Business English Using Emotion in Case Study Role Plays商務(wù)英語使用情感案例研究角色扮演

HowtowriteanabstractDr.SteveWallaceTheproblemwithmotivationasaresearcherWhycomputergames?-Tellourownstory-1)motivation-2)clearmission-3)trydifferentwaystosucceed-4)quantifiedsuccess-5)makeadifferenceinmyonlineworldHighlyeffectiveresearchersstaymotivatedWeneedexcitementandpurposeinourresearchWritingresearchistellingourownstoryResearchisinterestingforthesamereasonsResearchcan“tellourstory〞-motivation(background)-mission(objective)-trydifferentwaystosucceed(methods)-quantifiedsuccess(results)-impact(implicationsordiscussion)WemustfindmotivationinourresearchAbstractElementsMirrorthePaper1)Reasonforwriting:MotivationWhyshouldwebeinterested?2)Problem:ClearmissionWhatproblemdoweattempttosolve?3)Methodology:WaystosucceedWhatapproachdoweusetosolvetheproblem?4)Results:QuantifyprogressWhathappened?5)Implications:MakingadifferenceintheworldHowdoesthisworkaddtothebodyofknowledgeonthetopic?

Simplerabstractstructure6questionsWhythisstudy?Whatdidyouinvestigate?Whatdidyoudo?Whatdidyoufindout?Whatdoyourresultsmean?Sowhat?Heroesvs.ResearchersBotharejudgedbytheirproblemsBothusemethodstoachievetheirresultsBothserveasalessonforothersBothcanliveordiebutkeeptheirherostatusiftheproblemisinterestingStoriesvs.ResearchBothmustbeinterestingortheywon’tberetoldorcitedInteresting=helpsolveaproblemBothcanendgoodorbadBothmustbewelltold-SometimesthewaywetellthestoryismoreimportantthanthestoryitselfReasonsformajorrevisionorrejectionofTaiwanesejournalpapersWhyisanabstractimportant?UsedforconferencesandpapersPublishedincomputerizeddatabasesandprintedindexesabstractsforscholarsOftenyouarecitedbasedonlyonabstractIndicativeandinformativeanddescriptiveWewilldiscussthestructuredinformativePurposeoftheabstractLikeamoviepreview-15secondsShouldcreatea“why〞forreadingthepaper,somethingfearedorneededUnlikeamoviepreviewitshouldbeabletostandaloneandbereadasaseparateunit–AppleexampleChooseaninterestingtitleIfthetitleisboring,readerswillavoidyourpaper.Yourpaperwon'tbecited.Nevertrytoputallthecontentofyourpaperinthetitle.Onelineisbest.Neverusemorethantwolines.Avoidstartingwith"Onthe...".Itimpliesthatthepaperisanote.TheTitleInformativetitle=thekeyconcept,thedeviceorgroupstudiedandyourargument.TitleandsubtitleseparatedbyacolonisoftenagoodwaytomaximizeinformationChooseatitleafterwritingtheabstractTitlesAgoodtitleshouldcontainthefewestpossiblewordsthatdescribethecontentsofapaperConveythemainfindingsoftheresearchBespecificandconcisewithoutfocusingononlypartofthecontentAvoidjargon,non-standardabbreviationsandunnecessarydetailComplywithwordlimitsSomejournalsalsorequireashorter‘running’titleTitlesPoortitle:MouseBehaviorAbettertitlewouldbe:TheEffectsofEstrogenontheNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMiceWhy?Becausethekeywordsidentifyaspecificbehavior,amodifyingagent,andtheexperimentalorganism.OrgivetheresultEstrogenStimulatesIntensityofNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMice1)MotivationWhydidyoustudytheproblem?Weneeda“why〞beforewecareabout“how〞Whydoyouwanttokillthemonster?Don’tassumepeopleknowFearandrelevance-FearofnotunderstandingthesolutionmustbestrongerthanfearofreadingthepaperContextandbackground

