環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語課件

《環(huán)境科學與工程》

專業(yè)英語水資源與環(huán)境學院郭華明重要性讀和看——了解國外研究現(xiàn)狀寫

——發(fā)表高水平論文（SCI）聽和說——跟國外專家面對面交流（學術(shù)會議、國外學習）一、專業(yè)英語基礎(chǔ)（一）二、專業(yè)英語基礎(chǔ)（二）三、專業(yè)英語閱讀四、專業(yè)英語寫作五、英文學術(shù)論文的發(fā)表六、英文研究申請的書寫內(nèi)容Experimentalandmodelingstudyof

adsorption–desorptionprocesseswithapplicationto

adeep-wellinjectionradioactivewastedisposalsite,

JournalofContaminantHydrology(2.964)naturalattenuation(天然衰減)sorptionanddesorptionkinetics(吸附-解吸動力學)equilibrium(平衡)batchexperiments(靜態(tài)實驗、批實驗)synthesizedgroundwater(人工配制的地下水)adsorptionhysteresis滯后作用radionuclide(放射性核素)irreversible(不可逆的)simultaneous(同時發(fā)生的)anomalous(不規(guī)則的)hypotheses(假設(shè))mutualinterference(相互干擾)non-monotonic(非單調(diào)的)roomtemperature(室溫)atmosphericpressure(大氣壓)RemovalofArsenic(III)fromGroundwaterbyNanoscaleZero-ValentIron,

EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology(IF=5.257)Nanoscalezero-valentiron納米零價鐵magnetite/maghemite磁鐵礦/磁赤鐵礦lepidocrocite纖鐵礦pseudo-first-orderrateexpression偽一級速率方程Freundlichadsorptionisotherm(Freundlich吸附等溫線)Integratedbiologicalandphysiochemical

treatmentprocessfornitrateandfluoride

removal,WaterResearch(IF=4.655)sequencingbatchreactor定序間歇反應(yīng)器denitrification反硝化作用defluoridation去氟(除氟)hydraulicretentiontimes(HRT)水力停留時間powderedactivatedcarbon(PAC)粉末活性碳alum-PACslurry明礬-PAC污泥一、專業(yè)英語基礎(chǔ)（一）

——詞和詞法(1)描述性

(investigate,test,examine,carryout,perform,conduct;increase,decrease,relationship,changewith,fit;more,less…)(2)分析性

