西方文化導(dǎo)論課件unit6

Get

Started

Text

StudySupplementary

ResourcesUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceThe

Renaissance

refers

to

the

period

in

Europeancivilization

towards

the

end

of

the

Middle

Ages,

which

wascharacterized

by

a

surge

of

interest

in

classical

learningvalues.The

Renaissance

emerged

when

social

instability,

econosluggishness

and

intellectual

depression

became

so

intolethat

most

of

the

people,

especially

the

intellectuals

coullonger

accept

the

worsening

situation.

The

Renaissance

asmovement

first

startedin

Florence

and

then

expanded

to

VenRome

and

other

Italian

cities

before

it

swept

the

rest

partEurope.

Painting

and

sculpture

were

the

most

sensitive

fiethe

change

with

their

subjects

and

tastes,

shifting

from

dustagnation,

lack

ofemotion

and

divinity

to

dynamics,

enthand

humanitarianism.

Literature

and

ideology

soon

followeGet

StartedUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceGet

Startedas

other

important

areas

proceeded

and

the

movement

furthseparated

itself

from

feudalistic

tyranny,

ecclesiasticand

sought

intellectual

freedom

and

ideological

emancipaThe

Renaissance

is

characterized

by

seeking

ideologicemancipation,

intellectual

freedom

and

political

awarenebased

on

cultural

production

and

religious

reformation.

Athese

were

undertaken

or

unfolded

gradually

but

widely,extending

its

influences

to

every

corner

of

Europe,

with

mand

more

people

getting

involved.

The

achievements

were

sprincipally

in

six

areas,

namely,

painting,

sculpture,

pofiction,

drama

and

religious

reformation

as

well

as

the

chin

the

cultural

and

intellectual

climate.Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceGet

StartedThe

Renaissance

was

an

important

stage

in

the

historicprocess

of

the

Western

civilization

and

indicated

a

transperiod

from

the

Middle

Ages

to

the

modern

era

in

thedevelopment

of

Western

culture.

Economic

and

intellectuachanges

during

the

Renaissance

both

helped

to

speed

upWestern

social

and

cultural

development

and

prepared

thenecessary

conditions

for

the

rapid

progress

in

political,and

ideological

areas

of

the

Modern

Age.Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyText

StudyBackground

to

the

RenaissanceSource,

Feature

and

Significance

of

the

Renaiss

Cultural

Achievements

of

the

RenaissanceSocial

Ideology

during

the

RenaissanceThe

Religious

ReformationDevelopments

of

Natural

ScienceBeginning

of

Modern

PhilosophyClassicism

and

the

Cultural

SalonUnit

6Culture

During

the

Renaissance中世紀(jì)（Middle

Ages）（約公元476年~公元1453年），是歐洲歷史上的一個(gè)時(shí)代（主要是西歐），自西羅馬帝國(guó)滅亡（公元476年）到東羅馬帝國(guó)滅亡（公元1453年）的這段時(shí)期。這個(gè)時(shí)期的歐洲沒(méi)有一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的政權(quán)來(lái)統(tǒng)治。封建割據(jù)帶來(lái)頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，造成科技和生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展停滯，人民生活在毫無(wú)希望的痛苦中，所以中世紀(jì)或者中世紀(jì)早期在歐美普遍被稱作“黑暗時(shí)代”，傳統(tǒng)上認(rèn)為這是歐洲文明史上發(fā)展比較緩慢的時(shí)期。政治上：封建專制制度的建立和完善，（領(lǐng)主，莊園主，騎士）經(jīng)濟(jì)上：以奴隸為主的生產(chǎn)方式——以農(nóng)民為主的半雇傭勞動(dòng)制度文化思想上：以基督教為中心和主導(dǎo)（唯靈主義）Unit

6Culture

During

the

Renaissance查理大帝（Charlemagne或Charles

the

Great,公元742---814年），或稱為查理曼、查理、卡爾大帝，法蘭克王國(guó)加洛林王朝國(guó)王，神圣羅馬帝國(guó)的奠基人。他建立了那囊括西歐大部分地區(qū)的龐大帝國(guó)。公元800年，由羅馬教皇加冕“羅馬人的皇帝”。他在行政、司法、軍事制度及經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)等方面都有杰出的建樹(shù)，并大力發(fā)展文化教育事業(yè)。是他引入了歐洲文明，他被后世尊稱為“歐洲之父”。Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyMain

