2.Colonial America(殖民時(shí)期的美國文學(xué))

COLONIALAMERICA2023最新整理收集do

somethingColonialAmericaAtthebeginningoftheseventeenthcentury,thevastcontinentalareathatwastobecometheUnitedStateshadbeenprobedbyEuropeanexplorers.ThefirstwritingsthatwecallAmericanwerethenarrativesandjournalsofthesettlement.ColonialAmericaI.HistoricalBackground

II.AmericanPuritanismIV.LiteratureofcolonialAmericaIII.GeneralFeaturesNativeAmericanLiteratureLiteratureofColonialSettlementsLiteratureofEighteenthCenturyI.HistoricalBackground1.Earlyhistory:1)In1492,ChristopherColumbus

discoveredAmericaandhemistookthenativepeopleonthenewcontinentforIndians.2)In1607,CaptainJohnSmithledsomeEnglishmenacrosstheocean.3)In1620,102passengerssailedontheshipMayfloweracrosstheseaandsettledonthenewcontinent“NewEngland”shoreatPlymouthWhatdoyouknowaboutAmericanearlyhistory?JohnSmithJamestownColonyI.HistoricalBackground2.People:nativeinhabitants:IndiansImmigrantsmostlyfromEurope:Spanish;Dutch;FrenchEnglishimmigrants,Jamestown,Virginia,1607

Puritansagroupofreligiouspeopleadvocatedreligious&moralprinciplesI.HistoricalBackground3.Belief---PuritanismPuritanswantedto“purifythechurch”toitsoriginalstate,becausetheythoughtthechurchwascorruptedandhadtoomanyritualsacodeofvaluesaphilosophyoflifeapointofviewCalviniststookrootsintheNewWorldDoctrinesofPuritanstakingreligionasthemostimportantthing;livingforglorifyingGod;believingpredestination（命運(yùn)天定）,originalsin(原罪，人生下來就是有罪的，因?yàn)槿祟惖淖嫦葋啴?dāng)和夏娃是有罪的),totaldepravity(人類是完全墮落的，所以人要處處小心自己的行為，要盡可能做到最好以取悅上帝),limitedatonement

(有限救贖，只有被上帝選中的人才能得到上帝的拯救)Puritans’clothingII.AmericanPuritanismFeaturesofAmericanPuritanidealistdreamtheywouldbuildthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.morepractical,tougherthesevereconditions,struggleforsurvival,preoccupiedwithbusinessandprofits.II.AmericanPuritanismEnduringshapinginfluenceonliterature①BasisofAmericanliteraturewentintothemakingofAmericanliteraturedreamedoflivingunderaperfectorder,workedwithcourage,hopedtobuildanEdenofGardenonearth,facedtheworstoflifewithoptimism.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.II.AmericanPuritanism②ContributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism（象征主義）:atechnique,widelyusedPuritansthoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.Symbolismmeansusingsymbolsinliteraryworks.Thesymbolmeanssomethingthatrepresentsorstandsforabstractdeepmeaning.II.AmericanPuritanism

③Influencingthestyleofliterature:simple,freshanddirect(justasthestyleoftheAuthorizedVersionofHolyBible)WithoutunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenogoodunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.

III.

GeneralFeaturesTypesofwriting:diaries,histories,letters,travelaccounts,biographies,etc.

Content:servingeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth

Form:imitatingEnglishliterarytraditions

IV.

LiteratureofColonialAmericaA.NativeAmericanLiteratureB.LiteratureofColonialSettlementsC.LiteratureoftheEighteenthCenturyA.NativeAmericanLiterature1.Nativepeople—Indians

2.Oralliterature:sacredstories,folktales,andtribaltraditions,andnarrativeaccountsofgodsandheroes.3.Changesoftheirliterature:

traditionaltransitionalmodern

B.LiteratureofColonialSettlementsaliteraryexpressionofthePuritanidealismTypesofwriting:diaries,histories,letters,travelaccounts,biographies,etc.Majorfigures:JohnSmith,WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,RogerWilliams,EdwardTaylor,ThomasPaine,PhilipFreneauetc.BasedontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEdenMajorFigures:JohnSmithWilliamBradford布拉德福德JohnWinthrop溫斯羅普AnneBradstreet安妮·布拉德斯特里特EdwardTaylor泰勒RogerWilliamsJohnWoolman伍爾夫ThomasPaine潘恩PhilipFreneau佛瑞諾B.LiteratureofColonialSettlementsTheFirstAmericanWriterFordefendingthehandlingofthesettlementandproclaimingthemeritsofthenewland,CaptainJohnSmith

wroteseriesofbooks,andthushebecamethefirstAmericanwriter.TheFirstAmericanWriterSmithpublisheightbooksinall,butpeopleweremorewillingtousehismapsratherthanreadhisadventures.TheythoughthehadtoomuchcolorandflamboyanceforsoberPuritantaste.Smith'sStatueinVirginia

