ChaerBBsraegiesandSCMBB策略和供應(yīng)鏈管理

Chapter

5Business-to-Business

Strategies:From

Electronic

Data

Interchange

toElectronic

CommerceLearning

ObjectivesStrategies

that

businesses

use

to

improvepurchasing,

logistics,

and

other

support

activities;EDI

issues;Supply

chain

management

(SCM)

and

howbusinesses

are

using

Internet

technologies

to

improve

it;E-marketplace

and

portals

thatmakepurchase-sale

negotiations

easier

andmoreefficient;Introduction Case

Study:

GELightingIntroduction Case

Study:

GELightingGrowth

of B2B

Commerce

2001-2006The

Evolution

of

the

Use

of

TechnologyPlatforms

in

B2B

CommerceIndustry

Forecastsfor

Internet-BasedB2B

Commerce

2001-2006Purchasing,

Logistics,

and

SupportActivitiesOverview:the

Value

Chain

figure;價(jià)值鏈E-government;電子政府Transaction

cost;交易成本Marketplace,

Hierarchical

structures

andNetwork

structures;市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)變The

ValueChainPrimary

ActivitiesSecondary

ActivitiesGeneral

administrationHuman

resource

managementResearch,

technology,

and

systems

developmentProcurementInboundlogisticsOperationsOutboundlogisticsMarketingandsalesServiceMarginMarginThe

Term

of

Supply

ChainManagementDefinition:The

process

of

planning,

organizing,

andcontrolling

the

flow

of

materials

and

servicesfrom

suppliers

to

end

users/customers.Thisintegrated

approach

incorporates

suppliers,supply

management,

integrated

logistics,andoperations.供應(yīng)商 （產(chǎn)品+服務(wù)） 最終用戶流程活動(dòng) 流程活動(dòng)Supply

Chain

managementThe

process

of

planning,

organizing,

andcontrolling

the

flow

of

materials

and

services

from

suppliers

to

endusers/customers.規(guī)劃、組織和控制從供應(yīng)商到終端客戶的物料與服務(wù)流程This

integrated

approach

incorporatessuppliers,

supply

management,

integratedlogistics,

and

operations.該推進(jìn)流程中包含了供應(yīng)商、供應(yīng)管理、集成物流、物流運(yùn)作Different

Supply

ChainConfigurationPhysical

Flow

of

MaterialsPurchasing

Activities(figure

5-1)Procurement

process:

The

way

firmspurchase

the

goods

they

need

toproduce

the

goods

theysell采購(gòu)流程：企業(yè)為了生產(chǎn)最終產(chǎn)品而向其它企業(yè)購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品的過(guò)程Sourcing

