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大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法匯編
I動(dòng)詞(語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)
1.語(yǔ)態(tài)
1)可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類(lèi)型,例如:
Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.
Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.
擔(dān)當(dāng)besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeed
limit(你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)
2)雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
a)雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)
賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).
Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.
Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.
b)賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):
ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.
Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.
Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.
Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.
3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1)Vi+adv
Theplanetookofftwohourslate.
2)Vi+prep
TheylookedroundtheCathedral.
3)Vi+prep(有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
She,slookingafterhersister'schildren.
Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.
4)Vi+adv+prep
Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.
5)Vt+O+adv
Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.
Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.
Theytookhimon.
6)Vt+adv+O(無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.
7)Vt+O+prep
WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.
4.省略
1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略:在有些狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)包含有動(dòng)詞be,
主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致a),或者主語(yǔ)是itb),就常??梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)
省略掉.
a)Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.
Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.
Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.
Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.
Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.
Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.
Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.
Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.
Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.
Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.
Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.
Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.
Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.
Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.
Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit
b)IfnecessaryI'IIhavetheletterduplicated.
Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.
Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.
Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.
2)在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.
a)Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.
Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.
b)Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).
Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.
Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.
Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.
3)錯(cuò)誤的省略
HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.
Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.
5.一致
1)如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,more
than等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.
Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.
Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.
Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.
2)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的一致
a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.
Eachofushassomethingtosay.
Iseverybodyready?
Somebodyisusingthephone.
Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.
Haseitherofthemtoldyou?
b)some,few,both,many割乍復(fù)數(shù)
c)some可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.
none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說(shuō)話(huà)人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念,但
none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù):
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus
Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.
None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.
None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.
Noneofthisworriesme.
all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe...,mostofthe...),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).
3)由and或both...and連接名詞詞組時(shí),后用復(fù)數(shù);由notonly...but(also),either...or,neither...
nor或or連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致.
Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.
Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.
EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.
NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.
如果一個(gè)句子是由there或here引導(dǎo),而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè),謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致.
Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.
Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.
4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).
Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.
Thepolicearelookingforhim.
有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)意思來(lái)決定.
Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.
Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.
Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.
Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.
Theaudiencewasenormous.
Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.
有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形,可根據(jù)意思決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù):
Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.
Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.
Thisspeciesisnowextinct.
Thesespeciesarenowextinct.
5)表示時(shí)間,重量,長(zhǎng)度,價(jià)值等的名詞,盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果作整體看待,動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式
(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的):
Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.
Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.
6)其他問(wèn)題
a)書(shū)名,國(guó)家名用單數(shù):
TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.
b)名,如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).
c)manya或morethanone所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式:
Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.
Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.
anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù)thenumberof后接單數(shù)
Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.
Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.
d)oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句〃結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系分句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)
數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式,一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式:
Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.
當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one而定,即采用單數(shù)形式:
Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.
n非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1.不定式
1)形式
主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式
一般式todotobedone
完tohavedonetohavebeendone
進(jìn)行式tobedoing
完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing
a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,
或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作,在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生,就要用不定式的完成
式.
Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).
(比較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)
Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.
Hepretendednottohaveseenme.
b)進(jìn)行式:如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí),不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)
行式.
Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven1tquiterecoveredyet.
Wedidn*texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.
Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.
c)完成進(jìn)行式:在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.
Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.
Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.
d)被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式T殳要用被動(dòng)形式.
Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.
Shehatedtobeflattered.
Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.
Thisisboundtobefoundout.
Therearealotofthingstobedone.
Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.
2)功用:不定式可以作主語(yǔ)(a),賓語(yǔ)(b),表語(yǔ)(c),定語(yǔ)(d)或是狀語(yǔ)(e).
a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.
b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.
c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.
d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?
e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.
3)不帶t。的不定式:
a)在"動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺(jué)意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice
等,或是表示“致使"意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.
Johnmadehertellhimeverything.
這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),后面的不帶t。的不定式T殳還原為帶t。的不定式.
Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.
b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,
cannotbut等搭配之后,動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.
fdrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.
Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.
c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfallletfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooflettherebe,hear
say,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.
Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.
Fveheardtellofhim.
d)在動(dòng)詞help(或help+賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式.
CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?
e)在介詞except,but之后,如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.
Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.
Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.
There*snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.
f)連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時(shí),其后的不定式不帶to.
Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.
出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí),其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to.
Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.
Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.
g)用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式,如果主語(yǔ)是由"all+關(guān)系分句","thing+關(guān)系分句","what分句"或"thing
+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)"等構(gòu)成,并帶有do的某種形式,這時(shí),作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.
Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.
Allyoudonowiscompletetheform
TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.
Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.
TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.
4)不定式的其他用法
a)too...to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:
Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.
enough...to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:
Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.
nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:
He*sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.
so...as(t。)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語(yǔ):
Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.
b)如果要說(shuō)明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的,可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語(yǔ):
Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.
Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.
在以某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,
considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語(yǔ),來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指
的是誰(shuí)的情況:
It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.
(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.
It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.
It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.
2.V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)
1)形式
a)完成式:如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.