Historyoftheproblem(Along,long,timeago,inalandfar,far,away…)WementionotherheroesorresearcherswhohavefoughtsimilarproblemswithsimilarweaponsExampleofmotivationinanabstract“PreviousresearchonGPScalibrationfocusedmainlyonthemethodsofintegratingcostlyauxiliaryhardware,ignoringtheuser’scontextinformationandbasicdemands.〞ExampleofMotivation“ResearchreportedbyDaly,Miller,andtheircolleaguessuggeststhatwritingapprehensionisrelatedtoanumberoffactorswedonotyetfullyunderstand.〞ProblemstatementorObjectiveProblem:Whatproblemdoesthisworkattempttosolve?Whatdoesthemonsterlooklike?Areyoutryingtokillit?SolutionsandproblemsDon’tthinkyourreaderwillknowwhatyourproblemisIfwedon’tknowwherewearegoingwecan’tgetthereandthereisnowaytoevaluatesuccessProblemstatementorObjectiveOur“mission〞inacomputergameandresearchusesa“to〞statement“tosavetheprincess〞“tokillthemonsters〞“toobtainthetreasure〞ExampleabstractproblemstatementThispaperpresentsanapproachforcalibratingGPSpositionbyusingthecontextawarenesstechniquefromPervasiveComputing.Thepaperproposesanovelapproach,calledPerceptiveGPS(PGPS)toimproveGPSpositioningaccuracy

directlyfromthecontextualinformationofreceivedGPSdata.ExampleabstractproblemstatementThetheoreticalmodelingofthewaveformsthatwouldbeproducedinparticularsystemswillexpeditethesearchandanalysisofthedetectedsignals.ThecharacteristicformulationofGRisimplementedtoobtainanalgorithmcapableofevolvingblackholes

in3Dasymptoticallyflatspacetimes.

Methodology:Methodology:

Whatdidyoudo?

Anabstractmayincludespecificmodelsorapproaches.Howdidyoukillthemonster?MethodsWhatweapondidweusetokillourmonster?Asword?Shield?Spear?Orsomethingnovel?Ifthemethodiscommonly

knowninourfieldwedon’tneeddetailIfitisnovelweneedtodefineitsofollowingheroescanimitateourmethodSampleabstract-methodologyToutilizethecharacteristicsofGPSsequentialandtemporaldata,PGPSstartsbysamplingreceivedGPSdataandbuildsastableTransitionProbabilityMatrix(TPM),basedonaderivedNewtonMarkovModel(NMM),tolearnthecarrier’sbehavior.Sampleabstract-methodologyUsingcompactificationtechniques,futurenullinfinityisincludedintheevolvedregion,whichenablestheunambiguouscalculationoftheradiationproducedbysomecompactsource.Amoduletocalculatethewaveformsisconstructedandincludedintheevolutionalgorithm.ResultsResults:

Whatdidyoufindout?Includespecificdatathatindicatesthe

resultsoftheproject.Didwekillthemonsterordiditkillus?.ResultsBespecific:Concludethatsomethingisfaster,cheaper,smaller,orbetterthansomethingelseAvoidgeneralwordssuchas"very","small",or"significant."Don’tmixwiththemethodssectionSampleabstract-resultsSignificantdifferencesinlevelsofbeliefingiftednesswerealsofoundamongstudentswhodifferedintheirperceptionsofthemostimportantpurposeforwriting,withstudentswhoidentified"toexpressyourownfeelingsaboutsomething"asthemostimportantpurposeforwritinghavingthehighestmeanlevelofbeliefingiftedness.〞SampleAbstract-Results“Theresultsshowedthatsignalsdoimproveareader'scomprehension,particularlycomprehensiontwoweeksafterthereadingofapassageandcomprehensionofsubordinateandsuperordinateinferentialinformation.〞ImplicationsWhatdoyourresultsmean?Whocares?

Whatchangesshouldbeimplementedbecauseofyourresearch?Howdoesthisresearchaddtotheknowledgeonthetopic?Howcouldyouhavedonebetterdefeatingyourmonster?Whatlessonscanotherheroeslearnforfightingtheirmonsters?ImplicationsWhataretheimplicationsofyouranswer?Isitgoingtochangetheworld?Beasignificantcontribution?Beaniceproject?Orwarnotherresearchersthatthisareaisawasteoftime?Alloftheseareappropriateconclusions.

Implications(continued)Canmention“we〞hereinthediscussionsection.“Webelieve〞“Itisouropinionthat…〞“Theylivedhappilyeverafter〞Sampleabstract-implications“Thecodecarefullyexcisesaregionsurroundingthesingularityandaccuratelyevolvesgenericblackholespacetimeswithapparentlyunlimitedstability.〞Sampleabstract-implications“Althoughthevalidityofthenotionthatwritingabilityisaspecialgiftisnotdirectlyaddressed,theresultssuggestthatbeliefingiftednessmayhavedeleteriouseffectsonstudentwriters.〞PreviousresearchonGPScalibrationfocusedmainlyonthemethodsofintegratingcostlyauxiliaryhardware,ignoringtheuser’scontextinformationandbasicdemands.