and

e-sourcing;The

Procurement

ProcessThePurchasingProcessIde扒nt宜if斬ya冬s滑綁upp串li星er熟Mon構(gòu)it廊or獵a繳nd裕睡man霸ag昨et忽h器ed蹲e渠li棚ve不ry槳p謊r宋oc根ess陷Eva區(qū)lu單at踏et將h迎ep扇u虹rc芒h落ase壺a筆nd宿t偵he沫s鏡u堆pp型lie康rRec莖o超gni旗ze欺a享n機(jī)ee算dQua換li失fy遙a政nd些p饒l掙ace它a踩no換r荒de漸rSupplierCriteria:EvaluationPri橋ce定V位ar峽ia猛bl斤eSer至vi掏ce危V目ar畢ia舞bl用eDel駱i桑ver幟yV纖a菊ri習(xí)ab錢(qián)le壁Qua柔li蘋(píng)ty觀V置ar砍ia親bl舍e5.1.2DirectandIndirectMaterialsPurchasingDirectMaterials直接材料Definition:directmaterialsarethosematerialsthatbecomepartofthefinishedproductinamanufacturingprocess.ReplenishmentpurchasingorcontractpurchasingIndirectMaterials非直接材料Spotmarket:looselyorganizedmarketDefinition:indirectmaterialsareallothermaterialthatthecompanypurchases,includingfactorysupplies.MRO:maintenance,repairandoperatingTellWhatTypesofPurchasesRThey?ComponentpartsRawmaterialsProcessmaterialsAccessoryequipmentMajorequipmentOperatingsuppliesFinishedproductServicesIntroducingJust-in-TimeJust-In-Time(JIT)JITisaphilosophyasmuchasitisatechnique.Itisbasedonth許simpleideathatwhereverpossiblenoactivityshouldtakeplaceinasystemuntilthereisaneedforit.JIT既是一種技術(shù)也是一種理念：需求產(chǎn)生后系統(tǒng)才有行動(dòng)發(fā)生JITisa‘pull’conceptwheredemandattheendofthepipelinepullsproductstowardsthemarketandbehindthoseproducts.JIT是通過(guò)終端市場(chǎng)的需求來(lái)‘拉動(dòng)’產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)LogisticsActivitiesDefinition:Logisticsistheprocessofstrategicallymanagingtheprocurement（采購(gòu)）,movementandstorageofmaterials,partsandfinishedinventory(andtherelatedinformationflows)throughtheorganizationanditsmarketingchannelsinsuchawaythatcurrentandfutureprofitability（盈利能力）aremaximizedthroughthecost-effective（成本節(jié)約）fulfillmentoforders.AviewofintegratedlogisticsinacompanyRaw去影Mat器er亂ia糠ls額Ma創(chuàng)nuf閃ac差tu辭ri著ng適P煌l遺ant灶Sto桌r用age擾Fin碌i拿sh將edG慎編oo醒dsS裹t擇or員a污geMar臣ke暑tP彎l展a腹ces堂Pr德ocu膝r射em旨ent批Pl股anMa落keDis執(zhí)tr呢i舟but策i很onMar培ke腿ti享ng糠盈and天S稀al狀eGoalsofLogisticsEfficientacquisitionofproductsandservicesrequires7Rs:Therightmaterials正確的物品Intherightquantity正確的數(shù)量Intherightcondition正確的條件Attherighttime正確的時(shí)間Fromtherightsource從正確的地點(diǎn)Withtherightservice以正確的服務(wù)方式Attherightprice用正確的價(jià)格TheConceptofSupplyChainSupplychain:Firmsthatpurchasegoods,theirsuppliers,andtheirsuppliers’suppliersIncludesnotjustthefirmsthemselves,butalsotherelationshipsamongthemandtheprocessesthatconnectthem供應(yīng)鏈：不僅包括多個(gè)企業(yè)，還包括了他們之間的聯(lián)系以及連接他們的流程FactorTraditionalSupply

ChainInventorymanagementFirm

focusedPipeline

coordinationInventory

flowsInterruptedSeamless/visibleCostFirm

minimizedLanded

costInformationFirm

controlledSharedRiskFirm

focusedSharedPlanningFirm

orientedSupply

chain

teamapproachInterorganizationalFirm

focused

on

lowPartnerships

focusedrelationshipscoston

landedcostComparisonofkeycharacteristicsoftraditionals疤ystemwithsupplychainInvolvesacomplexseriesoftransactionsthatexistsbetw

eMen言u(píng)alts癥i-it蜂niegrSl禿euf諒pi冷rpm街lywChit招ahim攤nsultipleprimarysuppliers,theseco

ndsupplierswhodobusinesswiththoseprimarysuppliers,andthetertiarysupplierswhodobusinesswiththesecondarysuppliersE-GovernmentE-GovernmentDefinition.Electronicgovernment,or"e-government,楚"istheprocessoftransactingbusinessbetweenthepublicandgovernmentthroughtheuseofautomatedsystemsandtheInternetnetwork,morecommonlyrefe豆rredtoastheWorldWideWeb.E-GovernmentAne-governmentserviceallowsthepublictoinitiatearequestforaparticulargovernmentserviceandthenreceivethatgovernmentservicethroughthewebsite.Thegovernmentserviceisdeliveredwithoutthepublicgoingintoagovernmentofficeorhavingadirectin-personortelephonecontactwithagovernmentemployee.E-GovernmentE-GovernmentServicesReferredtoMostFrequentlyFilingpersonalincometaxreturn.Reservingacampsiteinastatepark.Applyingf縮慧orastatefishingorhuntinglicense.Renewingaprofessionallicense.Submittingemploymentinformation.Registeringacomplaintagainstabusinessorprofessionallicensee.Renewingadriver'slicense.Requestingagovernmentloan.E-GovernmentPotentialBenefitsofE-GovernmentReducedgovernmentcosts;increasedinterestearnings.Streamlinedgovernmentoperations.Providinggovernmentservicestocitizens24-hours-a-day,7-days-a-week.Reductioninthenumberofin-persongovernmentcontacts.Deliveringgovernmentservicesfromanyplace.NetworkModelofEconomicOrganizationThreedifferentkindsofeconomicorganization:Markets自由市場(chǎng)（無(wú)組織型）Hierarchies層級(jí)組織型Networks網(wǎng)絡(luò)組織型Onetrendisbecomingclear:shiftfromhierarchicalstructurestowardnetworkstructuresThinkofthefollowing2concepts:networkorganizationandvirtualorganizationNetworkModelofEconomicOrganizationNetworkOrganizationdefinition:Acompanyorgroupofcompaniesthathasaminimumofformalstructuresandreliesinsteadontheformation（形成）anddissolution（分解）ofteamstomeetspecificobjectives.Anetworkorganizationutilizesinformationandcomm