Hedidn'tmentionhavingmetme.
Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.
在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語(yǔ)中),常用(或可以用)動(dòng)名詞的一般形式,盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.
Excusemeforcominglate.
Idon*tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中,表示這動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.
Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.
Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.
另外,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.
Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.
Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.
b)被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí),動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.
Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.
Hecouldn7tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.
但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等動(dòng)詞后,盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思,卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形
式.
Mypenneedsfilling.
Thepointdeservesmentioning.
Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.
在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.
Hermethodisworthtrying.
現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來(lái)作定語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.
Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.
You'IIfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.
Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn1tverywellrefuse.
Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.
c)完成被動(dòng)式:如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.
Idon*trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.
但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式,而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替,以免句子顯得累贅.
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式T殳用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.
Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?
Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.
Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.
2)句法功用
a)作主語(yǔ):
Walkingisgoodexercise.
It'snicetalkingtoyou.
Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.
b)作賓語(yǔ):
Yourshoesneedpolishing.
Youmustn1tdelaysendingthetractorsover.
Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.
c)作介詞賓語(yǔ):動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)用的時(shí)候最多.它??梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z(yǔ)后面,常見(jiàn)的有:insiston,
persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect...ofaccuse...ofcharge...with,hearofapproveof,
prevent...from,keep...from,stop...from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,
dependon,thank...for,feellike,excuse...for,aimat,devote...to,setabout,spend...in,get(be)
usedto,befondof,becapableofbeafraidofbetiredofbesickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,
feel(be)ashamedofbeproudofbekeenon,beresponsiblefor.
d)作表語(yǔ):
Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.
動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ).一般說(shuō)來(lái),在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體某
詞動(dòng)作,特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí),多用不定式.
e)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)
足語(yǔ).
Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.
Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.
Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.
在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞后,及可用現(xiàn)在分詞,也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).用現(xiàn)在分詞
時(shí),表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.
Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?
Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.
f)作狀語(yǔ):現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作,來(lái)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕?/p>
飾或作為陪襯.
Iranoutofthehouseshouting.
Igothome,feelingverytired.
DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以用作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.
Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn*tgetintouchwithher.
Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.
Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn'twanttogotothecinema.
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:
Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn1thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.
如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的,多用when或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).
Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.
Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.
ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.
3)前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu):一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)),來(lái)
表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ).
Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.
Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.
Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?
Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.
如果不是在句子開(kāi)頭,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常??梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格),這比用所有格更自然一些.
Idon'tmindhimgoing.
Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.
4)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leave
off,require,postpone,putoftdelay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,
endure,escape,miss
5)既可用動(dòng)名詞,也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:love,like,hate,disl汰e,begin,start,continue,intend,
attempt,can*tbear;propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can*t
afford等.
有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大,有時(shí)卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等詞后差別是比
較明顯的.
Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.
Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.
Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.
IregrettosayIhaven*tgivenyouenoughhelp.
Shedoesnxtwant(need)tocome.
Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.
Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.
Let,strydoingtheworksomeotherway.
6)懸垂修飾:分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).
Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,(walking>we的動(dòng)作,正確)
Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(錯(cuò)誤)
Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正確)
Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(錯(cuò)誤)
3.分詞
1)意義:過(guò)去分詞通常來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,有的
來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞,通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.
frozenfoodafreezingwind
aboredtravelleraboringjourney
alostcausealosingbattle
aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy
afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch
thespokenwordaspeakingbird
aclosedshoptheclosinghour
arecordedtalkarecordingmachine
來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ),能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞,僅表示完成意
義,不表示被動(dòng)意義.
therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,
departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors
用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分,在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.
Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.
2)句法作用
a)作定語(yǔ):distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無(wú)名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊(duì),canned
food罐頭食品,boiledwater開(kāi)水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)
分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ):simply?furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間,clear-cutanswer明確的答復(fù),
highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝,hand-madegoods手工制
品,man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星
b)作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:
see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.
Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.
Wefoundhergreatlychanged.
make,get,have,keep等表示“致使"意義的動(dòng)詞:
Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.
Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.
Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.
like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意義的動(dòng)詞:
Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.
Hewon,tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.
c)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ),很多都說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.
Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,
Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.
Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.
有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句.
Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.
間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.
Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.
偶爾也可用來(lái)代替一個(gè)"讓步”狀語(yǔ)從句.
Picked20yearsayear;itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.
d)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一.致.但有時(shí)它也可以有
自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ),這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),T殳表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況.
Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.
有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間:
Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.
表示原因:
Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.
條件:
Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.
m虛擬語(yǔ)氣
1.that從居中:
1)wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:
IwishIwereasstrongasyou.
IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.
IwishIrememberedtheaddress.
Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).
Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.
2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句:
Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.
Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.
Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.
3)itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,it
isimportant,ithasbeendecided等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從句中.
Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek
Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.
4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)
從句:
Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.
2.在某些句型中
1)itistimethat
Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.
Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.
2)asif(though)弓|起的從句:
Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.
Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.
Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.
3)以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)多用should+動(dòng)詞原形):
Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.
Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.
FIIkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.
