2022年考研外語考試真題及答案60

2022年考研外語考試真題及答案

一、UseofEnglish

1、By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshad

becomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million[Bl]of

thesenationsloved[B2]tothefuture.Borninthecrisis

oftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleaders

ofindependence[B3]theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,

careers[B4]totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the

[B5]toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualas

thebasisofsociety.[B6]therewasabeliefthatthenew

nationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,large

enoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya[B7]set

oflaws.

Ontheissueof[B8]ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,

[B9],therewaslessagreement[BIO]theleadershipRoman

Catholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone[Bl1]

bytheSpanishcrown.[B12]mostleaderssoughttomaintain

Catholicism[B13]theofficialreligionofthenewstates,

somesoughttoendthe[B14]ofotherfaiths.Thedefenseof

theChurchbecamearallying[B15]fortheconservativeforces.

Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoften

egalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.Bolivarhad

receivedaidfromHaitiandhad[B16]inreturntoabolish

slaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeen

abolishedeverywhereexceptSpain's[B17]colonies.Early

premisetoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixed

origincamemuch[B18]becausethenewnationsstillneeded

therevenuesuchpolicies[B19]Egalitariansentimentswere

oftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas[B20]

self-ruleanddemocracy.

[Bl]

A.natives

B.inhabitants

C.peoples

D.individuals

2、

[B2]

A.confusedly

B.cheerfully

C.worriedly

D.hopefully

3、

[B3]

A.shared

B.forgot

C.attained

D.rejected

4、

[B4]

A.related

B.close

C.open

D.devoted

5、

[B5]

A.access

B.succession

C.right

D.return

6、

[B6]

A.Presumably

B.Incidentally

C.Obviously

3

D.Generally

7、

[B7]

A.unique

B.common

C.particular

D.typical

8、

[B8]

A.freedom

B.origin

C.impact

D.reform

9、

[B9]

A.therefore

B.however

C.indeed

D.moreover

10、

[BIO]

A.with

4

B.about

C.among

D.by

11、

[Bill

A.allowed

B.preached

C.granted

D.funded

12、

[B12]

A.Since

B.If

C.Unless

D.While

13、

[B13]

A.as

B.for

C.under

D.against

14、

目5

[B14]

A.spread

B.interference

C.exclusion

D.influence

15、

[B15]

A.support

B.cry

C.plea

D.wish

16、

[B16]

A.urged

B.intended

C.expected

D.promised

17、

[B17]

A.controlling

B.former

C.remaining

6

D.original

18、

[B18]

A.slower

B.faster

C.easier

D.tougher

19、

[B19]

A.created

B.produced

C.contributed

D.preferred

20、

[B20]

A.puzzledby

B.hostileto

C.pessimisticabout

D.unpreparedfor

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccer

playerin2022'sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikely

findanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikely

tohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthe

latermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouth

teamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwould

findthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.

Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafew

guesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccer

skills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygen

capacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-mad

parentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,at

theannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.

AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFlorida

StateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin"noneofthe

above”.EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclear

engineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunity

toconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.His

firstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:

trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesof

numbers."Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursof

training,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20”,Ericsson

recalls."Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursof

traininghehadrisentoover80numbers”.

Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemory

itselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconclude

thattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethan

anintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferences

twopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,those

differencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson"encodes"the

information.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformation

meaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownas

deliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethan

simplyrepeatingatask,Rather:itinvolvessettingspecific

goals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuch

ontechniqueasonoutcome.

Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpert

performersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.They

gatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatistics

andbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirown

laboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakes

aratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalent

ishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expert

performers—whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputer

programming一arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.

Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersis

mentionedto.

A.stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining

B.spotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldCup

C.introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance

D.explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers

2、

Theunderlinedword“mania”(Line3,Paragraph2)most

probablymeans.

A.fun

B.craze

C.hysteria

D.excitement

3、

AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory.

A.dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation

B.resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises

C.isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors

D.requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeof

concentration

4、

Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat.

A.talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess

B.biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance

C.theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked

D.highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture

5、

Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethe

texttriestoconvey?

A.Faithwillmovemountains.

B.Onereapswhatonesows.

C.Practicemakesperfect.

D.Likefather,likeson.

6、Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplement

Paradehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn”.Peopleare

invitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtested

atamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveher

anIQof228-thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyou

tocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaper

afterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumerical

sequences,amongothersimilartasks.Soitisabitconfusing

whenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whose

IQis100)as.What'sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?

Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It'snotobvious

howthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureout

numericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathave

eludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.

Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.

Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligence

canbespecified,andhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfrom

neurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?

Thedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobe

theIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenas

theyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms;the

Stanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechsler

IntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren，sversion).

Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusually

givenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthem

populatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.Superhighscores

likevosSavant'sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringis

nowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongage

peers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythe

chronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardized

tests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andthe

GraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.

Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessal1theimportant

elementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,argues

RobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIs

IntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltests

bestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasure

creativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocritical

toproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.Moreover,IQtestsdonot

necessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituations

change.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskills

whenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,but

underhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelated

withleadership一thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.Anyonewho

hastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalso

matters,whetherit'sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestions

toskip.

Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?

A.Answeringphilosophicalquestions.

B.Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.

C.Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.

D.Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.

WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph

3?

A.PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorof

intelligence.

B.MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.

C.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmay

bedifferent.

D.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhuman

intelligence.

8、

PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvos

Savant'sbecause.

A.thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputational

procedures

B.creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow

C.vosSavant'scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat

D.thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged

9、

Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat.

