大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法匯編

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法匯編

I動(dòng)詞（語(yǔ)態(tài)，用法，省略，一致性等）

1.語(yǔ)態(tài)

1）可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類(lèi)型，例如：

Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

擔(dān)當(dāng)besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如：

Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeed

limit（你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制）

2）雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

a）雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)

賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面，但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).

Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

b）賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

3.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1)Vi+adv

Theplanetookofftwohourslate.

2)Vi+prep

TheylookedroundtheCathedral.

3)Vi+prep(有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

She,slookingafterhersister'schildren.

Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

4)Vi+adv+prep

Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

5)Vt+O+adv

Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

Theytookhimon.

6)Vt+adv+O(無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

7)Vt+O+prep

WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

4.省略

1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略：在有些狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)包含有動(dòng)詞be,

主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致a),或者主語(yǔ)是itb),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)

省略掉.

a)Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.

Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit

b)IfnecessaryI'IIhavetheletterduplicated.

Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.

Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

2)在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中，常會(huì)有一些成分省略.

a)Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.

Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

b)Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).

Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.

Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

3)錯(cuò)誤的省略

HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

5.一致

1)如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,more

than等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.

Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

2)代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的一致

a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞，都作單數(shù)看待.

Eachofushassomethingtosay.

Iseverybodyready?

Somebodyisusingthephone.

Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

b)some,few,both,many割乍復(fù)數(shù)

c)some可后接復(fù)數(shù)，也可接單數(shù)，表示某一.

none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，主要看說(shuō)話(huà)人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念，但

none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù)：

Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.

None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

Noneofthisworriesme.

all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe...,mostofthe...),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).

3)由and或both...and連接名詞詞組時(shí)，后用復(fù)數(shù)；由notonly...but(also),either...or,neither...

nor或or連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

如果一個(gè)句子是由there或here引導(dǎo)，而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)，謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致.

Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

4)people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽)，militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).

Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待，主要根據(jù)意思來(lái)決定.

Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.

Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

Theaudiencewasenormous.

Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形，可根據(jù)意思決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)：

Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

5）表示時(shí)間，重量，長(zhǎng)度，價(jià)值等的名詞，盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如果作整體看待，動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式

（當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的）：

Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

6）其他問(wèn)題

a）書(shū)名，國(guó)家名用單數(shù)：

TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

b）名，如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).

c）manya或morethanone所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式：

Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù)thenumberof后接單數(shù)

Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

d)oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句〃結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)

數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one而定,即采用單數(shù)形式：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

n非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

1.不定式

1)形式

主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式

一般式todotobedone

完tohavedonetohavebeendone

進(jìn)行式tobedoing

完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing

a）完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作，通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生,

或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作，在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）之前發(fā)生，就要用不定式的完成

式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.

（比較：Iamgladtoseeyou.）

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

b）進(jìn)行式：如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)

行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven1tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn*texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

c）完成進(jìn)行式：在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.

d)被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式T殳要用被動(dòng)形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Shehatedtobeflattered.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

2)功用：不定式可以作主語(yǔ)(a),賓語(yǔ)(b),表語(yǔ)(c),定語(yǔ)(d)或是狀語(yǔ)(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

3)不帶t。的不定式：

a)在"動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺(jué)意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice

等，或是表示“致使"意義的have,make,let等，其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不帶t。的不定式T殳還原為帶t。的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.

b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,

cannotbut等搭配之后，動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.

fdrathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.

c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfallletfly,letslip,letdrive,letgooflettherebe,hear

say,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

Fveheardtellofhim.

d)在動(dòng)詞help(或help+賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式.

CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?

e)在介詞except,but之后，如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There*snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.

f)連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時(shí)，其后的不定式不帶to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.

出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí)，其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.

g)用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式，如果主語(yǔ)是由"all+關(guān)系分句"，"thing+關(guān)系分句"，"what分句"或"thing

+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)"等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省to,也可以不省.

Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.

4)不定式的其他用法

a)too...to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義：

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.

enough...to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義：

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.

nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時(shí)，不定式一般不表示否定意義:

He*sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.

so...as（t。）這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語(yǔ)：

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.

b）如果要說(shuō)明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的，可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語(yǔ)：

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.

在以某些形容詞（如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,

considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等）作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語(yǔ)，來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指

的是誰(shuí)的情況：

It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

（Itis）Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.

2.V+ing形式（現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞）

1）形式

a）完成式：如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.

Hedidn'tmentionhavingmetme.

Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.

在某些動(dòng)詞后（或成語(yǔ)中），常用（或可以用）動(dòng)名詞的一般形式，盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.

Excusemeforcominglate.

Idon*tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中，表示這動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.

Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.

Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.

另外，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.

Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.

Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.

b）被動(dòng)式：當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.

Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.

Hecouldn7tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.

但要注意，在want,need,deserve,require等動(dòng)詞后，盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思，卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形

式.

Mypenneedsfilling.

Thepointdeservesmentioning.

Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.

在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.

Hermethodisworthtrying.

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.

You'IIfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.

Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn1tverywellrefuse.

Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.

c）完成被動(dòng)式：如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.

Idon*trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.

但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式，而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替，以免句子顯得累贅.

現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式T殳用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.

Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?

Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.

2）句法功用

a)作主語(yǔ)：

Walkingisgoodexercise.

It'snicetalkingtoyou.

Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.

b）作賓語(yǔ):

Yourshoesneedpolishing.

Youmustn1tdelaysendingthetractorsover.

Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.

c)作介詞賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)用的時(shí)候最多.它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z(yǔ)后面，常見(jiàn)的有：insiston,

persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect...ofaccuse...ofcharge...with,hearofapproveof,

prevent...from,keep...from,stop...from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,

dependon,thank...for,feellike,excuse...for,aimat,devote...to,setabout,spend...in,get(be)

usedto,befondof,becapableofbeafraidofbetiredofbesickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,

feel(be)ashamedofbeproudofbekeenon,beresponsiblefor.

d）作表語(yǔ):

Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.

動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ).一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞；在表示具體某

詞動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式.

e)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)

足語(yǔ).

Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.

Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.

Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.

在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞后，及可用現(xiàn)在分詞，也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).用現(xiàn)在分詞

時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.

Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?

Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.

f)作狀語(yǔ)：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作，來(lái)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕?/p>

飾或作為陪襯.

Iranoutofthehouseshouting.

Igothome,feelingverytired.

DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.

現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以用作狀語(yǔ)表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.

Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn*tgetintouchwithher.

Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.

Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn'twanttogotothecinema.

現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于when引起的從句：

Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn1thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.

如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的，多用when或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).

Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.

Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.

ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.

3）前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)：一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞（或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)），來(lái)

表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ).

Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.

Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.

Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?

Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.

如果不是在句子開(kāi)頭，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格（或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格），這比用所有格更自然一些.

Idon'tmindhimgoing.

Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.

4)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leave

off,require,postpone,putoftdelay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,

endure,escape,miss

5)既可用動(dòng)名詞，也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：love,like,hate,disl汰e,begin,start,continue,intend,

attempt,can*tbear;propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can*t

afford等.

有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大，有時(shí)卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等詞后差別是比

較明顯的.

Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.

Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.

Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

IregrettosayIhaven*tgivenyouenoughhelp.

Shedoesnxtwant(need)tocome.

Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.

Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.

Let,strydoingtheworksomeotherway.

6）懸垂修飾：分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).

Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,（walking>we的動(dòng)作，正確）

Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.（錯(cuò)誤）

Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.（正確）

Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.（錯(cuò)誤）

3.分詞

1）意義：過(guò)去分詞通常來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞，帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義；而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞，有的

來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞，通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine

來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ)，能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞，僅表示完成意

義，不表示被動(dòng)意義.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,

departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors

用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分，在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.

2）句法作用

a）作定語(yǔ):distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無(wú)名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊(duì),canned

food罐頭食品,boiledwater開(kāi)水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)

分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ)：simply?furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間，clear-cutanswer明確的答復(fù),

highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝，hand-madegoods手工制

品，man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星

b）作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

make,get,have,keep等表示“致使"意義的動(dòng)詞：

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.

like,want,wish,order等表示希望，要求，命令等意義的動(dòng)詞：

Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon,tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.

c)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)，很多都說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.

過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.

有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.

間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.

偶爾也可用來(lái)代替一個(gè)"讓步”狀語(yǔ)從句.

Picked20yearsayear;itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.

d）獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一.致.但有時(shí)它也可以有

自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱(chēng)為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，T殳表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況.

Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.

有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間：

Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.

表示原因：

Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.

條件：

Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.

m虛擬語(yǔ)氣

1.that從居中：

1)wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:

IwishIwereasstrongasyou.

IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.

IwishIrememberedtheaddress.

Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).

Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.

2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句：

Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.

Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.

Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.

3)itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,it

isimportant,ithasbeendecided等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從句中.

Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek

Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.

4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)

從句：

Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.

2.在某些句型中

1)itistimethat

Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.

Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.

2)asif(though)弓|起的從句：

Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.

Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.

Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.

3)以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)多用should+動(dòng)詞原形)：

Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.

Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.

FIIkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.

4)以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類(lèi)代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)多用may加動(dòng)詞原

形構(gòu)成)：

Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.

Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管發(fā)生什么情況，我們都要干下去.

Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he'sstillagoodpolitician.

我承認(rèn)他年老體衰，然而盡管如此，它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.