(indicate,demonstrate,illustrate,imply,speculate,suggest,show…)1、動詞tobeabove(beover,begreaterthan,exceed)toaccountfor(占)toachieve(attain,obtain,acquire,get,gain…)toaddress(solve)tobeaffected(becontrolled,bedetermined)toaffect(haveaneffect/influence/impact/bearingon)toassess(evaluate,estimate,investigate)tobetterdescribe(betterunderstand)tobeborderedby(beboundedby)tocalibrate(verify,validate,test)tocorrect(revise,modify)tobecarriedout(beperformed,beconducted)tochangewithtime(varywithtime,toincrease/decreasewithtime)tobecharacterizedby/astobeclassifiedas(becategorizedas,begroupedinto,bedividedinto)tocoincidewith(becoincidentwith,beconsistentwith,beinagreementwith)tocollect(sample,take,gather)tocompare…to…(compare…with…,incomparisonwith)tobecomposedof(consistof,bemadeupof,comprise,form)toconcentrateon(focuson,centeron,placeone’semphasison)tobeconcernedwith(dealwith)toconclude(drawconclusions,cometoconclusions)tocontact(beincontactwith,keepincontactwith)tocorrespondto(beincorrespondenceof/with)tocover(occupy,encompass)tobedatedbackto(betracedbackto)todealwith(copewith)todecrease(decline,fall,lower,drop,descend)todelineate(describe,characterize,provideaninsightinto)tobedefinedas/by(beexpressedas,bewrittenas)todemonstrate(indicate,illustrate,exhibit,reveal,imply,show,suggest)todenote(bedenotedas,designate,bedesignatedas)todependon/upon(bedependenton/upon,beindependentof)todevelop(form,produce)todominate(bedominated,predominate,bepredominated)toexamine(test,investigate)tobeexplainedby(beinterpretedby)toencounter(happentomeet)tofacetheproblem/threat/facts/situation/challengeof……tofind(observe,notice,note)tofit(match,follow)tofollow(following…,inthefollowingyears,intheyearsfollowed,asfollows)tobefound(beobserved,bethoughto,bebelievedto,beconsideredto,beestimatedto,beassumedto,beexpectedto…)tofund(financiallysupport)tohaveaninfluence(impact/effect/bearing)on…tohavehigh(large)/low(small)concentrations(contents)of…(contain)tobeheld/kept/maintainedconstant(remainconstant)toignore(omit,neglect,benegligible)toincrease(rise,raise,ascend)toinfiltrate(penetrate,percolate)toinvolve(beinvolvedin)toissuetobeknownas(beregardedas,bereferredtoas,beviewedas,becalledas,betermed,bestatedas,berecognizedas)toliein(besituatedin,belocatedin)tobelessknown(beseldomexamined,beunknown,benotyetknown,bebeyondofthescopeof,benotfullyunderstood——remaincontroversial/unsolved/open/tobeanswered)tomeettheconditions/needs/requirement/goaloftomixwith(minglewith)benamedaftersomeone(bearone’sname)tooccur(bepresent,takeplace,exist,appear,emerge)tooriginatefrom(stemfrom)tooverlie(underlie)toplottopostulate(hypothesize),topredict(foresee,forecast,broadcast)toprevail(predominate,dominate)topropose(putforward,setforth,present)toprovide(present)toputabout散布(rumor)toputaway拋棄toputforward提出toputout生產(chǎn),熄滅toputaside把…放到一邊toputdown放下toputoff推遲toputup舉起toputforth提出toputupwith忍受torangefrom…to…(rangebetween…and…,varyfrom…to…,varybetween…and…,lieintherange…-…,lieintherangeof…to…)torecharge(replenish,feed)todischarge(drain)torender(make)torepresent(standfor,referto,be)toreplaceAwithB(substituteBforA)toreport(document)toresultfrom(becausedby,asaresultof,attributeto,arisefrom)toreveal(tap)toreveal(show)tospeculate(infer,deduce,imply)totake…intoaccount考慮totakeaninterestin…對…感興趣totakeanadvantageof利用totakepartin參加totakeplace發(fā)生totaketheplaceof代替totakeeffect生效totaketurn輪流totakemeasures(steps/action)totend(not)to(haveatendency(not)to/be)tothank(acknowledge,begratefulto,expressone’sgratitudeto)touse(utilize,employ)tovary(bevariousof,bevariablein,change)toyield(produce)AboutverbstransitiveverbsVS.intransitiveverbs:1)Thegovernmentallocated10millionyuanforthedisasterrelief.2)TheITindustrystartedtoprosperinChinafromthelate20thcentury.(Onlytransitiveverbscanbeusedinpassivetense.)Afollow-upexercisePleasetellwhetherthefollowingwordsaretransitiveorintransitive.

occur,appear,exist,rise,flourish,contribute,increase,experience,attribute,raise,influence,punish,eliminate,enlarge,enrich,promote,ban,resolve,witness,echo,Keytotheexerciseoccur(vi.),appear(vi.),exist(vi.),experience(vt.),witness(vt.),flourish(vi.),attribute(vt.),contribute(vt./vi.),increase(vt./vi.),rise(vi.),raise(vt.),influence(vt.),resolve(vt.),punish(vt.),ban(vt.),echo(vt.),enlarge(vt.),enrich(vt.),promote(vt.),eliminate(vt.)anareaof,atotalareaof,athicknessof,adiameterof,aheightof,avolumeof….anapplicationof…to…(把…應(yīng)用到…)anapproachto…(asolutionto…,解決問題的方法)anaccessto…(insightinto…,理解)area(region,district,territory,terrane/terrain-巖區(qū))theareastudied,thestudyarea,theareaunderstudy/consideration,theareaofconcern,theareaofinterest(研究區(qū))2、名詞boundary,border(邊界)boundaryconditions(邊界條件)aboundaryofconstantheadaboundaryoffirsttypeaboundaryofno-flowaboundaryofsecondtypecase,situation(情況)acasestudy/acasestory(實例)achange/variation/fluctuation/oscillation/increase/rise/decrease/fall/reduction/decline/difference/deteriorationin…aslight/steady/linear/gradual/dramatic/abrupt/progressive/steep/sharp/precipitous/long-termchangein…characteristiclength/coefficient/line/curve(特征長度/系數(shù)/直線/曲線)coefficient/parameter/component/compositionconcentration/content/levelconcern(ofparticular/greatconcern)It’sofparticularconcernduetothechronictoxicityofarsenichydraulicconnections/agoodhydraulicconnectionwith,adirectcontactwithcorrelation/correlationcoefficientdecay衰變/damp衰減,decayconstantdelay(滯后)edge,rim,brim,brink,periphery,margin,perimeter(周界,周邊)emphasis,focusexample(forexample,take…asanexample,beexemplifiedby…)figure(graph,illustration,chart,diagram)總稱