ThispaperpresentsanapproachforcalibratingGPSpositionbyusingthecontextawarenesstechniquefromPervasiveComputing.Thepaperproposesanovelapproach,calledPerceptiveGPS(PGPS)toimproveGPSpositioningaccuracydirectlyfromthecontextualinformationofreceivedGPSdata.ToutilizethecharacteristicsofGPSsequentialandtemporaldata,PGPSstartsbysamplingreceivedGPSdataandbuildsastableTransitionProbabilityMatrix(TPM),basedonaderivedNewtonMarkovModel(NMM),tolearnthecarrier’sbehavior.

FromtheperceptivedataofthestableTPMandonlinereceivedGPSdata,PGPSinfersthebehavioroftheGPScarriertoverifytherationalityoftheGPSdataandtheninteractivelyrectifiesreceivedGPSdataonline.

PreliminaryexperimentalresultsshowtheproposedapproacheffectivelyimprovestheaccuracyofGPSpositioning.NCUclasshomeworkResearchreportedbyDaly,Miller,andtheircolleaguessuggeststhatwritingapprehensionisrelatedtoanumberoffactorswedonotyetfullyunderstand.Thisstudysuggeststhatincludedamongthosefactorsshouldbethebeliefthatwritingabilityisagift.Giftedness,asitisreferredtointhestudy,isroughlyequivalenttotheRomanticnotionoforiginalgenius.Resultsfromasurveyof247postsecondarystudentsenrolledinintroductorywritingcoursesattwoinstitutionsindicatethathigherlevelsofbeliefingiftednessarecorrelatedwithhigherlevelsofwritingapprehension,lowerself-assessmentsofwritingability,lowerlevelsofconfidenceinachievingproficiencyincertainwritingactivitiesandgenres,andlowerself-assessmentsofpriorexperiencewithwritinginstructors.Significantdifferencesinlevelsofbeliefingiftednesswerealsofoundamongstudentswhodifferedintheirperceptionsofthemostimportantpurposeforwriting,withstudentswhoidentified"toexpressyourownfeelingsaboutsomething"asthemostimportantpurposeforwritinghavingthehighestmeanlevelofbeliefingiftedness.

Althoughthevalidityofthenotionthatwritingabilityisaspecialgiftisnotdirectlyaddressed,theresultssuggestthatbeliefingiftednessmayhavedeleteriouseffectsonstudentwriters.Palmquist,M.,&Young,R.(1992).TheNotionofGiftednessandStudentExpectationsAboutWriting.WrittenCommunication,9(1),137-168.TheproblemofdetectinggravitationalradiationisreceivingconsiderableattentionwiththeconstructionofnewdetectorsintheUnitedStates,EuropeandJapan.

Thetheoreticalmodelingofthewaveformsthatwouldbeproducedinparticularsystemswillexpeditethesearchandanalysisofthedetectedsignals.

ThecharacteristicformulationofGRisimplementedtoobtainanalgorithmcapableofevolvingblackholesin3Dasymptoticallyflatspacetimes.

Usingcompactificationtechniques,futurenullinfinityisincludedintheevolvedregion,whichenablestheunambiguouscalculationoftheradiationproducedbysomecompactsource.Amoduletocalculatethewaveformsisconstructedandincludedintheevolutionalgorithm.

Thiscodeisshowntobesecond-orderconvergentandtohandlehighlynon-linearspacetimes.Inparticular,wehaveshownthatthecodecanhandlespacetimeswhoseradiationisequivalenttoagalaxyconvertingitswholemassintogravitationalradiationinonesecond.Wefurtherusethecharacteristicformulationtotreattheregionclosetothesingularityinblackholespacetimes.

Thecodecarefullyexcisesaregionsurroundingthesingularityandaccuratelyevolvesgenericblackholespacetimeswithapparentlyunlimitedstability.

LuisLehner,"Gravitationalradiationfromblackholespacetimes"Ph.D.UniversityofPittsburgh,1998DAI-B59/06,p.2797,Dec1998Thisstudyinvestigatedtheroleof"signaling"inhelpinggoodreaderscomprehendexpositorytext.Astheexistingliteratureonsignaling,reviewedinthelastissueoftheJournal,pointedtodeficienciesinpreviousstudies'methodologies,

onegoalofthisstudywastorefineproseresearchmethods.

Twopassagesweredesignedinoneofeightsignaledversionseach.Thedesignwasconstructedtoassesstheindividualandcombinedeffectofheadings,previews,andlogicalconnectives.Thestudyalsoassessedtheeffectofpassagelength,familiarityanddifficulty.

Theresultsshowedthatsignalsdoimproveareader'scomprehension,particularlycomprehensiontwoweeksafterthereadingofapassageandcomprehensionofsubordinateandsuperordinateinferentialinformation.Thisstudysupportsthehypothesisthatsignalscaninfluenceretentionoftext-basedinformation,particularlywithlong,unfamiliar,ordifficultpassages.Ref.Houp&Pearsall,ReportingTechnicalInformation,7thedition,MacmillanPublishingCo.,1992ConclusiontoabstractWearelookingforamotivation,mission,quantifiedsuccessandimpact,soweareattractedtoonlinegamesbecausetheykeepusmotivatedWemustfindwaystomotivateourselvesinourresearchwritinglifeWearetellingstories,wearesolvingproblems,wedohaveamission,wearesuccessful,wearemakinganimpactButnoneofthisispossibleunlesswefirstbelieveweare.ConferenceAbstractsWhygotoconferences?Togetpublished-MeetyourreviewersStayattheconferencehotelBuycoffeeBirdsofafeather(BOF’s)andSpecialinterestgroups(SIG’s)-MeetyoureditorGetinvitedtosubmitSeewhattheeditorwants-MeetcoauthorsShareyourresearchwithyourfieldGetfeedbackthatcanmakeyourworkbetterProceedingsFastwaytogetapublicationAskaboutbeingincludedinthisbookorCDMaybecomeatextbookWhatarethedifferentconferencetypesThemebasedconferencesGeneralconferencesProfessionalconferencesTypes:COLLOQUIUMSYMPOSIUM -singleormultipletrackWEBCONFERENCINGWEBINARConferencePaperTypes

PaperwithRespondentPanelPresentationRoundtable

WorkshopPoster,PosterTalk,PosterPresentation,PosterDiscussionWhentosubmitaconferenceabstractWhenyouhavedataandanalysis.Don’tsubmitifyouhavenotstartedyourstudyYourstudydoesnotneedtobecompletedwhenyousubmittheabstract.Theconferencepaperisthefirststeptopublication.Youcansubmitanabstractforresearchyouhavealreadysubmittedforpublication.Aslongasthepaperhasnotbeenpublishedwhenyousubmittheabstract.Unlikeacademicjournalpapers,it'sacceptabletopresentthesameresearchatmorethanoneconference.MakeaGoodFirstImpression

Meetthedeadline.Latesubmissionssuggestpreparation.

Prepareaclear,easytoreadabstract.Clean,printedcopiesusingtheguidelinesforyourareamakesyourabstracteasytoread.IfyoumustFAXore-mailyourabstracttomeetthedeadline,alsosendahardcopybymail.

CustomizeyourabstractfortheconferenceShowthatyouwrotethisabstractforthisconference.Donotsendtheentirepaper,asectionofpaper,oranythingthatdoesnotsummarizewhatyourpapersays.TalkaboutthethemeoftheconferenceCarefullyreadthe"CallforPapers/Proposals/Abstracts."Usekeywordsfromthelistofacceptabletopicsinthecall.

Iftheconferenceissponsoredbyajournal,lookatacopyofthejournalforastatementofitsphilosophy,insidethefrontcover.Knowyouraudience.Whatdotheyalreadyknowaboutyourtopic?Dotheyneedanybackgroundinformationtounderstandyourresearch?SelectanarrowtopicConferencetalksareonly15to20minuteslong.Youcannotpresentyourentiredissertationoranentireresearcharticle.Youshouldchooseasmallsampleofdatathatmakesasinglepoint;chooseeitheronelongpieceofdataorseveralsmallerpiecesthatofferinterestinglydifferentperspectivestoyourargument.BeclearandsimpleRemovegeneralizations,extrawordsandlittleknowntechnicalwords.Usestrongandspecificlanguage.Askafriendreadyourabstract.