3.條件句

1）虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類(lèi):

a）表示現(xiàn)在及將來(lái)情況（表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況）：

謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下（be多用were這個(gè)形式）：

從句主句

過(guò)去式would+動(dòng)詞原形

IfIwereyou,Iwouldn,tloseheart.

Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.

b）表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句（與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)情況），謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下：

從句主句

had+過(guò)去分詞wouldhave+過(guò)去分詞

Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.

IfIhadn'ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,

Youwouldn,thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.

2）有時(shí)候，條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的（如一個(gè)是過(guò)去發(fā)生的，一個(gè)

是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的）.這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整.這種句子可以稱(chēng)為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.

Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.

Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.

3)有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示，而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.

Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.

Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.

Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.

Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.

4)如果條件句從句中包含有were,had,should或could,有時(shí)可把if省略掉，并把were,had,

should或could放在主語(yǔ)前面.

Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.

Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?

Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.

IV介詞

1.合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞

1)合成介詞：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without

2)復(fù)雜介詞：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansofinfront

ofinspiteofinsteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfofowingto,dueto,

togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等

2.介詞在句末:

Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.

Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?

3.名詞加介詞(n+prep)

1)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor

2)某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞：onone,sguard,atone'srequest,inallprobability,tomy

delight

4.動(dòng)詞加介詞

1)Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchupon

2)Vt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等

3)Vi+adv+prep:

Idon'twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.

Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.

You/renottellingmethewholestory.You'reholdingoutonme.

Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.

4)Vt+O+adv+prep:

Youshouldn1ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.

Weshouldn,tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.

5.形容詞加介詞

about—anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,

particular;sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etc

at—awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,

useless,weak,etc

for—convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etc

from—evidentexempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etc

in—deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etc

of—apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,

dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etc

on—dependent,keen,intent,etc

to—acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf

destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,

related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etc

with—awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,

wrong,etc

V連詞

1.并列連詞

1)表示意義的引申：and,both...and,notonly...but(also),aswellas,and...aswell,neither...nor

2)表示選擇or,either...or

3)表示轉(zhuǎn)折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副詞)

4)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence

2.從屬連詞

1)表示時(shí)間:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once

2)表示原因：because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat

3)表示條件:ifunless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),

4)表示其他關(guān)系:(al)though,than,as/so...as,lest,inorderthat,so...that

VI定語(yǔ)從句

1.限制和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：限制性定語(yǔ)從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個(gè)組成部分，去掉了會(huì)造成病句

或意義不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句屬于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明性質(zhì)，去掉了不會(huì)影響主要意義，通常用逗號(hào)與它的先行

詞分開(kāi).

Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.

Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.

如果定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是專(zhuān)有名詞，或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my,his,etc)或形容詞性指示

代詞(this,that,etc)作限定詞，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常都是非限制性的：

MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.

Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.

Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythe

postgraduates.

在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用who/whom指人用which指物，通常不用that替代

Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.

Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.

2.定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞

1)that,who,whom:非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，如果修飾人，一般用who；有時(shí)用that(作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who較

多).如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，就應(yīng)當(dāng)用賓格whom或that,但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉，在

口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom.

Hereistheman(whom)you*vebeenlookingfor.

Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.

Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.

TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.

但在介詞后只能用whom:

ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.

但在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去，這時(shí)可用that,但省略時(shí)更多一些.

Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?

Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingabout

ThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.

Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.

2)限制性定語(yǔ)從句如果修飾〃物〃，用關(guān)系代詞that的時(shí)候較多，也有時(shí)用which..當(dāng)這個(gè)代詞在從句

中是用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的，特別是口語(yǔ)中(尤其是當(dāng)被修飾的詞是all,everything等

詞時(shí))：

Haveyoueverythingyouneed?

(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?

Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.

在介詞后只能用which,在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去，這時(shí)可以用that,但省略的時(shí)候更多一

些：

Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.

Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.

Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe'vehadsomuchdiscussion.

Thisisthequestion(that)we'vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.

定語(yǔ)從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的，但間或也可以修飾整個(gè)句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引導(dǎo)詞用

which:

a)Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.

Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted

b)Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingand

sleeping.

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.

3)whose:在表示"…的"這個(gè)概念時(shí)，可用所有格whose;whose用于指物，有時(shí)可與ofwhich

交替使用，通常的詞序是名詞詞組+Ofwhich:

Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?

Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear,(...thepurposeofwhichwas...)

He*swrittenabookthenameofwhichrvecompletelyforgotten,(...whosenameFve...)

ofwhich前的名詞詞組也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基

數(shù)詞擔(dān)任；這些詞也能用在ofwhom之前.

Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.

It'safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.

4)關(guān)系副詞when,where,why:它們的含義相當(dāng)于atwhich,