《風(fēng)中奇緣》JohnSmith’sWorkSmith’sGeneralHistoryofVirginiacontainshismostfamoustaleofhowtheIndianPrincessPocahontassavedhimfromthewrathofherfatherPowhatanbylayingherheaduponSmith’swhentheIndianswereabouttobeatouthisbrains.《風(fēng)中奇緣》WilliamBradfordOfPlymouthPlantationRecords《普利茅斯種植園史》Amasterfulaccountoftheseparatistcolony,thesecondpermanentEnglishsettlementinPlymouth.AnneBradstreetthefirstAmericanwomanpoet;aPuritanpoet,oncecalled“TenthMuse”;herpoemsmainlyaboutreligiousexperience,familylifeandearlysettlers’lives;mostfamouspoems—“Contemplations”《沉思錄》Contemplations

-------AnneBradstreetIheardthemerrygrasshopper

thensing.Theblack-cladcricketbearasecondpart;Theykeptonetuneandplayedonthesamestring,Seemingtogloryintheirlittleart,ShallcreaturesabjectthustheirvoicesraiseAndintheirkindresoundtheirMaker’spraise,WhilstI,asmutecanwarbleforthnohigherlays?我聽見蚱蜢在歡快地歌唱。黑翼的蟋蟀也附和出接下來的樂章；它們整齊列隊(duì)，協(xié)調(diào)著彼此的曲調(diào)和唱腔，在這小小的藝術(shù)天國，它們似乎光榮無上。其他生物都低聲無語，因而它們的歌聲顯得分外的高昂。在那親切的回響里，它們將造物主贊揚(yáng)，可此時(shí)，啞然的我難道還能向著前方，宛轉(zhuǎn)地唱出更高層次的絕響？EdwardTaylorameditativepoetwritinghispoemswithvividimageryasamentalexercise.Theconcerninhisworks:howhisimagesspeakforGod.“Housewifery”《家務(wù)》theauthorswhocalledforindependenceRogerWilliams:“TheBloodyTenetofPersecutionfortheCauseofConscience”《血腥的迫害教義》JohnWoolman伍爾夫:

SomeConsiderationsontheKeepingofNegroes《續(xù)奴的思索》

APleaforthePoor《為窮人請?jiān)浮?/p>

Journal《日記》:

recordinghisspiritualexperiencesofinwardcommunicationwithGodThomasPaine(1737-1809)CommonSense《常識》,attackedBritishmonarchy,wasreceivedasajustificationfortheircauseofindependenceandasanencouragementtothepainfullyfightingpeople.

AmericanCrisis《美國危機(jī)》,abooklet,wasreadtoWashington’stroops,

"Thesearethetimesthattrymen'ssouls,""Thehardertheconflict,themoregloriousthetriumph.“TheRightsofMan《人權(quán)論》,TheAgeofReason《理性時(shí)代》,

spreadtheidealsoftheFrenchRevolution

PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)themostimportantpoetinthe18thC.Hewasentitled“FatherofAmericanPoetry”.HewrotelotsofpoemssupportingAmericanRevolutionandhumanliberty.HispoemspresentedRomanticspiritsbuthisformwasmainlyinfluencedbyClassicism.Mostfamouspoems:“TheIndianBurying

Ground”《垂死的印第安人》and“TheWildHoneySuckle”《野地里的忍冬》一種灌木TheWildHoneySuckle

Fairflower,thatdostsocomelygrow,

Hidinthissilent,dullretreat,

Untouchedthyhoneyedblossomsblow,

Unseenthylittlebranchesgreet:

Norovingfootshallcrushtheehere,

Nobusyhandprovokeatear.

美麗的花兒啊，你長得那么美麗，

卻暗藏在這僻靜的地方，

搖曳的枝條也無人問津：

既無流浪的腳步將你踩碎，

也無忙碌的指端摧你落淚。TheWildHoneySuckle

By

Nature's

self

in

white

arrayed,

She

bade

thee

shun

the

vulgar

eye,

And

planted

here

the

guardian

shade,

And

sent

soft

waters

murmuring

by;

Thus

quietly

thy

summer

goes,

Thy

days

declining

to

repose.

大自然把你打扮得一身潔白，

她叫你避開庸俗鄙夷的目光：

她布置樹蔭將你遮擋，

又讓潺潺的溪水淌過你的身旁；

安靜的夏天在靜靜地流逝，

卻日見你萎蔫進(jìn)而安睡。

TheWildHoneySuckle

Smit

with

those

charms,that

must

decay,

I

grieve

to

see

your

future

doom;

They

died—nor

were

those

flowers

more

gay.

The

flowers

that

did

in

Eden

bloom;

Unpitying

frosts,and

Autumn's

power

Shall

leave

no

vestige

of

this

flower.

那些不免消亡的美麗讓我銷魂，

看見你的結(jié)局我就悲傷：

別的花也并不比你幸運(yùn)，

雖開放在伊甸園中也已凋零；

無情的寒霜，再加上威凜的秋風(fēng)，

會讓這花兒消失得無影無蹤。

TheWildHoneySuckle

From

morning

suns

and

evening

dews

At

first

thy

little

being

came:

If

nothing

once,you

nothing

lose,

For

when

you

die

you

are

the

same;

The

space

between,is

but

an

hour,

The

frail

duration

of

a

flower.