unicationstechnologiesextensively,andmakesuseofknow-howacrossandwithincompaniesalongthevaluechain.NetworkModelofEconomicOrganizationVirtualOrganizationdefinition:Temporarynetworkofcompanies,suppliers,customers,oremployees,linkedbyinformationandcommunicatinstechnologies,withthepurposeofdeliveringaserviceorproduct.Anorganizationthatispartofanetworkinwhichmanycompaniesshareskills,costs,capabilities,markets,and跟customerstocollectivelysolvecustomerproblemsorprovidespecificproductsorservices.SupplementaryKnowledge虛擬組織指兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)立的實(shí)體，為迅速向市場(chǎng)提供產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)、在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)結(jié)成的動(dòng)態(tài)聯(lián)盟。它不具有法人資格，也沒(méi)有固定的組織層次和內(nèi)

部命令系統(tǒng)，而是一種開(kāi)放式的組織結(jié)構(gòu)，因此

可以在擁有充分信息的條件下，從眾多的組織中

通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)招標(biāo)或自由選擇等方式精選出合作伙伴，迅速形成各專(zhuān)業(yè)領(lǐng)域中的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)外部

資源的整合利用，從而以強(qiáng)大的結(jié)構(gòu)成本優(yōu)勢(shì)和

機(jī)動(dòng)性，完成單個(gè)企業(yè)難以承擔(dān)的市場(chǎng)功能，如

產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)、生產(chǎn)和銷(xiāo)售。SupplementaryKnowledge虛擬組織的特征1.虛擬組織具有較大的適應(yīng)性，在內(nèi)部組織結(jié)構(gòu)、規(guī)章制度等方面具有靈捷性。2.虛擬組織共享各成員的核心能力。3.虛擬組織中的成員必須以相互信任的方式行動(dòng)。E.g.:如一家名字為“Telepad”的小型公司最初生產(chǎn)手寫(xiě)型電腦輸人設(shè)備，后來(lái)擴(kuò)展到多媒體輸入系統(tǒng)。這家

小公司使用著名設(shè)計(jì)公司的設(shè)計(jì)讓IBM生產(chǎn)，僅僅使

用28個(gè)臨時(shí)工、4個(gè)長(zhǎng)期雇員，在12個(gè)月內(nèi)就成功地推出了4種新產(chǎn)品。當(dāng)Telepad說(shuō)IBM加工他們的產(chǎn)品，并且他們與其他大公司有業(yè)務(wù)聯(lián)系時(shí)，他們就在業(yè)務(wù)融

資、展示實(shí)力、實(shí)現(xiàn)承諾的能力上獲得了重要的信譽(yù)。SupplementaryKnowledge網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展推動(dòng)了虛擬組織的發(fā)展。其實(shí)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)本身也是虛擬組織的一種形式，它是一系列預(yù)先認(rèn)證合格的合作伙伴，同時(shí)，作為輔助工具，網(wǎng)絡(luò)又推動(dòng)了各個(gè)領(lǐng)域中合作的開(kāi)展和眾多虛擬組織的形成。真正吸引顧客的是虛擬組織天衣無(wú)縫的合作。購(gòu)買(mǎi)了Ford汽車(chē)的顧客不會(huì)了解是一個(gè)虛擬設(shè)計(jì)工作室在負(fù)責(zé)Ford汽車(chē)的款式設(shè)計(jì)，它通過(guò)電子手段將世界各地的設(shè)計(jì)人員組合在一起，這些人員實(shí)際上分屬福特的7個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)中心。NetworkModelofEconomicOrganizationAvirtualorganizationcanbringtogethercompaniesinstrategicpartneringoroutsourcingarrangements,enablingthemtoshareexpertise,resources,andcostsavingsuntilobjectivesaremetandthenetworkisdissolved.Suchorganizationsarevirtualno紐奉tonlyinthesensethattheyexistlargelyincyberspace,butalsointhattheyareunconstrainedbythetraditionalbarriersoftimeandplace.Agreaterleveloftrustisrequiredbetweenemployerandemployeeorcoworkers,orpartnerorganizations,becausetheywillbeworkingoutofoneanother'ssightformostofthetime.NetworkModelofEconomicOrganizationTrytodrawafiguretodescribe‘suppleweb’usingtheexampleinparagraph2onpage229;…5minutesElectronicDataInterchangeEDI:acomputer-to-computertransferofbusinessinformati片onbetweentwobusinessthatusesastandardformatofsomekind.定義EDIcompatible:EDI相容Whybusinessesneedstandardformat?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)