draft/scheme/sketch/(草圖/示意圖)plate(掛圖)map/drawing(三維/二維圖)line/curve/profile/crosssectionFlow:steadyflow,steady-stateflow;transientflow,unsteadyflow,unsteady-stateflow,non-steadyflow;flowfield/flowdomain/flowvelocity/flowrate/flownet/flowofwaterfluctuation/oscillationfracture(破裂)/fissure(裂隙)/joint(節(jié)理)/crack(裂縫)/rift(裂谷)Water：

groundwater/groundwater,groundwaters,freshwatersalinewater/saltwater/salt-water/saltedwater/seawater/seawatergroundwaterexploitation/withdrawal/abstraction/pumpage/development/productiongroundwaterover-exploitation/overdraft/overpumpinggroundwaterresourcemanagement/assessmentinvestigation(survey,study,research,analysis,experiment)kind,type,sort,category,species,class,genuslackof,intheabsenceof,withtheexistenceofsolidline,dashedline/brokenline/dottedline(虛線)location/site/spotmatch/fitmodel/simulation/modelingmovementtoward/advanceinto/intrusioninto/migrationinto/landwardmovement/tomoveinland/tomoveseawardnature/feature/characteristic/property/trait/attribute(屬性,品質(zhì),特性)anoptimizationmodel,anoptimalsolution/managementschemepore,void,interstice,opening,apertureShanghaiproper(上海地區(qū))inrelationto/inconnectionwith/inassociationwith/inconjunctionwith,associatedwith/relatedtoreview,reviewer,peer-review(同行評審)salinity,totaldissolvedsolids(TDS)dryingseason,rainingseasonspring,geyser(間歇泉),fountain;hotspring,spa(溫泉);sinter(泉華);tufa,travertine(鈣華);spring’soutlet/vent(泉口)waterlevel,watertable,hydraulichead,piezometrichead,potentiometricsurfaceupstream;downstream;headwaterupperreaches/stretch/course(上游);middlereaches/stretch/course(中游);lowerreaches/stretch/course(下游)intheyear2000;in2000Countableoruncountable:1.)Manyyoungpeopleliketostudynewknowledge.2.)Thesecondreasonisthatourworkisbecomingmoredifficult.3.)Privatecarsoccupymoreroomandcausetrafficjams.(knowledge,information，progress，traffic，news，advice，furniture，luggage，hair…)Don’tmisusethesuffix–s:1.)Accordingtothesurveyofsome

agencies,youngpeoplenowhavelostmanytraditionalvalues.2.)The

authoritiesofBeijingshouldtakemoreeffectivemeasurestoreducetrafficjams.3.)Ourgovernmentshouldspendsomemoneyintrainingprofessionalpeople.

