塑料垃圾對海洋生物的影響(英文)-PPT

HowplasticwasteisaffectingwildlifeandfisheriesThemainwasteintheoceanisthePlasticdebris.About80percentofmarinedebrisisplastic.Everyyear,ahugenumberofseabirds,turtles,andfisheriesdiedofeatingplasticdebrisbymistake.1Humanactionsthatpollutedthepacificocean

Merchantshipsexpelcargo,

sewage,usedmedicalequipment,andothertypesofwastethatcontainplasticintotheocean.Navalandresearchvesselsejectwasteandmilitaryequipmentthataredeemedunnecessary.Pleasurecraftsreleasefishinggearandothertypesofwaste,eitheraccidentallyorthroughnegligenthandling.Thelargestocean-basedsourceofplasticpollutionisdiscardedfishinggear(includingtrapsandnets),estimatedtobeupto90%ofplasticdebrisinsomeareas.（Hammer,J;Kraak,MH;Parsons&JR,2012）2TheorganismthatisbeingaffectedSeabirdsWhalesFisheriesSealsSealionsSeaturtleDolphins3Aquaticwildlifecanbethreatenedbysuffocation.Obviously,thisseaturtlewasscarred.Afterthispicturewastaken,maybeitwoulddiesoon.Aswecanimagine,therearestillthousandsofseaturtlesunderthethreatenofplasticdebris.Ifnoonehelpsthem,theyarejustdyinglonely,scared,anddesperated.Example:

this

sea

turtleistakingaplasticbagin4Example:thesealisstuckbyfishingnetsAseaturtlethatistrappedbyarubberbandThispicturetellsusasadstoryaboutthisturtle:itwastrappedaccidentallywhenitwasyoung.Asitgrewbiggerandbigger,therubberbandlimitedit.Asaresult,itsbodywasdeformed.5Convincingdata(onPacificOcean)Ina2008PacificGyrevoyage,AlgalitaMarineResearchFoundationresearchersbeganfindingthatfishareeatingplasticfragmentsandwaste.Ofthe672fishcaughtduringthatvoyage,35%hadateplasticpieces.Clicktoseemoredetails

The

NorthPacificGyre,forexample,hascollectedtheso-called“GreatPacificGarbagePatch”,whichisnowestimatedtobeonetotwentytimesthesizeofTexas(approximatelyfrom700,000to15,000,000squarekilometers).Insamplestakenin1999,themassofplasticexceededthatofzooplankton(thedominantanimallifeinthearea)byafactorofsix.(Weisman&Alan，2007).

Clicktoseemoredetails6Fishareeatingplasticfragmentsandwaste7Effectsonwildlife&fisheries

(howhavetheplasticdebrisaffectedthem)1.EntanglementEntanglementisresponsibleformanydifferentkindsofwildlife.Suchasseals,fish,turtles,andbirds.Theseanimalsgetcaughtinthedebrisandendup

suffocating

or

drowning.

Theydon’thavehandslikeustountanglethemselves,asaresult,theydiefromtheirinabilitytoescapetheirpredators.（

Hammer,J;Kraak,MH;Parsons&JR2012).8大家應該也有點累了，稍作休息大家有疑問的，可以詢問和交流9Effectsonwildlife&fisheries

(howhavetheplasticdebrisaffectedthem)2.IngestionSeaanimalsTurtlessometimesmistakeplasticbagsforjellyfish.“Thisplasticdebriscankilltheseaturtlebyobstructingthe

esophagus.”(Gregory&M.R.14June2009)Sotooare

whales;largeamountsofplasticshavebeenfoundinthestomachsof

beachedwhales.Truth:InJune2018,morethan80plasticbagswerefoundinsideadying

pilotwhale

thatwashedupontheshoresofThailand.(Whalediesfromeatingmorethan80plasticbags".

TheGuardian.June2,2018.Retrieved

June17,

2018.)10Aheart-brokenphoto11Anexhibitatthe

MoteMarineLaboratory

thatdisplaysplasticbagsintheoceanthatlooksimilarto

jellyfish.12Effectsonwildlife&fisheries

(howhavetheplasticdebrisaffectedthem)2.IngestionBirdsSeabirdsoftenmistaketrashfloatingontheocean'ssurfaceasprey.Evenworse,marineplasticpollutioncanreachbirdsthathaveneverbeenatthesea.Parentsmayaccidentallyfeedtheirnestlingsplastic,mistakingitforfood.(Rodríguez,A;etal.)

Seabirdchicksarethemostvulnerabletoplasticingestionsincetheycan‘tvomituptheirfoodliketheadultseabirds.(Derraik,J.G.B.，2002)13TheareaofTexascomparetothewholeAmericaBelieveornot，theareaof"GreatPacificGarbagePatch",is1-20

timesthesizeofTexas!Whatahugegarbagepatchitis!!Fromthispicture,onecanimaginethathowdestructiveistheplasticwaste,andhowmuchplasticwasteisaffectingwildlifeandfisheriesinthePacificOcean.14The

biodiversityofthe“Great

Pacific

GarbagePatch”isdecreasing15Reasons:Fauna&FloraInternational(FFI)hasalreadyconfirmedthatplasticdebriswillposeagrowingthreattoMarinebiodiversityandmarinefoodchainin2010.Therewillbemore

plastic

thanfishintheocean

by2050,warnedthe

EllenMacArthurFoundation

ina

report

publishedTuesday.(ThereWillBeMorePlasticThanFishintheOceanby2050,January19,2016)Scientistssaidthatwhalessuchaswhalesharksareendangered.Currently,thewhalesharkhasbeenlistedontheworldunionforconservationofnature(IUCN)redlistofendangeredspeciesver3.1vulnerable(VU)in2005,andisalsolistedinCITESlevelprotectionofanimalsundertheWashingtonconvention.16EffortsthathumanmadetohelpthoseorganismsEveryyear,June5isobservedasWorldEnvironmentDaytoraiseawarenessandincreasegovernmentactiononthepressingissue.In2018,Indiaisthehosttothisyear’sWorldEnvironmentDayandthethemeis‘BeatPlasticPollution'withfocusonsingle-useordisposableplastic.

On11April2013inordertocreateawareness,artist

MariaCristinaFinucci

founde