Ifyourreadercannotunderstandasentenceimmediately;rewriteit.Conferenceorganizersreadhundredsofabstracts.Donotmakethemworkhardtounderstandyours.

WordlimitYourabstractshouldbesingle-spacedinaneasy-to-read12ptfont,likeTimesNewRoman.Comeascloseaspossibletothewordlimit,butdon’tgoover.Ifyourabstractistoolong,eitheritwillberejectedorsomeoneelsewillshortenit.Yourpaperwillbebetterifyoushortenit.Atypicalconferenceabstractwordlimitis300to500words.Atypicalpaperabstractwordlimitis150-200words.Don’tsforabstractDonotusecompanynames,acronyms,abbreviationsorsymbolsinyourabstract.

Youdon’thavethespacetoexplaintheseDonotreferintheabstracttoinformationthatisnotinthedocument.

Donotwanttotellyourreaderthatyourstudyhasinformationitdoesnothave.TenseInwritingtheabstract,donotusethefuturetense,eventosay"Inmypresentation,Iwill...."ifyouusethefuturetensesomeabstractreviewersmaythinkyouhaven'tcompletedtheresearch.Don’tconfuseverbtenses:usepresenttensetodescriberesultswithcontinuingapplicability;usethepasttensetodescribetestsapplied;andfuturetensetoprojectresearchandpredictfindings.StyleBepreciseanddetailedaboutyourargumentandanalysis.Avoidlongsentenceswhichuseroomandgivenorealinformation.“Policyimplicationsarediscussed〞“Itisconcludedthat,〞"Resultsofthestudywillbediscussed"Saywhattheresultsareandwhytheymatter.Useyourownwords.Emphasizeyourownideas.Quoteorparaphraseothersseldom.

Anymajorlimitations:useconditionalwordssuchas"might","could","may",and"seem".Don’tUse“I〞andAvoidPassiveVoiceDonotusethefirstperson"I"or"we."

Inaddition,wheneverpossible,chooseactiveverbsinsteadofpassiveones(ex:

use"thestudytested"insteadof"itwastestedbythestudy"or"Itestedinthestudy").Donotincludereferencestofigures,tables,orsources.IEEEGuidelines“Ifyouwish,youmaywriteinthefirstpersonsingularorpluralandusetheactivevoice…Remembertocheckspelling.IfyournativelanguageisnotEnglish,pleasegetanativeEnglish-speakingcolleaguetoproofreadyourpaper.TemplateforPreparationofPapersforIEEESponsoredConferences&Symposia

FrankAnderson,SamB.Niles,Jr.,andTheodoreC.Donald,Member,IEEE

AMAManualofStylerecommendsthat:“Ingeneral,authorsshouldusetheactivevoice,exceptininstancesinwhichtheauthorisunknownortheinterestfocusesonwhatisactedupon.“AMAManualofStyle:AGuideforAuthorsandEditors.10thed.NewYork,NY:OxfordUniversityPress;2007.

ThePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)hassimilaradvice:"Prefertheactivevoice....Thepassivevoiceisacceptableinexpositorywritingandwhenyouwanttofocusontheobjectorrecipientoftheactionratherthanontheactor.“AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.(2001).PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(5thed.).Washington,DC:Author.

Nature"Naturejournalslikeauthorstowriteintheactivevoice,asexperiencehasshownthatreadersfindconceptsandresultstobeconveyedmoreclearlyifwrittendirectly.“Howtowriteapaper:writingforaNaturejournal.NaturePublishingGroupWebsite:Nature..AccessedMarch4,2021.SearchPhrasesandKeywordsKeywordsintheabstractareusedbysearchenginesmorethanindexkeywords.Useexactphrasesinyourabstract,soyourabstractislistedatthetopofasearchresults.Somepublicationsandconferencesrequest"keywords".Theyareusedtoassignpaperstoreviewcommitteesoreditors.Choosekeywordsthatmakeyoureviewcategoryclear.ConsiderputtingtogetherapanelforasymposiumIt'seasiertogetapanelacceptedintoaconferencethananindividualpaperbecausepanelssavethecommitteework.Yourpanelshouldhaveaclearthemeconnectingalloftheparticipants'papers.Inyourpanelabstract,statethetheme,andthendescribehowthevariouspa