(theauthoritiesconcerned（有關(guān)當局），surroundings（環(huán)境），goods（貨物），arms（武器），clothes（衣服）)(people,public，staff，majority，minority)Don’tmissthesuffix–s:1.)TheITindustryhasbeendevelopingfastinthelast3decades.2.)Inthemodernsociety,peopleareclassifiedbyallkindsof

standards.3.)Youngpeopleusuallytakecareoftheirparentsathome.Afollow-upexercisePleasechangethefollowingnounsintopluralforms.a)

bayb)

flyc)

employeed)

oneself e)phenomenonKeytotheexercisea.)bays;b.)flies;c.)employees;d.)themselves;e.)phenomena3、形容詞alluvial沖積的alluvialfan沖積扇fluvial河積的lacustrine湖積的glacial冰積的continental陸相的marine海相的delta三角洲consistent(be…with…)diurnal,daily,monthly,seasonal,annualdomestic,abroadeasterly,eastern,southerly,southernephemeral,temporal,flash;permanent,perennialextensive(廣泛的),intensive(集中的)beashighas…(高達…)identical(beidentical/equal/similar/closeto)interbedded,interlayered(互層的),interfingering(交錯的),intercalary(夾層的),intercalation(夾層)intermittent(間歇的)main,chief,major,primary,principal,predominant,dominant,prominent,essential,premier(主要的,首要的)moderate(中等的,適度的)middle/intermediate/medial/median/medium(中間的,中部的)moreandmore,moreorless,themore…,themore…moreoftenmuchmore,nomore/nolongeranymore/anylongernot...anymore/longeroncemore…ormore/less/so(或以上/或以下/左右)others,those,thatprevailing,popularpotable(portablemineralwater),portable(aportablecomputer)significant,substantial,appreciable,remarkable,markedly,marked,striking(重要的，顯著的)simultaneous(同時的),spontaneous(自然產(chǎn)生的),instantaneous(瞬間的)sophisticatedtoberelatedto,beassociatedwithuniform(homogenous,heterogenous)big/largehuge/vast/giant/gigantic/titanic/colossal/enormous/immense/massive/mightysmall/littletiny/miniature/interesting/fascinatingclear/apparent/obvious/evident(明顯的)unfortunate/fortunately4、副詞approximately,about,around,roughlycritically(中肯地,批判地)furthermore,besides,inaddition,additionally;exceptnamelynormally,formally,usually,commonly,generally,invariablynearly,almost,virtuallyhowever,nevertheless,whatever;but,although,inspiteof＋名詞hence,therefore,thus,accordingly,consequentlysubsequently,then,lateronbecause,since,asstrongly,moderately,slightly,weakly,poorlyslowly,quickly,gentlyfortunately,unfortunately,above(abovesealevel;abovegroundsurface)below(belowthelandsurface;belowthegroundsurface;belowsealevel)after,inthewakeof,intheaftermathofatease(安逸地，自由自在)atlength(最后，詳盡),atgreatlength(相當詳細)atrisk(在危險中)5、介詞ataloss(困惑地，虧本地)atrandom(隨便地，胡亂地)atlarge(詳盡地，不受控制地)priorto,beforebyaccident(偶然)bytheway/incidentally(順便提及)byandlarge(大體上,基本上)byheart(熟記)bythebook(按規(guī)矩辦事)forthepurposeofdrinking/fordrinkingpurpose;forthepurposeofirrigation/forirrigationpurpose;forwatersupplyfrompointtopoint;fromplacetoplace;fromcountrytocountry;fromtimetotime;fromyeartoyear

in,over,during:inthelast30years;inthepast30years;overthepast30years;duringthepast30years;withinaperiodof30yearsINinprinciple(原則上);（1）不定冠詞

a,an（2）定冠詞

theExample16、冠詞的使用‘a(chǎn)’or‘a(chǎn)n’:1)Somestudentscan’tevenwritean

essayinEnglishafterhavinglearntitfortenyears.2)TheInternetisbecominga

usefulcommunicationchannelbothincitiesandthesuburbs.

(hour,honour…)(European,united,useful…)Don’tmissarticles:1.)Theconvenienceofmobilityhasmademoreandmorepeopledependentonprivatecars.2.)Somanypeoplethinkitisthebestwaytoresolvetheproblembybanningtheuseofprivatecars.3.)Juveniledelinquencyissucha

serioussocialproblemthatitshouldreceiveattentionfromeveryone.Don’tuseredundantarticles:1.)Computershavebroughtmanybenefitstopeople’slives,butatthesametimecausedsomeproblems.

