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2022年考研外語考試真題及答案
一、UseofEnglish
1、By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshad
becomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million[Bl]of
thesenationsloved[B2]tothefuture.Borninthecrisis
oftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleaders
ofindependence[B3]theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,
careers[B4]totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the
[B5]toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualas
thebasisofsociety.[B6]therewasabeliefthatthenew
nationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,large
enoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya[B7]set
oflaws.
Ontheissueof[B8]ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,
[B9],therewaslessagreement[BIO]theleadershipRoman
Catholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone[Bl1]
bytheSpanishcrown.[B12]mostleaderssoughttomaintain
Catholicism[B13]theofficialreligionofthenewstates,
somesoughttoendthe[B14]ofotherfaiths.Thedefenseof
theChurchbecamearallying[B15]fortheconservativeforces.
Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoften
egalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.Bolivarhad
receivedaidfromHaitiandhad[B16]inreturntoabolish
slaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeen
abolishedeverywhereexceptSpain's[B17]colonies.Early
premisetoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixed
origincamemuch[B18]becausethenewnationsstillneeded
therevenuesuchpolicies[B19]Egalitariansentimentswere
oftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas[B20]
self-ruleanddemocracy.
[Bl]
A.natives
B.inhabitants
C.peoples
D.individuals
2、
[B2]
A.confusedly
B.cheerfully
C.worriedly
D.hopefully
3、
[B3]
A.shared
B.forgot
C.attained
D.rejected
4、
[B4]
A.related
B.close
C.open
D.devoted
5、
[B5]
A.access
B.succession
C.right
D.return
6、
[B6]
A.Presumably
B.Incidentally
C.Obviously
3
D.Generally
7、
[B7]
A.unique
B.common
C.particular
D.typical
8、
[B8]
A.freedom
B.origin
C.impact
D.reform
9、
[B9]
A.therefore
B.however
C.indeed
D.moreover
10、
[BIO]
A.with
4
B.about
C.among
D.by
11、
[Bill
A.allowed
B.preached
C.granted
D.funded
12、
[B12]
A.Since
B.If
C.Unless
D.While
13、
[B13]
A.as
B.for
C.under
D.against
14、
目5
[B14]
A.spread
B.interference
C.exclusion
D.influence
15、
[B15]
A.support
B.cry
C.plea
D.wish
16、
[B16]
A.urged
B.intended
C.expected
D.promised
17、
[B17]
A.controlling
B.former
C.remaining
6
D.original
18、
[B18]
A.slower
B.faster
C.easier
D.tougher
19、
[B19]
A.created
B.produced
C.contributed
D.preferred
20、
[B20]
A.puzzledby
B.hostileto
C.pessimisticabout
D.unpreparedfor
二、ReadingComprehension
1、PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions
beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccer
playerin2022'sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikely
findanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikely
tohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthe
latermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouth
teamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwould
findthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.
Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafew
guesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccer
skills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygen
capacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-mad
parentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,at
theannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.
AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFlorida
StateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin"noneofthe
above”.EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclear
engineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunity
toconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.His
firstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:
trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesof
numbers."Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursof
training,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20”,Ericsson
recalls."Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursof
traininghehadrisentoover80numbers”.
Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemory
itselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconclude
thattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethan
anintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferences
twopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,those
differencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson"encodes"the
information.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformation
meaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownas
deliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethan
simplyrepeatingatask,Rather:itinvolvessettingspecific
goals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuch
ontechniqueasonoutcome.
Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpert
performersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.They
gatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatistics
andbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirown
laboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakes
aratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalent
ishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expert
performers—whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputer
programming一arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.
Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersis
mentionedto.
A.stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining
B.spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup
C.introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance
D.explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers
2、
Theunderlinedword“mania”(Line3,Paragraph2)most
probablymeans.
A.fun
B.craze
C.hysteria
D.excitement
3、
AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory.
A.dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation
B.resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises
C.isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors
D.requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeof
concentration
4、
Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat.
A.talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess
B.biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance
C.theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked
D.highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture
5、
Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethe
texttriestoconvey?
A.Faithwillmovemountains.
B.Onereapswhatonesows.
C.Practicemakesperfect.
D.Likefather,likeson.
6、Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplement
Paradehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn”.Peopleare
invitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtested
atamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveher
anIQof228-thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyou
tocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaper
afterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumerical
sequences,amongothersimilartasks.Soitisabitconfusing
whenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whose
IQis100)as.What'sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?
Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvious
howthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureout
numericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathave
eludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.
Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.
Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligence
canbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfrom
neurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?
Thedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobe
theIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenas
theyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms;the
Stanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechsler
IntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren,sversion).
Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusually
givenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthem
populatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.Superhighscores
likevosSavant'sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringis
nowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongage
peers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythe
chronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardized
tests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andthe
GraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.
Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessal1theimportant
elementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,argues
RobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIs
IntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltests
bestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasure
creativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocritical
toproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonot
necessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituations
change.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskills
whenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,but
underhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelated
withleadership一thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.Anyonewho
hastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalso
matters,whetherit'sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestions
toskip.
Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?
A.Answeringphilosophicalquestions.
B.Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.
C.Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.
D.Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.
WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph
3?
A.PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorof
intelligence.
B.MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.
C.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmay
bedifferent.
D.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhuman
intelligence.
8、
PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvos
Savant'sbecause.
A.thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputational
procedures
B.creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow
C.vosSavant'scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat
D.thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged
9、
Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat.