IdeasMain

IdeasFactors

that

contributed

to

the

emergence

of

the

Renaissathe

break-up

of

feudal

structuresthe

strengthening

of

city-states

in

Italy

the

emergence

of

national

monarchies

in

Spain,

France,England

the

thrive

of

many

different

kinds

of

social

structuresasguilds,

civic

associations,

councils

and

monastic

chwhich

were

based

on

some

form

of

autonomyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyMain

IdeasMain

Ideas

the

rise

of

folk

culture

and

popular

literature

inmostEuropean

countries

towards

the

end

of

the

Middle

Ages

changes

in

secular

education,

particularly

the

foundin

universities

culminating

in

the

birth

of

a

self-conscio

age

with

a

new

spiritUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsInterpretation

of

Cultural

Termsfolk

culture民間文化:cultural

activities

about

the

ordpeople,particularly

the

lower

class

people,which

oftenincluded

vulgarity

jokes

and

sarcasm

of

the

lower

class,especially

against

the

upper-class

culture

which

cared

fsocial

classes,peace

and

good

manners

of

aristocracy

androyal

familyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsGuild行會(huì)或協(xié)會(huì):a

society

of

people

with

common

interesor

aims,also

a

medieval

association

of

merchants

or

craftUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsInterpretation

of

Cultural

Termsmonastic

chapter教會(huì)或修道院管理處:a

Christianadministrative

office

within

the

churchUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsBologna

University博洛尼亞大學(xué):one

of

the

oldestuniversities

(together

with

that

of

Paris)established

ina

city

in

northern

Italy,famous

for

the

studies

of

law

andmedieval

and

Renaissance

subjectsText

StudyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasMain

IdeasSource:

emerged

first

in

Italy

of

Florence,

and

then

spreRome,

Milan,

Venice

and

Naples,

later

to

France,

Spain,Germany

and

EnglandReasons

for

the

emergence

of

the

Renaissance

in

Italy:(1)

Italy’s

prosperous

trade

and

productionof

handicraft,

which

furnished

amaterial

basis

for

cultural

developmentUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyMain

IdeasMain

Ideasits

rich

variety

of

urban

social

life

coinciding

wemergence

of

more

cities

where

manufacturing

andcommercial

activities

called

for

the

vigorous

developof

cultural

lifethe

wealth

of

culture

passed

down

from

the

artistic

anarchitectural

heritage

of

Romethe

use

of

Latin

as

a

common

language

in

the

Italiansociety,

which

helped

to

retain

a

good

memory

of

classicultureUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyMain

IdeasMain

IdeasFeature:

The

Renaissance

is

characterised

by

seekingideological

emancipation,

intellectual

freedom

and

poliawareness,

based

on

cultural

production

and

religiousreformation.

All

these

were

undertaken

or

unfolded

gradubut

widely,

extending

its

influences

to

every

corner

of

Euwith

more

and

more

people

getting

involved.

The

most

strikfeature

of

the

Renaissance

was

doubtlessly

the

flourish

ohumanism.Text

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasHumanismEmergencein

ItalyPredecessorsDante,

PetrarchChiefProtagonistsGianozzo

Manetti,

Leonardo

Bruni,

MarsilioFicino,

Giovanni

Pico

della

Mirandola,

LoreValla,

and

Coluccio

SalutatiDemandsliterature

should

represent

the

feelingsordinary

humans;science

should

produce

benefits

for

mankeducation

should

develop

individualpersonality

and

free

human

feelings

andintelligence

from

divine

bondage;Text

StudyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasMain

IdeasDemandsd.

man

should

become

central

in

everythinge.

human

right

should

be

against

divine

righuman

nature

against

divine

nature,

andindividuality

against

medieval

religiousContributionsThey

inherited

the

fine

tradition

of

an

ancculture

by

reducing

or

breaking

down

theinfluences

of

the

church

authorities,

remofeudal

obscurantism

and

ignorance,

andexpanding

modern

developments

in

ideologiscientific

and

cultural

spheres.Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyMain

IdeasMain

IdeasSignificance:

The

most

significant

aspect

of

the

Renaissits

reassertion

of

the

necessity

for

ideological

emancipintellectual

freedom,

though

it

was

still

limited

in

compwith

the

later

attitude

to

the

liberation

of

the

mind,

ascharacteristic

of

the

Enlightenment.Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsFlorence佛羅倫薩:Thecapital

city

of

the

Italianregion

of

Tuscany

and

ofthe

province

of

Florence.It

is

the

most

populouscity

in

Tuscany,

with

c.370,000

inhabitants(1,500,000

in

themetropolitan

area).Interpretation

of

Cultural

TermsUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsThe

city

lies

on

the

River

Arno;

it

is

known

for

its

historyits

importance

in

the

Middle

Ages

and

in

the

Renaissance,especially

for

its

art

and

architecture

and,

more

generalits

cultural

heritage.