(privatecars,mobilephones,newbabies,animals,tourists,remotevillages…)(1)Omittedwheretheyarerequired;(2)Usedwheretheyarenotneeded(3)Usedwronglyinplaceofthecorrectarticle.Incorrect:

Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonsurfaceofmainandsplitterblades.Correct:Figure2showsthedistributionofrelativevelocityonthe

surfaceofthe

mainandsplitterblades.Incorrect:

ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobea3Dmodelingtool;…Correct:ThesoftwarePowerSHAPEischosentobethe

3Dmodelingtool;…冠詞和名詞用法示例

Nuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)hasplayedaextremelyimportantroleinstructuralidentificationoforganiccompound.Becauseitcanresolvemolecularstructurewithhighprecisionwithoutdestroyingmolecularbiologicalfunction,itisexpectedforbiologicalanalysis.However,duetodiversityandcomplexityofbiologicalmolecule,largeamountofstructuralinformationarestillunknown.

NuclearMagneticResonance(NMR)hasplayedan

extremelyimportantroleinthestructuralidentificationoforganiccompounds.BecauseNMRcanresolve…,itisexpectedforthebiologicalanalysis.However,becauseofthediversityandcomplexityofbiologicalmolecules,much

structuralinformationremainsunknown.8.U.K.Englishvs.U.S.English

sulphidesulfide colourcolor analyseanalyze cataloguecatalogMostwordprocessorshavebuilt-inspelling(andgrammar)checkers.Usethem!Theyarenotalwaysperfect,butwillhelperasecommonproblems二、專業(yè)英語基礎(chǔ)（二）語法1、比較級more…thanexpected

Thedeclinesinsulfateconcentrationinthereactorismoresignificantthanexpected.twicethespeedof;fivetimesthevaluesof;one-tenththevaluetheyhave;

Thenewjetwilltravelatsixtimesthespeedofsound.Thetotalareaoftheotherplanetsandmoonsisabout250timesthatoftheearth.AisthreetimesaslargeasBAisthreetimeslargerthanBSizeofAisthreetimesthatofB

Concentrationofchlorideisthreetimesaslargeasthatoffluoride(Concentrationofchlorideistwotimeslargerthanthatoffluoride)tobeslightlyhigherthatwhatwouldnormallybeexpected;tobeslightlyhigherthannormallyexpected.themore…,themore…

1.Thesmallertheareaoccupiedbythescreenmaterial,thegreaterthechanceofaparticlereachinganaperture(孔,空隙).2.Thehighestrateofrecoverywasat110oC,whereasthelowestratewasat50oC.Redundantcomparative/superlative:1)Theenvironmentalpollutionisbecomingworse.2)NowChinesepeoplearebecomingricherandricher.(good,bad,little)Don’tmiss‘more’/‘most’:1)Youngpeoplebecomemore

selfish,greedy,andarrogantthanever.2)Publictransporthasmoreadvantagesthanprivatecars.3)Themostremarkabledifferencebetweenolderpeopleandtheyoungpeopleistheattitudetowardwork.

Don’tusewrongcomparative/superlativeformsoftwo-syllablewords:1)Ourindustrialdevelopmentisbecomingfasterandfaster.

(common，simple，pleasant，stupid，polite，remote，narrow，gentle，handsome，mature，cruel)+er/estor+more/most(busy，easy，happy，lovely，funny，friendly，lucky)+er/est2、倒裝Alsomeasured(shown/given)is(was/are)…

AlsoshownforcomparisonaretheYellowSeawaterevaporationcurves.Onlywhen…,+倒裝句

OnlywhenthecarbonatemineralsaredissolvedwilltheAsbereleasedintogroundwaters.3、省略morethanitwould(be)…

Theinterfaceisexpectedtointrudeinlandmuchfartherthanitwouldnearthesea.Aswillbeshown…;AscanbeseeninFig.3,…;

TheBangladeshgroundwaterwasalsotreatedwithFeCl3ofdifferentconcentrationsinthepresenceof10mg/LNZVIasafurthertesttreatmentasshowninFigure10.(EST)4、時態(tài)特點（1）一般都用過去時，偶爾有人用現(xiàn)在時Example1:Sorptiononnaturalsolidsforarsenicremoval（過去時）Example2:AnaerobicDegradationofBenzeneinDiverseAnoxicEnvironments（過去時）Example3:Arsenateremovalfromwaterusingsand–redmudcolumns（現(xiàn)在時）