A.testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone'sability
B.IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated
C.testinginvolvesalotofguesswork
D.traditionaltestsareoutofdate
10、
Whatistheauthor(sattitudetowardsIQtests?
A.Supportive.
B.Skeptical.
C.Impartial.
D.Biased.
11、Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-class
familythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairpaytokeep
itselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicrisk
andnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,ora
disappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddle
classtonewlypoorinafewmonths.
Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,
transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,
andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplications
ofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:family
riskhasrisenaswell.Today'sfamilieshavebudgetedtothe
limitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhave
losttheparachutetheyoncehasintimesoffinancial
setback一aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointothe
workforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This
“added-workereffect"couldsupportthesafetynetofferedby
unemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelp
familiesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamily
fortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefroman
otherwise-stay-at-homepartner.
Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuch
moreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airline
employees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoining
millionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stock
marketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlive
theirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,President
BushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-account
model,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteed
paymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.For
youngerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththe
absolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitborneby
familieshaverisen—andnewlyfashionablehealth-savings
plansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,
withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestment
riskforfamilies'futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsare
workingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhaving
aweakelderlyparent一andallheattendantneedforphysical
andfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustone
generation.
Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,
understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercise
morefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikea
frighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancial
riskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancial
fallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefar
behind.
Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialrisk
inthat.
A.thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared
B.theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased
C.theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics
D.theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance
12、
AsaresultofPresidentBush'sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave
A.ahighersenseofsecurity
B.lesssecuredpayments
C.lesschangetoinvest
D.aguaranteedfuture
13、
Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill.
A.helpreducethecostofhealthcare
B.popularizeamongthemiddleclass
C.compensateforthereducedpensions
D.increasethefamilies'investmentrisk
14、
Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.
A.financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks
B.themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges
C.financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems
D.financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpolitical
status
15、
Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?
A.TheMiddleClassontheAlert.
B.TheMiddleClassontheCliff.
C.TheMiddleClassinConflict.
D.TheMiddleClassinRuins.
16、Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboards
havefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliance
troubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,a
newproblemthreatenstoearnthem—especiallyin
American一thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadto
headsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,
untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseen
asaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,
telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighon
theboss'sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.
Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathis
year—fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,the
AmericandefensecontractorScienceApplications
InternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,
Berkeley—haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheir
intricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchof
potentialvulnerabilities.
“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuch
asallyotherasset”,saysHaimMendelsonofStanford
University,sbusinessschool."Theabilitytoguardcustomer
dataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsible
foronbehalfofshareholders”.Indeed,justasthereisthe
conceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),
perhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurity-
Practices,suggestedEliNormofNewYork'sColumbiaBusiness
School."Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,
redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnical
one”.Hesays.
Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.
Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,
thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedand
hugelyexpensivetorestore—andthatfewthingsaremore
likelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitive
personaldatagetintothewronghands.
Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged一though
notjustified—bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,but
notEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassed
alaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhe
victim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsof
proposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsin
Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome
40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune
17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlier
byAmerica,sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporate
Americaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfallto
provideadequatedatasecurity.
Thestatement"Itneverrainsbutitpours"isusedto
introduce.
A.thefiercebusinesscompetition
B.thefeebleboss-boardrelations
C.thethreatfromnewsreports
D.theseverityofdataleakage
17、
AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheir
systemstofindout.
A.whetherthereisanyweakpoint
B.whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen
C.whoisresponsiblefortheleakage
D.howthepotentialspiescanbelocated
18、
InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthe
pointthat.
A.shareholders,interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto
B.informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention
C.businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccounting
security
D.themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized
19、
AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsome
bossesfailto
A.seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection
B.perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata
C.realizethehighcostofdatarestoration
D.appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust
20、
ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that
A.dataleakageismoresevereinEurope
B.FTC'sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity
C.Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation
D.legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage
21、PartB(10points)
Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhat
parentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildreninto
adulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA一Gthatbestfits
themeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext.Thefirstand
lastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwo
extraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.
A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKids
B.BuildYourKids'WorkSkills
C.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities
D.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis
E.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies
F.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre
G.BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibility
HowCanaParentHelp?
Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandingin
earlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalary
seemstoosmal1tosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedforrapid
content,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofa
setbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereare
afewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,
thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcallwork-life
unreadiness”:
(41).
Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodically
reviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweak-nesseswiththem,and
worktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyin
communicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekinds
ofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluesto
thecareersthatwillfitthembest
(42).
Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels—asopposedto
membersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Have
regulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknows
andhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsides
ofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoform,someideas
abouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,they
shouldbediscouragedfromsaying"Ihavenoidea”.Theycan
changetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewof
thefutureisoflittlegood.
(43).
Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;
parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.
Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomework
deadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.
Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationand
deployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanaging
timeandsettingpriorities.
(44).
Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.Andhoursof
watchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidsto
processinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,
listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsfor
longstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubble
insteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescan
不______Q
q24
preventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinking
skillsandmakeindifficultforkidstodevelopthekindsof
sustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.
(45).
Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesand
feelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolve
problemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthink
critically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoing
thesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylife
situations.
Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobe
strugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?
Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismore
delicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossas
disappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstrong
interestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheir
fledgingadult(asnaiveorill-conceivedasitmayseem)while
22、(42)
23、(43)
24、(44)
25、(45)
26、PartC
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen
translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)
Thestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasic
intellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,
onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduate
programsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legal
learninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecial
preserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartofthe
intellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,the
olderandmorecontinentalviewofleg
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