Thedatainbusiness-to-businesstransactionsincludesinformationofpaperinvoices,purchaseorders,requestforquotations,billsoflading,andreceivingreports,whichaccountsfor7%ofallinformation.EarlyBusinessInformationInterchangeEffortsInthelate1800sandearly1900s:formalrecordsofbusinesstransactionsIntheearly1950s:computersusedtostoreandprocesstransactionrecords;Bythe1960s:magneticcardsusedbybusinessesengagedinlargevolumes;During1960sand1970s:transferdataovertelephoneline;In1968:TransportationDataCoordinatingCommittee(TDCC)wasformed;Untilnow:EDIformatsaredevelopingfromaspecificindustrystandardtocross-industrystandards;EmergenceofBroaderEDIStandardsAmericanNationalStandardInstitute(ANSI):tocontributeasetofproceduresforthedevelopmentofnationalstandard;美國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)AccreditedStandardsCommitteeX12(ASCX12):DataInterchangeStandardAssociation授權(quán)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會(huì)——數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)figure5-4UnitedNations:EDIforAdministration,Commerce,andTr誕ansport(EDIFACT,orUN/EDIFACT)管理、商貿(mào)與運(yùn)輸

EDI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)figure5-5ASCX12andEDIFACTagreedinlate2000todeveloponecommonset;however…HowEDIWorksConsideracompanythatneedsareplacementforoneofitsmetal-cuttingmachines,putitintotwodifferentcircumstances;1、Paper-basedpurchasingprocess基于紙質(zhì)的采購(gòu)流程2、EDIpurchasingprocess基于EDI的采購(gòu)流程Value-AddedNetworksFigure5-7:threekeyelementsthataltertheprocessdramatically;EDInetworkandtwotranslatorcomputersTwobasicapproachestoimplementtheEDInetworkandEDItransactionprocesses:1.DirectconnectionEDI直接聯(lián)接EDI網(wǎng)絡(luò)(figure5-8)2.Value-addednetwork增值EDI網(wǎng)絡(luò)(figure5-9)Value-AddedNetworksAdvantagesusingaVAN:ObservetheVAN’sprotocolinsteadofmanypossibleprotocolsbydifferenttraders;只用遵守一個(gè)協(xié)議；TheVANrecordsmessageactivitiesinanauditlog;resolvepossibledisputes;第三方監(jiān)管可解決沖突；TheVANcanprovidetranslationbetweendifferenttransactionsetsusedbytradingpartners;充當(dāng)翻譯角色；TheVANcanperformautomaticcompliancecheckingtoensurethatthetransactionsetisinthespecifiedEDIformat.自動(dòng)檢查交易條款DisadvantagesusingaVAN…h(huán)ighcost!SupplychainmanagementusingInternettechnologyTheultimategoalofsupplychainmanagementistoachieveahigher-qualityorlower-costproductattheendofthechain.ValuecreationinthesupplychainLong-term,cooperativerelationshipwithsupplychainparticipants.Addvaluetoultimateusers.Supplyalliance:smallernumberofsupplierslong-termrelationship;tier1-tier2-tier3;SupplychainmanagementusingInternettechnologyCloserandlong-termrelationshipbringspricereductionandqualityimprovement.Twokindsofcompetitiveadvantages:ValueAdvantage:(價(jià)值優(yōu)勢(shì))Theabilityofanorganizationtodifferentiate(差異化)itselffromitscompetitorintheeyesof鄉(xiāng)豐customer.CostAdvantage:(成本優(yōu)勢(shì))Theabilitytooperateatalowercost(低成本)andhenceatagreaterprofit.Itiscalledtheproductivityadvantage.Sustainabledevelopmentofacompanyneedoneorbothofthecompetitiveadvantages.SupplychainmanagementusingInternettechnologyProductivityadvantagesScaleEconomy(規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)):enablesfixedcosts(固定成本)tobespreadoveragreatervolume.ExperienceCurve(經(jīng)驗(yàn)曲線):therateofoutputofworkerswouldbeimprovedwhentheybecomemoreskilledintheprocessesandtasks.Theexperiencecurvecouldbeexpressedbythenegativerelationshipbetweenrealunitcosts(實(shí)際單位成本)andcumulativevolume(累計(jì)產(chǎn)量).CompetitiveAdvantageMatrixCompanyinthebottomlefthandcorner:indistingu錢(qián)ishable;Companyinthebottomri草ght:scaleeconomy,experencecurveandlogisticsmanagement(C.A.);Companyintheupleft:service-sensitive;differentiation,serviceandlogisticsmanagement(V.A.);夕C跳tySer窮vi賀ceLea元de批rCos松ta裕蟲(chóng)ndSer軌vi濱ce信Lea曬de歇rom移m割odiMar摧ke餅tCos帝tLea違de政rHiLow夢(mèng)Low盟HiPro笑d塊uct志iv漁it徹ya涌盟dv言ant鬧a