A

centre

of

medieval

European

tradfinance

and

one

of

the

wealthiest

citiesof

the

time,

Florence

is

consideredthe

birthplace

of

the

Renaissance;it

has

been

called

the

Athens

of

theMiddle

Ages.

From

1865

to

1870the

city

was

also

the

capital

of

therecently

established

Kingdom

of

Italy.Interpretation

of

Cultural

TermsUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsNaples那不勒斯:A

city

in

Southern

Italy,situated

on

thcountry’s

west

coast

by

the

Gulf

of

Naples.Lying

betweentwo

notable

volcanic

regions,Mount

Vesuvius

and

thePhlegraean

Fields,it

is

the

capital

of

the

region

of

Campand

the

province

of

Naples.Naples

is

known

internationalits

rich

history,art,culture,architecture,music,andgastronomy,and

has

played

an

important

political

and

culrole

on

the

Italian

Peninsula

and

beyond

throughout

its

2,year

existence.Interpretation

of

Cultural

TermsSculpture:

based

on

solid–1466)

and1445)Filippo(1377–1446)structure

with

greatpsychological

penetratioUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasPeriod

Feature

RepresentativeCharacters

&

WorksPeriodsRealisttendency

wasvisible

mostlyin

the

use

of

Donatello

(1386religiousEarly

subject

matteGrhiberti

(378–foundation

of

sciencedrawn

fromBiblical

andmythologicalBrunelleschilegends

andfigure.Giotto

(1267–Painting:

clear,

simple1337)Architecture:

usingmathematics

to

help

solvethe

problem

of

thepillarless

domeUnit

6Culture

During

the

Renaissance猶大之吻Unit

6Culture

During

the

Renaissance哀悼基督portraying

natureon

the

basis

of

aninsightfulassimilation

ofclassical

heritage.Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

Ideasthe

founder

ofRenaissance

paintingin

Italy,

famous

formonumentality

of

hiscompositions,

and

thehigh

degree

ofnaturalism

in

hisworksPeriod

FeatureRepresentativCeharacters

&

WorksThe

style

ofscientificnaturalism

hasbeen

developed.The

artistsLater

mastered

thePeriodstechnique

ofthe

intellectuality

ofMasaccio

(1401his

conceptions,

the–1428)Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasThe

style

ofscientificinsightfulassimilation

ofclassical

heritage.civilian

class.portraying

nature A

poet

and

architect.

Hison

the

basis

of

aMnichelangelopaintings

showed

the(1475–1564)humanist

spirit

of

the-tiveA

prolific

artist

andscientist.

The

mostrepresentative

works

are:Mona

Lisa

and

The

lastSupper.Period

Feature

Representa

Characters

&

WorksThe

artistsLater

mastered

thePeriodstechnique

ofLeonardonaturalism

has

da

Vincibeen

developed.

(1452–1519)The

Virgin

of

the

Rocks;Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

Ideasportraying

natureon

the

basis

ofan

insightfulassimilation

ofclassical

heritage.Paintings:

Genesis,

Finagiant

ceiling

fresco

of

tSistine

Chapel

in

theVatican,

RomeJudgmentSculpture:

DavidMichelangelo(1475–1564)Best

known

work:

theRepresenta-tivePeriodFeatureCharacters

&

WorksThe

style

ofscientificnaturalism

hasbeen

developed.The

artistsLater

mastered

thePeriodstechnique

ofUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

Ideasportraying

natureon

the

basis

of

aninsightfulassimilation

ofclassical

heritage.Famous

for

his

prodigiousoutput,

even

temperament,and

preference

forclassical

harmony

andFresco

Works:

TheSchool

of

Athens;The

Virgin

Mary.PeriodThe

style

ofscientificnaturalism

hasbeen

developed.The

artistsLater

mastered

thePeriodstechnique

ofRaphaelSanzio

(1483clarity.–1520)Feature

Representa

Characters

&

Works-tiveUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

Ideason

the

basis

of

aninsightfulassimilation

ofclassical

heritage.Known

as

Titian

inVenice.