（2）間或使用現(xiàn)在完成時（與現(xiàn)在有直接聯(lián)系，并對目前有重要影響,Introduction）Example1:AdsorptionkineticsoffluorideonlowcostmaterialsExample2:AdsorptionofcopperandzincfromaqueoussolutionsbyusingnaturalclayExample3:Denitrificationinconstructedfree-watersurfacewetlands.I.Veryhighnitrateremoval（3）理論部分、已證明的事實等用現(xiàn)在時Example1:Synopsisofstrontiumisotopevariationsingroundwater(事實)Example2:Carbonisotopefractionationduringabioticreductivedehalogenationoftrichloroethene(理論)Example3:Monitoringtrichloroetheneremediationatanironpermeablereactivebarrier(理論)Example4:OxidationofNanomolarLevelsofFe(II)withOxygeninNaturalWaters(理論)5、標點符號中文逗號（，）可用于一個或多個完整獨立的句子。中文句號（。）表示一段完整意思，可有一個或多個完整、獨立句子用逗號（，）相聯(lián)。英文逗號（，）一般不可用于一個完整獨立的句子。英文句號（.）表示一個完整句子，可有逗號（，）(和介詞)聯(lián)接一個或多個不完整句子。一段完整意思要用一個或多個完整句子加句號表示。6、句法特點（1）廣泛使用陳述句Example1Example2（2）廣泛使用被動語態(tài)

Example1Example2Example3（3）常使用引導詞it和thereExample1Example2Example3（4）多使用長句

Example1Example2Example3Takeawholepaperforexample:

GuoHM,etal.,JColloidInterSci.,2007,315(1):47-53三、專業(yè)英語閱讀（一）專業(yè)期刊EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology(EST)IF5.257JournalofColloidandInterfaceScienceIF3.172WaterResearchIF4.655ChemophereIF3.137JournalofContaminantHydrologyIF2.885AppliedGeochemistryIF1.708ScienceoftheTotalEnvironmentIF3.258JournalofHazardousMaterialsIF3.925WaterResourceResearchIF3.149(二)如何獲??？Elsevier數(shù)據(jù)庫

SpringerLink數(shù)據(jù)庫

Science

國外博碩論文(UMI)數(shù)據(jù)庫

美國化學學會（ACS）數(shù)據(jù)

（三）閱讀材料Nitrateremovalfromgroundwateranddenitrificationratesinaporoustreatmentwallamendedwithsawdust.EcologicalEngineering,2000,14:269-278

IF=2.958RemediationofPCE-contaminatedaquiferbyaninsitutwo-layerbiobarrier:laboratorybatchandcolumnstudies.WaterResearch,2003,37:27–38

IF=4.655BioreductionofTrichloroetheneUsingaHydrogen-BasedMembraneBiofilmReactor.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,2007

IF=5.257總結(jié)

IF(Impactfactor)越高，一方面：相關(guān)的機理和微觀研究更為深入；另一方面：選題新穎，注重熱點。四、專業(yè)英語寫作

Youshouldprovidesomerelevantdetails,includingexamples,facts,statistics,personalexperiences,etc.,tosupportthetopicsentence.Threecommonwaystodeveloptopicsentence:example,cause&effect,comparison&contrast.However,peopleusuallydon’tuseonlyonewaybutthecombinationofseveralwaystodevelopatopicsentence.DevelopingTopicSentence:AboutUsingConnectiveWords:

Usingsomeconnectivewordscorrectlycanmakeyourargumentmorecoherentandclear.

