarts

per

day

for

drinking,bathing,

cooking

and

other

basic

needs.

At

present,

1.1billion

people

lack

access

to

clean

drinking

water

andmore

than

2.4

billion

lack

adequate

sanitaion.

“Unlesswe

take

swift

and

decisive

action,”

says

U.N.

Secretary-General

Kofi

Annan,

“by

2025,

two-thirds

of

the

world’spopulation

may

be

living

in

countries

that

face

seriouswater

shortage.”The

answer

is

to

get

smart

about

how

we

use

water.Agriculture

accounts

for

about

two-thirds

of

the

freshwater

consumed

in

the

world.

A

report

prepared

for

thesummit

calls

for

more

efficient

irrigation

techniques

andmore

planting

of

crop

varieties

that

require

less

waterand

better

monitoring

of

growing

conditions.

Improvingwater-delivery

systems

would

also

help,

reducing

theamount

that

is

lost

on

the

way

to

the

people

who

use

it.1)提出問題Each

of

us

requires

about

50

quarts

per

day

for

drinking,bathing,

cooking

and

other

basic

needs.

At

present,

1.1billion

people

lack

access

to

clean

drinking

water

andmore

than

2.4

billion

lack

adequate

sanitaion.

“Unlesswe

take

swift

and

decisive

action,”

says

U.N.

Secretary-General

Kofi

Annan,

“by

2025,

two-thirds

of

the

world’spopulation

may

be

living

in

countries

that

face

seriouswater

shortage.*詞類轉(zhuǎn)換：英語“介詞”，漢語“動(dòng)詞”“for…needs”,

滿足……的需要*肯定與否定的轉(zhuǎn)換：英語“肯定”表達(dá)；漢語“否定”表達(dá)“l(fā)ack

access

to

sth/

lack

sth.”,*英語定心短語—>漢語動(dòng)賓短語（water

shortage:缺水）；排比句式修辭相同，結(jié)構(gòu)相仿：全世界有11億的人沒有干凈的飲用水，有24億的人沒有足夠的衛(wèi)生用水。2）解決方法The

answer

is

to

get

smart

about

how

we

use

water.Agriculture

accounts

for

about

two-thirds

of

the

freshwater

consumed

in

the

world.

A

report

prepared

for

thesummit

calls

for

more

efficient

irrigation

techniques

andmore

planting

of

crop

varieties

that

require

less

waterand

better

monitoring

of

growing

conditions.

Improvingwater-delivery

systems

would

also

help,

reducing

theamount

that

is

lost

on

the

way

to

the

people

who

use

it.語句轉(zhuǎn)換：英語名詞從句—>漢語名詞短語（to

get

smart

about

how

we

use

water:學(xué)會(huì)巧妙地用水）；*agriculture

accounts

for

about

two-thirds

of

the

freshwater

consumed

in

the

world農(nóng)業(yè)用水約占世界淡水消耗量的2/3）*英語語句結(jié)構(gòu)清晰嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)—>漢語語句綜合語義（reducing

the

amount

that

is

lost

on

the

way

to

thepeople

who

use

it以減少輸送途中水的流失）我們每人每天大約需要50夸脫的水，以滿足飲用、沐浴、燒飯和其它的基本需求。當(dāng)前，全世界有

11億的人沒有干凈的飲用水，有24億的人沒有足夠的衛(wèi)生用水。聯(lián)合國秘書長安南說：“除非做出快速果斷的決定，否則，到2025年，全世界2/3的人要生活在嚴(yán)重缺水的國家里?！苯鉀Q這一問題的方法是學(xué)會(huì)巧妙地用水，農(nóng)業(yè)用水約占世界淡水消耗總量的2/3，有份準(zhǔn)備提交給政府首腦會(huì)議的報(bào)告呼吁研發(fā)更加有效的灌溉技術(shù)，更大面積地種植需水量較少、生長條件較容易監(jiān)控的農(nóng)作物。另外，改進(jìn)引水系統(tǒng)也會(huì)有所幫助，這可以減少輸送途中水的流失。Practice

5I

stopped

to

let

the

car

cool

off

and

to

study

the

map.

Ihad

expected

to

be

near

my

objective

by

now,

buteverything

still

seemed

alien

to

me.

I

was

only

five

whenmy

father

had

taken

me

abroad,

and

that

was

eighteenyears

ago.

When

my

mother

had

died

after

a

tragicaccident,

he

did

not

recover

quickly

from

the

shock

andloneliness.

Everything

around

him

was

full

of

herpresence,

continually

reopening

the

wound.

So

hedecided

to

emigrate.

In

the

new

country

he

becameabsorbed

in

making

a

new

life

for

the

two

of

us,

so

thathe

gradually

ceased

to

grieve.

He

did

not

marry

againand

I

was

brought

up

without

a

mother’s

care,

but

Ilacked

for

nothing,

for

he

was

both

father

and

mother

tome.

He

always

meant

to

go

back

one

day,

but

no

to

stay.His

roots

and

mine

had e

too

firmly

embedded

in

thenew

land.翻譯過程：閱讀——理解——解構(gòu)——重組這段文章屬于陳述事件的范疇，采用倒敘

法；根據(jù)場景可分為四個(gè)部分：回歸故土、回憶往事、異國的新生活、父親的愿望。

從字里行間可以感覺到作者在歌頌自己的

父親，根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣，要用名詞“父親”來替代“他”，才能傳遞作者的心情。1）回歸故土：I

stopped

to

let

the

car

cool

off

and

to

study

the map.

I

had

expected

to