His

subjectmatter

was

of

widevarieties,

ranging

fromcivilian

life

to

religiouWorks:

The

Assumptionof

the

VirginThe

style

ofscientificnaturalism

hasbeen

developed.The

artistsLater

mastered

thePeriodstechnique

of tales

and

Greco-RomanTizianoVecellioportraying

natur(e1477–1576)myths.Period

Feature

Representa

Characters

&

Works-tiveUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasLiteratureatorfriRepresentativeFiguresNationality

Character

&

WorksDanteItalyThe

Divine

Comedy,

includingthree

sections:

Inferno,

Purgand

Paradise.FrancescoPetrarch(1304–1374)Sonnets

in

Latin,

including:

AThe

Canzonmere,

etc.GiovanniBoccaccio(1313–1375)DecameronUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasRepresentativeFiguresNationality

Character

&

WorksFrancois

Rabelai(1494–1553)sFranceGargantua

and

PantagruelMichel

Montagne(1533–1592)Prose:

EssaisMiguel

deCervantes(1547–1616)SpainWell

known

novel:

Don

QuixoteUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

Ideas.nseuseRepresentativeFiguresNationality

Character

&

WorksGeofrey

Chaucer(1340–1400)EnglandCanterbury

Tales

contains

24stories

and

a

general

prologueThe

book

expresses

a

strong

seof

humanist

value

besides

theof

poetic

technique,

such

asdiphthong

rhyming

skill..

Hend2ndythUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasRepresentativeFiguresNationality

Character

&

WorksWilliamShakespeare(1564–1616)EnglandHe

is

the

most

accomplishedwriter

during

the

Renaissanceproduced

37

plays

and

over

100poems,

including

A

Mid-SummerNight’s

Dream

and

TwelfthNight

(in

his

early

phase);tragedies

including

Hamlet,Othello,

King

Lear,

Macbeth,

aAnthony

and

Cleopatra

(in

hisphase);

and

plays

related

to

msuch

as

The

Winter’s

Tale

andThe

Tempest

(the

3rd

phase).fsyisUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasRepresentativeFiguresNationality

Character

&

WorksFrancis

Bacon(1561–1626)EnglandHe

was

both

scientist

and

man

oletters.

Total

58

pieces

in

hiEssays

made

him

the

first

essain

English

literature.Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasArchitectureFive

dominant

types

of

architecture

during

theRenaissance:

Tuscan,

Doric,

Ionic,

Corinthian,

andComposite.MusicAttitudes

towards

music:

Martin

Luther

insisted

that

music

must

be

simple,

direct,

accessible

and

an

aid

to

pie

and

it

was

only

a

tool

for

a

certain

purpose.

Comparativel

John

Calvin

insisted

upon

the

supremacy

of

the

Biblical

tand

warned

against

the

voluptuous

and

disorderly

influen

music.The

most

influential

composers

were

Josquin

Des

Prez(1445–1521)

and

Palestrina

(1525–1584).

The

latter

wasprofessional

Italian

composer,

who

was

best

known

for

hisnoble

polyphonic

sacred

choral

works,

including

The

MassDedicated

to

Pope

Marcellus,

etc.Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsText

StudySistine

Chapel西斯廷教堂:the

private

church

in

the

Vat

for

Pope,famous

for

the

magnificent

designs

and

frescoes

made

by

Michelangelo

during

the

RenaissanceInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsText

StudyInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsText

StudyMannerism風(fēng)格主義:It

is

a

period

of

Europeanart

that

emerged

from

the

later

years

of

the

ItalianHigh

Renaissance

around

1520.

It

lasted

until

about

1580

in

Italy,

when

a

more

Baroque

style

began

to

replace

it,

but

Northern

Mannerismcontinued

into

the

early

17th

century

throughoutmuch

of

Europe.

Stylistically,

Mannerismencompasses

a

variety

of

approaches

influenced

by,

andreacting

to,

the

harmonious

ideals

and

restrained

naturalassociated

with

artists

such

as

Leonardo

da

Vinci,

Raphaelearly

Michelangelo.