Somecommonconnectivewords:1.)and,also,besides,inaddition,moreover,furthermore,etc.2.)but,however,onthecontrary,nevertheless,etc.3.)so,therefore,asaresult,consequently,etc.4.)obviously,clearly,infact,etc.5.)ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,either/or,both/and,notonly/butalso,etc.6.)forexample,forinstance,insomecases,etc.7.)firstly,secondly,finally,etc.AClassExercise:

Useappropriateconnectivewordstofillintheblanksinthefollowingpassageaboutenvironment.Forsometimenow,scientistsandconservationistsofallkindshavebeengivingmoreandmoreurgentwarningsaboutthedangersofman’sdestructionoftheenvironment.Mostpeople,__________,cannolongerclaimtobeignorantaboutthedamagewearedoingtoourplanet.__________,wehaveanenormousamountofevidenceabouthowwearepollutingourwaters,ourlandandourforestswithchemicals.Thismayoccur__________directly,throughsuchmeansasinsecticides,orthedumpingofchemicalwastesinriversandseas,__________,itmayhappenindirectly,suchasinthecaseofacidrain.Weare,__________,awarethatthelastoftheworld’sgreatrainforestsarebeingcutdownatsucharatethatperhapsnonewillremainbytheendofthecentury.

ContinuewithaClassExercise:

Itseemsverystrange,__________,thatsolittleisbeingdonetopreventallthisdestruction.Thereareprobablytwomainreasonsforthis.__________,conservationisagainsttheinterestsofdevelopers,industrialsandpoliticians,whoaresimplytoogreedy,selfishorshort-sightedtoworryaboutanythingexcepttheirownimmediatebenefits.__________,thereistheever-increasingpopulationoftheworld,needingmoreland,morefuelandmorefood,andquicklyusingupalltheremainingresourcesoftheplanetjustforshort-termsurvival.__________,ifwearetosaveourenvironment,wemustattack__________politicalandindustrialself-interest__________theproblemofoverpopulation.Forsometimenow,scientistsandconservationistsofallkindshavebeengivingmoreandmoreurgentwarningsaboutthedangersofman’sdestructionoftheenvironment.Mostpeople,therefore,cannolongerclaimtobeignorantaboutthedamagewearedoingtoourplanet.Infact/However,wehaveanenormousamountofevidenceabouthowwearepollutingourwaters,ourlandandourforestswithchemicals.Thismayoccureitherdirectly,throughsuchmeansasinsecticides,orthedumpingofchemicalwastesinriversandseas,or,itmayhappenindirectly,suchasinthecaseofacidrain.Weare,also,awarethatthelastoftheworld’sgreatrainforestsarebeingcutdownatsucharatethatperhapsnonewillremainbytheendofthecentury.

Itseemsverystrange,therefore,thatsolittleisbeingdonetopreventallthisdestruction.Thereareprobablytwomainreasonsforthis.Firstly/Ontheonehand,conservationisagainsttheinterestsofdevelopers,industrialsandpoliticians,whoaresimplytoogreedy,selfishorshort-sightedtoworryaboutanythingexcepttheirownimmediatebenefits.Secondly/Ontheotherhand,thereistheever-increasingpopulationoftheworld,needingmoreland,morefuelandmorefood,andquicklyusingupalltheremainingresourcesoftheplanetjustforshort-termsurvival.Obviously/Clearly/

Therefore,ifwearetosaveourenvironment,wemustattackbothpoliticalandindustrialself-interestandtheproblemofoverpopulation.1．Acommonexamplewhichisoften(frequently)cited(mentioned)is…….

一個經(jīng)常被引用的例子是……。E.g.AcommonexamplewhichisoftencitedisthecaseofwaterpollutioninHarbin.

2.Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheidea(view)thanthecase(example)of…….

說明這個觀點的最好的例子就是……。E.g.IcanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheviewthantheexampleofMaJajue,acollegestudentwhokilledhisclassmates.

Givingexamples3.……

forexample(forinstance)…….比如，……。E.g.USgovernment,forexample,refusedtosignontheKyotoProtocolandavoidedtakingtheresponsibilityofprotectingenvironment.4.Recent(Thelatest)studies(surveys)show(indicate)that…….

最近的調(diào)查表明……。E.g.Recentstudiesindicatethatmanyuniversitieshaverealizedtheproblemsbroughtbyincreasingenrollment.

5.Irecallfrommycollegelife(childhood)afriend(classmate)who…….記得我大學時（小時候）的一個朋友（同學），……。E.g.Irecallfrommycollegelifeafriendwhodidthreepart-timejobsaweekandhadnotimeforhisacademicstudies.Cause&Effect:1．……,because…….

……，因為……。E.g.Somepeopleprefertotravelbytrainratherthanbyairplane,becausetheyworrythatairplaneis