A.testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone'sability

B.IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated

C.testinginvolvesalotofguesswork

D.traditionaltestsareoutofdate

10、

Whatistheauthor(sattitudetowardsIQtests?

A.Supportive.

B.Skeptical.

C.Impartial.

D.Biased.

11、Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-class

familythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairpaytokeep

itselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicrisk

andnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,ora

disappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddle

classtonewlypoorinafewmonths.

Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,

transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,

andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplications

ofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:family

riskhasrisenaswell.Today'sfamilieshavebudgetedtothe

limitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhave

losttheparachutetheyoncehasintimesoffinancial

setback一aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointothe

workforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.This

“added-workereffect"couldsupportthesafetynetofferedby

unemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelp

familiesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamily

fortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefroman

otherwise-stay-at-homepartner.

Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuch

moreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airline

employees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoining

millionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stock

marketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlive

theirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,President

BushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-account

model,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteed

paymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.For

youngerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththe

absolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitborneby

familieshaverisen—andnewlyfashionablehealth-savings

plansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,

withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestment

riskforfamilies'futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsare

workingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhaving

aweakelderlyparent一andallheattendantneedforphysical

andfinancialassistance—havejumpedeightfoldinjustone

generation.

Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,

understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercise

morefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikea

frighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancial

riskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancial

fallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefar

behind.

Today'sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialrisk

inthat.

A.thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared

B.theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased

C.theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics

D.theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance

12、

AsaresultofPresidentBush'sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave

A.ahighersenseofsecurity

B.lesssecuredpayments

C.lesschangetoinvest

D.aguaranteedfuture

13、

Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill.

A.helpreducethecostofhealthcare

B.popularizeamongthemiddleclass

C.compensateforthereducedpensions

D.increasethefamilies'investmentrisk

14、

Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

A.financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks

B.themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges

C.financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems

D.financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpolitical

status

15、

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?

A.TheMiddleClassontheAlert.

B.TheMiddleClassontheCliff.

C.TheMiddleClassinConflict.

D.TheMiddleClassinRuins.

16、Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboards

havefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliance

troubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,a

newproblemthreatenstoearnthem—especiallyin

American一thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadto

headsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,

untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseen

asaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,

telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighon

theboss'sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.

Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathis

year—fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,the

AmericandefensecontractorScienceApplications

InternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,

Berkeley—haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheir

intricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchof

potentialvulnerabilities.

“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuch

asallyotherasset”,saysHaimMendelsonofStanford

University，sbusinessschool."Theabilitytoguardcustomer

dataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsible

foronbehalfofshareholders”.Indeed,justasthereisthe

conceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),

perhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurity-

Practices,suggestedEliNormofNewYork'sColumbiaBusiness

School."Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,

redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnical

one”.Hesays.

Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.

Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,

thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedand

hugelyexpensivetorestore—andthatfewthingsaremore

likelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitive

personaldatagetintothewronghands.

Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged一though

notjustified—bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,but

notEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassed

alaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhe

victim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsof

proposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsin

Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome

40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune

17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlier

byAmerica,sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporate

Americaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfallto

provideadequatedatasecurity.

Thestatement"Itneverrainsbutitpours"isusedto

introduce.

A.thefiercebusinesscompetition

B.thefeebleboss-boardrelations

C.thethreatfromnewsreports

D.theseverityofdataleakage

17、

AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheir

systemstofindout.

A.whetherthereisanyweakpoint

B.whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen

C.whoisresponsiblefortheleakage

D.howthepotentialspiescanbelocated

18、

InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthe

pointthat.

A.shareholders，interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto

B.informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention

C.businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccounting

security

D.themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized

19、

AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsome

bossesfailto

A.seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection

B.perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata

C.realizethehighcostofdatarestoration

D.appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust

20、

ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that

A.dataleakageismoresevereinEurope

B.FTC'sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity

C.Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation

D.legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakage

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhat

parentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildreninto

adulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA一Gthatbestfits

themeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext.Thefirstand

lastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwo

extraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.

A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKids

B.BuildYourKids'WorkSkills

C.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities

D.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis

E.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies

F.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre

G.BuildYourKids'SenseofResponsibility

HowCanaParentHelp?

Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandingin

earlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob'sstartingsalary

seemstoosmal1tosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedforrapid

content,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofa

setbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereare

afewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,

thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcallwork-life

unreadiness”:

(41).

Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodically

reviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweak-nesseswiththem,and

worktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyin

communicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekinds

ofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluesto

thecareersthatwillfitthembest

(42).

Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels—asopposedto

membersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Have

regulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknows

andhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsides

ofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoform,someideas

abouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,they

shouldbediscouragedfromsaying"Ihavenoidea”.Theycan

changetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewof

thefutureisoflittlegood.

(43).

Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;

parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.

Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomework

deadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.

Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationand

deployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanaging

timeandsettingpriorities.

(44).

Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.Andhoursof

watchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidsto

processinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,

listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsfor

longstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubble

insteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescan

不______Q

q24

preventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinking

skillsandmakeindifficultforkidstodevelopthekindsof

sustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.

(45).

Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesand

feelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolve

problemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthink

critically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoing

thesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylife

situations.

Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobe

strugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?

Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismore

delicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossas

disappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstrong

interestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheir

fledgingadult(asnaiveorill-conceivedasitmayseem)while

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Thestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasic

intellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,

onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduate

programsinCanadianuniversities.(46)Traditionally,legal

learninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecial

preserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartofthe

intellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,the

olderandmorecontinentalviewofleg