4)以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類(lèi)代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí),謂語(yǔ)多用may加動(dòng)詞原
形構(gòu)成):
Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.
Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管發(fā)生什么情況,我們都要干下去.
Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he'sstillagoodpolitician.
我承認(rèn)他年老體衰,然而盡管如此,它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.
3.條件句
1)虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類(lèi):
a)表示現(xiàn)在及將來(lái)情況(表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況):
謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下(be多用were這個(gè)形式):
從句主句
過(guò)去式would+動(dòng)詞原形
IfIwereyou,Iwouldn,tloseheart.
Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.
b)表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句(與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)情況),謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下:
從句主句
had+過(guò)去分詞wouldhave+過(guò)去分詞
Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.
IfIhadn'ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,
Youwouldn,thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.
2)有時(shí)候,條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作,發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的(如一個(gè)是過(guò)去發(fā)生的,一個(gè)
是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的).這時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整.這種句子可以稱(chēng)為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.
Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.
Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.
3)有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示,而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.
Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.
Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.
Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.
Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.
4)如果條件句從句中包含有were,had,should或could,有時(shí)可把if省略掉,并把were,had,
should或could放在主語(yǔ)前面.
Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.
Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?
Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.
IV介詞
1.合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞
1)合成介詞:inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without
2)復(fù)雜介詞:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansofinfront
ofinspiteofinsteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfofowingto,dueto,
togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等
2.介詞在句末:
Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.
Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?
3.名詞加介詞(n+prep)
1)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor
2)某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞:onone,sguard,atone'srequest,inallprobability,tomy
delight
4.動(dòng)詞加介詞
1)Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchupon
2)Vt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等
3)Vi+adv+prep:
Idon'twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.
Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.
You/renottellingmethewholestory.You'reholdingoutonme.
Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.
4)Vt+O+adv+prep:
Youshouldn1ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.
Weshouldn,tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.
5.形容詞加介詞
about—anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,
particular;sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etc
at—awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,
useless,weak,etc
for—convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etc
from—evidentexempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etc
in—deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etc
of—apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,
dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etc
on—dependent,keen,intent,etc
to—acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf
destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,
related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etc
with—awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,
wrong,etc
V連詞
1.并列連詞
1)表示意義的引申:and,both...and,notonly...but(also),aswellas,and...aswell,neither...nor
2)表示選擇or,either...or
3)表示轉(zhuǎn)折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副詞)
4)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence
2.從屬連詞
1)表示時(shí)間:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once
2)表示原因:because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat
3)表示條件:ifunless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),
4)表示其他關(guān)系:(al)though,than,as/so...as,lest,inorderthat,so...that
VI定語(yǔ)從句
1.限制和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:限制性定語(yǔ)從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個(gè)組成部分,去掉了會(huì)造成病句
或意義不明確;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句屬于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明性質(zhì),去掉了不會(huì)影響主要意義,通常用逗號(hào)與它的先行
詞分開(kāi).
Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.
Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.
如果定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是專(zhuān)有名詞,或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my,his,etc)或形容詞性指示
代詞(this,that,etc)作限定詞,其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常都是非限制性的:
MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.
Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.
Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythe
postgraduates.
在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用who/whom指人用which指物,通常不用that替代
Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.
Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.
2.定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞
1)that,who,whom:非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,如果修飾人,一般用who;有時(shí)用that(作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who較
多).如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ),就應(yīng)當(dāng)用賓格whom或that,但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉,在
口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom.
Hereistheman(whom)you*vebeenlookingfor.
Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.
Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.
TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.
但在介詞后只能用whom:
ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.
但在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去,這時(shí)可用that,但省略時(shí)更多一些.
Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?
Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingabout
ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.
Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.
2)限制性定語(yǔ)從句如果修飾〃物〃,用關(guān)系代詞that的時(shí)候較多,也有時(shí)用which..當(dāng)這個(gè)代詞在從句
中是用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的,特別是口語(yǔ)中(尤其是當(dāng)被修飾的詞是all,everything等
詞時(shí)):
Haveyoueverythingyouneed?
(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?
Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.
在介詞后只能用which,在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去,這時(shí)可以用that,但省略的時(shí)候更多一
些:
Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.
Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.
Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe'vehadsomuchdiscussion.
Thisisthequestion(that)we'vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.
定語(yǔ)從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的,但間或也可以修飾整個(gè)句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引導(dǎo)詞用
which:
a)Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.
Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted
b)Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingand
sleeping.
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.
3)whose:在表示"…的"這個(gè)概念時(shí),可用所有格whose;whose用于指物,有時(shí)可與ofwhich
交替使用,通常的詞序是名詞詞組+Ofwhich:
Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?
Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear,(...thepurposeofwhichwas...)
He*swrittenabookthenameofwhichrvecompletelyforgotten,(...whosenameFve...)
ofwhich前的名詞詞組也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基
數(shù)詞擔(dān)任;這些詞也能用在ofwhom之前.
Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.
It'safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.
4)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why:它們的含義相當(dāng)于atwhich,
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