朝陽晚霞曾把你養(yǎng)育，

把你這小小的生命帶到世上：

你先前若是烏有，去時(shí)也是虛無，

因?yàn)槟愕乃琅c你當(dāng)初一樣；

來去之間只不過是一個(gè)終點(diǎn)，

這便是花兒脆弱短暫的生命。

C.LiteratureoftheEighteenthCenturyBenjaminFranklin

JonathanEdwardsEdwardsandFranklinTheywerecontemporaries,camefromthesameparentstock,the

PuritanismofNewEngland;theyrepresentedthewholeofthecolonialmindofAmerica.

religiousidealism(理想的宗教信仰)levelheadedcommonsense(明智冷靜的判斷力)Newton’sDeism(自然神論)CalvinistbeliefstheUniversebecamesomethingmechanical,likeaclock,notcontrolledbytheGodManwasevilandenslavedbyhissenseofsin,Godwasall,hewouldworkforman’ssalvationtostudyhishandwork,thenaturalworld,thehumanworldincollisionwithtoworshiptheGodhimselfFranklinEdwardsTwobasicpatternsofthoughtLifeofJonathanEdwardsBorninaveryreligiousNewEnglandfamily;GraduatedfromYale;Workedasaministerandwasanimportantfigurein“GreatAwakening”(aseriousofreligiousrevivalswhichoccurredinthe1730sand1740sonNorthAmericacontinent);Dismissedfromhispositionbecauseoffiercereligiouscontroversyatthattime;Livedandmeditatedinsolitude;wrotesomebooks.MoreaboutHisLifeInfluencedbythenewideasofEnlightenment,suchasempiricism經(jīng)驗(yàn)論StillapiousPuritan；HissenseofGod’soverwhelmingpresenceinnatureandinsoulanticipatedtheTranscendentalism.FirstmodernAmericanandthecountry’slastmedievalmanLeaderoftheGreatAwakening

ConsideredtheleaderofTheGreatAwakeninginNewEngland---anamegiventoareligiousrevivalin1730swhichbroughtaboutthefollowingchangesinthePuritantheology:

JonathanEdwards(1703-1758)Works:(1)TheFreedomoftheWill《論意志自由》(2)TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended

《論原罪》(3)TheNatureofTrueVirtue《論真實(shí)德行的本原》JonathanEdwards’Pointsofview

Ideas---revealthemedievalmindoftheman

Passionforthereligion:“PersonalNarrative”《自述》，aspiritualautobiography我感覺這樣一股力量：......和耶穌單獨(dú)相處，用神圣而神圣的愛愛他，相信他，依仗他，追隨他，奉獻(xiàn)所有，滿心虔誠。Ifeltanardencyofsoultobe...tobefullofChristalone;tolovehimwithaholyandpurelove;totrustinhim;toliveuponhim;toserveandfollowhim;andtobeperfectlysanctifiedandmadepure,withadivineandheavenlypurity.JonathanEdwards’Pointsofview

(2)Regenerationofman(人的來世):

Heurgeshispeopletoenjoythesweetnessof“conversion”(轉(zhuǎn)變),thechangeofheartwiththehelpofthegraceofGod.

JonathanEdwards’

Pointsofview

JonathanEdwards’

Pointsofview(3)God’spresence:Godisthesourceofallbeing,thesubstanceofalllife.GodmadetheworldbyanextensionofHimself,hemanifestsHimselfinnatureandman,andthatman,beingapartofGod,isdivine(神圣的).

JonathanEdwards’Pointsofview(4)Puritanidealism：Everythingisanimageorshadowofthedivine.

theextremefiercenessandextraordinarypoweroflightning---thewrathofGodthesunriseoutofdarknessandfromundertheearth---JesusChristrisingfromHisgraveandfromastateofdeathandbringinghappiness,lifeandlighttotheworldofmanBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)

printer,editor,inventor,scientist,openedhisownprintshopfor20yearsofthelightningrodmadeexperimentwithakite,provingthatlightningwaselectricitypublishedthePennsylvaniaGazette(newspaper)

BenjaminFranklin（1706—1790）

amemberofthegroupthatwrotethe

DeclarationofIndependencefoundedthefirstpubliclibrary,organizedthefirstfiredepartmentandthefirstpaidpoliceforce,foundedaschoolandahospital.thegreatmanofletters

Autobiography《自傳》PoorRichard’sAlmanac

《窮理查德歷書》

politician,public-spiritedcitizen,prosewriter

PoorRichard’sAlmanac

waskeptbeingpublishedforaquarterofacenturyincludespoemsandessays,agoodmanyadages(格言)andwitticisms(妙語連珠)"Losttimeisneverfoundagain,""Apennysavedisapennyearned,""Godhelpsthosethathelpthemselves,""Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays""Earlytobed,andearlytorise,makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise"abookthatispublishedeveryyeargivinginformationforthatyear

AutobiographyAstorythatapersonwritesabouthisorherownlifeiscalledanautobiography.Autobiographiesarewritteninfirst-personpointofview,andbiographiesinthird-personpointofview.

AutobiographyItisregardedasoneofthemostimportantworksofAmericanlitera