伶gep.p.10paragraph1Val丈ue郵桶ad輸van擁t劉ageSupplychainmanagementusingInternettechnologyClearcommunicationandquickresponseenablebettersupplychainmanagement.AdvantagesofInternet-enabledSCM:ShareinformationaboutcustomerdemandfluctuationsReceiverapidnotificationofproductdesignchangesandadjustmentsProvidespecificationsanddrawingsmoreefficientlyIncreasethespeedofprocessingtransactionsReducethecostofhandlingtransactionsReduceerrorsinenteringtransactiondataShareinformationaboutdefectratesandtypesIncreasingsupplychainefficiencyCasestudiesofBoeingandDell(self-learning…)UnderlinetheirimportanttacticstoimprovingSCMandtrytowritedownsomecommentsforthem.Usingmaterial-trackingtechnologywithEDIandElectronicCommerceAbarcode(alsobarcode)isamachine-readablerepresentationofinformation.Barcodesstoreddatainthewidthsandspacingsofprintedparallellines,buttodaytheyalsocomeinpatternsofdots,concentriccircles,andtextcodeshiddenwithinimages.Barcodescanbereadbyopticalscannerscalledbarcodereadersorscannedfromanimagebyspecialsoftware.ItwillcostaboutUS$0.005toimplementabarcodecomparedtopassiveRFIDwhichstillcostsaboutUS$0.07toUS$0.30pertag.[1]Usingmaterial-trackingtechnologywithEDIandElectronicCommerceRadio-frequencyidentification(RFID)isanautomaticidentificationmethod,relyingonstoringandremotelyretrieving(獲取)datausingdevicescalledRFIDtagsortransponders(異頻雷達(dá)收發(fā)器).MostRFIDtagscontainatleasttwoparts.Oneisanintegratedcircuitforstoringandprocessinginformation,modulati夠ng(調(diào)制)anddemodulating(解調(diào))a(RF)signal,andotherspecializedfunctions.Thesecondisanantenna(天線)forreceivingandtransmittingthesignal.BarcodeandRFIDFigure5-11Figure5-11showsatypicalbar-codedshippinglabelwitheachelementrepresentingasegmentintheASCX12transactionsetnumber856.Including:partnumber,quantityshipped,purchaseordernumber,serialnumberandpackinglist.ElectronicmarketplacesandportalsVerticalmarket:垂直市場(chǎng)

Averticalmarketisagroupofsimilarbusinessesandcustomerswhichengageintradebasedonspecificandspecializedneeds.Often,participantsinaverticalmarketareverylimitedtoasubsetofalargerindustry(anichemarket).Horizontalmarket:水平市場(chǎng)

Amarketwhichmeetsagivenneedofawidevarietyofindustries,ratherthanaspecificone:forexample,wordprocessingsoftware.oppositeofverticalmarket.ElectronicmarketplacesandportalsHorizontalmarketsinclude:MarketingofProducts/ServiceSalesForceAutomationFieldServiceOrderManagementThesearecommonacrosstheVerticals(Telecom,FMCG,Retail,Power,BFSI)withalittleornoindustryspecificchanges.ElectronicmarketplacesandportalsSomecommonexamplesofverticalmarkets:HealthcareGovernmentEducationFinancialFoodandbeverageFast-MovingConsumerGoods(FMCG)Reales