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HuazhongAgriculturalUniversityMicrobiologyEnglishEditionCourseware延時(shí)符Contents目錄IntroductiontoMicrobiologyMicrobialCellStructureandFunctionMicrobialMetabolismMicrobialGrowthandControl延時(shí)符Contents目錄MicrobialGeneticsandEvolutionMicrobialApplicationsinAgricultureandBiotechnology延時(shí)符01IntroductiontoMicrobiologyDefinitionMicroorganismsaretinylivingorganismsthatareinvisibletothenakedeyeTheyincludebacteria,viruses,fungi,algae,andprotozooaCharacteristicsMicroorganismsarecommonlyunicoellarandlakecomplexissuesandorgansTheycansurviveinawiderangeofenvironments,fromextremeheatandcoldtohighpressureandsaltconcentrationDefinitionandCharacteristicsofMicroorganismsBacteriaaresinglecelledmicroorganismsthatlakeanucleusandotherorganellesTheyarethemostabundantmicroorganismsonEarthandplayimportantrolesinbothhumanhealthanddiseaseVirusesareevensmallerthanbacteriaandconsistencyofaproteinshellcalledacapsidandgeneticmaterial(DNAorRNA)TheycanonlyreplicateinsidelivingcellsandareresponsibleformanyhumanandanimaldiseasesFungiareeucaryoticmicroorganismsthatincludeyears,molds,androomsTheyplayimportantrolesincomposition,nutrientcycling,andfoodproductionBacteriaVirusesFungiClassificationofMicroorganismsClassificationofMicroorganismsAlgaearephotosyntheticeukaryoticmicroorganismsthatcanbefoundinbothfreshwaterandmarineenvironmentsSomealgaeareusedintheproductionoffood,fuel,andotherproductsAlgaeProtozooaaresinglecelledeucaryoticmicroorganismsthatcanmoveusingpseudopodsorciliaTheyarefoundinaquaticandsoilenvironmentsandsomespecificationsareparametersofhumansorotheranimalsProtozooaImportanceofMicroorganismsinBiologicalandAgriculturalSciencesBiotechnology:Microorganismsareusedinbiotechnologytoproducearangeofproducts,includingantibiotics,enzymes,vaccines,andbiofuelsAgriculture:Microorganismsplayimportantrolesinsoilfertility,plantgrowth,andpestcontrolTheyalsohelpinthecompositionoforganicmatterandthecyclingofnutrientsEnvironmentalProtection:Microorganismsareresponsibleforthecompositionofwasteandpollutants,sohelpingtocleanuptheenvironmentAnimalHusbandry:MicroorganismscanbeusedasprobioticstoimproveanimalhealthandproductionefficiencyTheyalsoplayimportantrolesinthedigestionandnutritionofanimals延時(shí)符02MicrobialCellStructureandFunction輸入標(biāo)題02010403ProkaryoticCellsProkaryotesareunicellularorganizationsthatlakeamembraneboundnucleusandotherinternalorganizationsTheyarethesmallestofthetwodomainsoflifeandincludebacteriaandarcheaProkaryotesarefurtherclassifiedaseitherGrampositiveorGramnegativebasedontheircellwallstructureandholdingpropertiesTheytypicallyhaveacircularDNAmoleculethatisnotcomputedwithinanucleusTheyhaveamoreintegratedcellstructurecomparedtoprocaryotes,includingmitochondria,chloroplasts,andGolgiapparatusEukaryotesarefurtherdividedintoseveralkingdoms,includinganimals,plants,fungi,andpropertiesEukaryotesaremorecomplexunilateralorganizationsthatposeamembraneboundnucleusandotherinternalorganizationsEukaryoticCellsThecellenvelopeistheoutermostlayerofacellandconsistencyoftheplasmamembraneandcellwallThecellwallisarigidstructurethatprovidesmechanicalsupportandprotectiontothecellInprocaryotes,thecellwalliscomposedofpeptidoglycan,whileeucaryoticcellsmayhaveacellbasedcellwallorlakeacellwallentirelyCellEnvelopeandCellWallCellmembersaresemimeasurablelivebillsthatregulatetheflowofmaterialsintoandoutofthecellTheyareconsistentofphospholipids,proteins,andcarbohydratesCellorganellesaremembraneboundstructureswithinthecellthatperformspecificfunctionsessentialforlifeprocesses010203CellMembranesandCellOrganelles延時(shí)符03MicrobialMetabolismCatabolismandAnabolismCatabolismThebreakdownofcomplexmoleculesintosimplerones,releasingenergyAnabolismThebiosynthesisofcomplexmoleculesfromsimpleones,consultingenergyAutomotiveMetabolismMicroorganismsthatcansynthesizetheirownorganiccompoundsfrominorganicsubstratesHeterotrophicMetabolismMicroorganismsthatrequireorganicsubstancesastheirsourceofcarbonandenergyAutomotiveandHeterotrophicMetabolismTheprocessofgrowingmicroorganismsinacontrolledenvironmentCultivationTheprocessofcellularresponse,whichreleasesenergyfromthebreakdownoforganicmatterResponseCultivationandRespiration延時(shí)符04MicrobialGrowthandControlVSMicroorganismshavetheabilitytomultipleandgrowinsuitableconditionsTheprocessofmicrobialgrowthincludesdifferentstagessuchaslagphase,exponentialphase,seasonalphase,anddeclinephaseCellDivisionMicrobialcellsdividethroughbinarysession,multiplesessions,orpaddingTheprocessofcelldivisionensuresthereproductionandpromotionofmicroorganismsMicrobialGrowthMicrobialGrowthandDevelopmentTemperatureisoneofthemostimportantfactorsthataffectmicrobialgrowthHighorlowtemperaturescaneffectivelycontrolmicrobialgrowthbyeitherinhibitingorkillingmicroorganismsThepHvalueoftheenvironmentcanalsoaffectmicrobialgrowthAcademicoralkalineconditionscaninhibitorpromotemicrobialgrowth,dependingonthemicrostructureanditstolerancetopHTemperatureControlPHControlControlofMicrobialGrowthSterilizationSterilizationisaprocessthatdestroysalllivingmicroorganismsinanobjectorenvironment,includingbacteria,viruses,fungi,andsporesItiscurrentlyachievedbyheattreatment,radiation,ortheuseofdefects要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二PasteurizationPasteurizationisaprocessthatdestroysharmfulmicroorganismsinfoodorbeverageswhilepreservingthefood'squalityandsafetyItiscurrentlyachievedbyheatingthefoodorbeveragestoatemperaturethatishighenoughtokillpathogenicmicroorganismsbutnothighenoughtoaltertheirorganicpropertiesSterilizationandPasteurization延時(shí)符05MicrobialGeneticsandEvolutionMicrobialGenomeStructureandOrganizationSummary:Thissectionfocusesonthestructureandorganizationofmicrobialgenes,includingthedifferencesbetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticmicroorganismsDetailsMicrobialgenesencodegenesthatencodeproteinsinvolvedinvariouscellularfunctions,suchasmetabolism,celldivision,andreproductionHorizontalgenetransfer,geneduplication,andgenelossarecommongeneticeventsinmicrobialevolutionProkaryoticgenesaregenerallysmallandsimple,withcircularDNAmolecules,whileeukaryoticmicroorganismshavelarger,morecomplexgeneswithlinearDNAMicrobialGenomeStructureandOrganizationGeneticRecognitionandMutationSummary:Thissectioncoversgeneticrecognition,mutation,andtheroleoftheseprocessesinmicrobialevolutionDetailsGeneticrecognitionistheprocessbywhichmicroorganismsidentifyandrespondtochangesintheirenvironment,suchasthepresenceofantibioticsorchangesintemperatureorpHMutationisageneticchangethatoccursduringDNAreplicationorrepair,leadingtochangesinthenucleotidesequenceofthegenomeMutationscanbebeneficial,neutral,orharshtothemicrobiology,andcanleadtoadaptiveevolutioninresponsetoenvironmentalchangesGeneticRecognitionandMutationSummary:Thissectionexplorestherelationshipbetweenmicrobialevolutionandtaxation,includingtheclassificationandidentificationofmicroorganismsMicrobialEvolutionandTaxonomyMicrobialEvolutionandTaxonomyDetailsTaxonomyisthescienceofclassificationandnamingorganizationsbasedontheirevolutionaryrelationshipsMicrobialtaxationoftendependsongeneticsequenceanalysistodeterminephysiologicalrelationshipsandidentifynewspecificationsorgeneralMicrobialevolutionisimportantinunderstandingtheemergenceofnewdiseases,thedevelopmentofantimicrobialresistance,andthebiogeochemicalcyclesthatshapeEarth'senvironment延時(shí)符06MicrobialApplicationsinAgricultureandBiotechnologyBiocontrolAgentsandBiopoliciesBiocontrolagentsNaturalenergies:Useofpredictors,parasitoids,andpathogenstocontrolpestsCompetition:Useoffastgrowingorsuperiorcompetitorstoexcludeorreducepestpopu
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