Mannerism

is

notable

for

its

intellecsophistication

as

well

as

its

artificial

(as

opposed

to

naqualities.Interpretation

of

Cultural

TermsUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceInterpretation

of

Cultural

TermsText

StudyPolyphonic

music復(fù)合音音樂(lè):It

is

music

which

includes

multiple

melodies

orvoices

in

contrast

with

homophonic

musicwith

a

single

melody

and

harmony,in

which

chords

harmonize

with

a

leadingmelody

or

voice.The

height

of

polyphoniccomposition

came

in

the

Middle

Ages

andRenaissance

when

this

type

of

musicbecame

very

popular.Interpretation

of

Cultural

TermsUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasText

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasIdeasDivine

Comedy,Convivio,On

MonarchyRepresentativeFiguresWorksDanteLove

is

the

core

of

humanrelations

and

power

todominate

the

universe.He

severely

criticized

thechurch

and

Pope

for

theircorruption.He

argued

for

a

divisionbetween

political

power

andthe

church,

and

comparedchurch

and

state

to

two

suns,shining

respectively

overspiritual

and

secular

worlds.Text

StudyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasRepresentative

Ideas

WorksFiguresopposition

to

the

papalPetrarch

authority

towards

Aristotleopposition

to

asceticism

andadvocacy

of

secular

moralityopposition

to

feudalistic

bondage

TheBoccaccio and

demand

for

individual

Decameronfreedom

and

equalityMain

IdeasText

StudyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasIdeasBooks

of

LivyRepresentativeFiguresWorksMachiavelliadvocacy

that

evil

acts

of

aruler

justified

the

evil

acts

inturn

by

the

ruledfirst

to

propound

the

thesis

Tohfe

Prince,historical

cycles

and

firstDtioscourses

onconstruct

a

political

scien

the

First

Tencebased

on

the

study

of

manc.

the

amorality

of

politics

(thecore

of

his

political

thinking)Main

IdeasText

StudyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceCauses

of

the

religious

reformation:

moral

degeneratthe

Catholic

Church.Significance

of

the

Religious

Reformation:

made

greacontribution

to

the

social

and

intellectual

developmentWestern

civilization.With

the

far-reaching

political,

economic

and

socialthe

Reformation

became

a

basis

for

the

founding

ofProtestantism,

which

emerged

as

one

of

the

three

majorbranches

of

Christianity.The

Reformation

was

the

most

effective

and

influentiterms

of

the

results

it

achieved.

It

not

only

contributeecclesiastical

development

of

Christianity,

but

openedto

much

of

the

subsequent

social

and

intellectual

progrethe

West.Text

StudyMain

IdeasMain

IdeasJohn

Calvinthe

theory

of

predestinationthe

democratic

and

republican

systemText

StudyUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasViewpointsNamea.

The

Bible

ought

to

be

regarded

as

the

mostauthoritative

Christian

source,

in

oppositiothe

papal

authority.Martin

Luther

b.

A

Christian

should

advocate

the

justificatifaith

rather

than

the

justification

of

indulgc.

State

power

should

be

separated

from

divinepower

when

there

is

a

combination

of

the

two.Major

reformers:Main

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceHumanists

in

the

early

stage

of

modern

science

mainly

sefor

ancient

writings

that

would

increase

current

scientknowledge.

Botany,

zoology,

magic,

alchemy,

and

astrolowere

developed

during

the

Renaissance

as

a

result

of

theof

ancient

texts.Text

StudyMain

IdeasMain

IdeasKeplerdiscovered

that

the

earth

and

planets

travelabout

the

sun

in

elliptical

orbitsGalileoCopernicusSiderius

nuncius星座報(bào)告invention

of

an

accuratetelescope

which

helped

toobserve

the

heavensTycho

Brahe

estimation

of

planetary

positions

by

refutin第谷·布拉赫Aristotelian

theory

that

placed

the

planetscrystal

spheresText

StudyMain

IdeasAstron-omyField

Figures

Achievements

Worksdiscovered

that

the

sun

was

atthe

center

of

the

universe

aDnedrevolutionibusthe

planets

revolved

around

i天t

體運(yùn)行論Unit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasThe

Pioneering

Figures

of

Modern

ScienceVesalius,ArtAndreasVesalius

維薩里

dissected

human

bodies

and

made

the

firstWilliamHarveyThe

heart

acts

as

a

muscular

pump

whichcirculates

blood

around

the

body

in

theblood

vessels.AchievementsPainting

true

human

emotion

demosntratedRembrandt,

from

face

and

body

language.

Use

ofMichelangelohuman

anatomy

in

painting

and

sculputre.Text

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasField

FiguresMedical

Leonardo

Da

anatomical

drawingsScience

Vinci

Text

StudyMain

IdeasUnit

6Culture

During

the

RenaissanceMain

IdeasanField

Figures

AchievementsBrunelleschi,Archi-

Franesco

the

application

of

linear

perspectivetecture

Borromini,mathematics

in

architectureLeonardo

DaVinciOptics,Isaac

discovered

gravity,

fluxiMoantsh,ematicalPhysi