閱讀理解的結(jié)構(gòu)化整理（說(shuō)明文1）-學(xué)生版

閱讀理解的結(jié)構(gòu)化整理（說(shuō)明文1）一、說(shuō)明文結(jié)構(gòu)1.總分式（1）總分（無(wú)結(jié)尾）：《蘇州園林》（2）總分總：《故宮博物館》（3）分總2.并列式文章沒(méi)有主次輕重之分：《論讀書(shū)》，三個(gè)部分分別談到了讀書(shū)的目的、讀書(shū)的方法、讀書(shū)的好處。3.連貫式各層之間按照事物發(fā)展過(guò)程安排層次，（時(shí)間為線索）前后互相承接。4.遞進(jìn)式各層之間的關(guān)系是由淺入深、由表及里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)。各層之間的關(guān)系是遞進(jìn)的。如《向沙漠進(jìn)軍》。遞進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的主要形式有：①現(xiàn)象——本質(zhì)；②特點(diǎn)——用途；③原因——結(jié)果；④整體——部分；⑤主要——次要；⑥概括——具體。二、說(shuō)明一項(xiàng)發(fā)明或發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)分析典例分析（2022·吉林·東北師范大學(xué)）Ajointresearchteamrecentlyhavedevelopedanewelectronicskinthatissimilartohumanskininstrength,durabilityandsensitivity.Theskinoreskinmayplayanimportantroleinnextgenerationpersonalizedmedicine,softroboticsandartificialintelligence.“Theidealeskinwillmimic(模仿)themanynaturalfunctionsofhumanskin,suchassensingtemperatureandtouch,accuratelyandinrealtime,”saysleadingresearcherYichenCai.However,makingsuitablyflexibleelectronicsthatcanperformsuchdelicatetaskswhilealsousedrepeatedlyischallenging,andeachmaterialinvolvedmustbecarefullyengineered.Mosteskinsaremadebyputtinganactivesensoronthesurfacethatattachestohumanskin.However,theconnectionbetweenthemisoftentooweak,whichreducesthedurabilityandsensitivityofthematerial;otherwise,ifitistoostrong,itwon’tbeflexibleenough,makingitmorelikelytobreakthecircuit.“Thelandscapeofskinelectronicskeepsshiftingataremarkablepace,”saysCai.“Thediscoveryof2Dsensorshasacceleratedeffortstoturnthesequitethinbutstrongmaterialsintofunctional,durableartificialskins.”Thenewmanmadeskinbuiltbytheresearcherscouldsenseobjectsfrom20centimetersaway.Itcouldfurthermakeaquickresponsewhentouchedinlessthanonetenthofasecond.“Itisastrikingachievementforaneskintomaintaintoughnessafterrepeateduse,”saidShen,“whichmimicsthesoftnessandrapidrecoveryofhumanskin.”Thistypeofeskincouldmonitorarangeofbiologicalinformation,suchaschangesinbloodpressure,whichcanbedetectedfrommovementsofarmsandlegs.ThisdatacanthenbesharedandstoredonthecloudviaWiFi.“Oneremainingproblemtothewidespreaduseofeskinsliesinmassproductionofhighresolutionsensors,”addsgroupleaderVincentTung,“however,thelatesttechnologyoffersnewpromise.”（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：（6）第六段：（7）第七段：1．What’sthefeatureoftheneweskin?A．It’sflexibleandsensitive. B．Itisalmostthesameashumanskin.C．Ithasfragileelectronics. D．IthasprovedimportantinareaslikeAI.2．Whatcantheneweskindo？A．Itcanrapidlyreacttotouches. B．Itcanchangehuman’sbloodpressure.C．Itcanhealthewoundedskinquickly. D．Itcanadjusthuman'stemperature.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“striking”inparagraph5probablymean？A．Slight. B．Noticeable. C．Wellknown. D．Insignificant.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ABreakthroughinHighTechnology B．ManmadeSkinImprovedC．Eskin,aPromisingBusiness D．TheWideSpreadUseofEskin實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練（一）（2022·四川·成都外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)校）Happinessisnotawarmphone,accordingtoanewstudyexploringthelinkbetweenyounglifesatisfactionandscreentime.ThestudywasledbyprofessorofpsychologyJeanM.TwengeatSanDiegoStateUniversity(SDSU).Toresearchthislink,Twenge,alongwithcolleaguesGabrielleMartinatSDSUandW.KeithCampbellattheUniversityofGeorgia,dealtwithdatafromtheMonitoringtheFuture(MtF)study,anationallyrepresentativesurveyofmorethanamillionU.S.8th,10th,and12thgraders.ThesurveyaskedstudentsquestionsabouthowoftentheyspenttimeontheirPhones,tabletsandputers,aswellasquestionsabouttheirfacetofacesocialinteractionsandtheiroverallhappiness.Onaveragefoundthatteenswhospentmoretimeinfrontofscreendevices—playingputergames,usingsocialmedia,textingandvideochatting—werelesshappythanthosewhoinvestedmoretimeinnonscreenactivitieslikesports,readingnewspapersandmagazines,andfacetofacesocialinteractions."Thekeytodigitalmediauseandhappinessislimiteduse,"Twengesaid."Aimtospendnomorethantwohoursadayondigitalmedia,andtrytoincreasetheamountoftimeyouspendseeingfriendsfacetofaceandexercising—twoactivitiesreliablylinkedtogreaterhappiness."Lookingathistoricaltrendsfromthesameagegroupssincethe1990s,it'seasytofindthattheincreaseofscreendevicesovertimehappenedatthesametimeasageneraldropoffinreportedhappinessinU.S.teens.Specifically,youngpeopledlifesatisfactionandhappinessdeclinedsharplyafter2012.That'stheyearwhenthepercentageofAmericanswhoownedasmartphoneroseabove50percent.Byfarthelargestchangeinteens'livesbetween2012and2016wastheincreaseintheamountoftimetheyspentondigitalmedia,andthefollowingdeclineininpersonsocialactivitiesandsleep.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：1．WhichmethoddidTwenge'steamuseforthestudy?A．Calculatingstudents'happiness.B．Askingstudentscertainquestions.C．Analyzingdatafromasurvey.D．Doingexperimentsonscreentime.2．Howdoestheauthordevelopthefindingofthestudyinparagraph3?A．Bymakingaparison. B．Bygivinganexample.C．Bymakinganargument. D．Byintroducingaconcept.3．Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A．Todrawaconclusionfromthestudy.B．Tooffersomeadvicetothereaders.C．Toprovesocialactivities'importance.D．Tosupporttheresearchers'finding.4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．QuittingPhonesEqualsHappinessB．ScreenTimeShouldBeBannedC．Teens'LivesHaveChangedSharplyD．ScreenaddictedTeensAreUnhappier（二）（2022·江蘇·南京一模）Virtualrealtycanimprovebrainactivitythatmaybecrucialforleaning,memoryandeventreatingAlzheimer’s,astudyonratshasfound.Aftermonitoringtherats’brainactivity,researchersfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaLosAngelesdiscoveredelectricalactivityinaregionknownasthehippocampusneurons(海馬體神經(jīng)元)differeddependingonwhethertheratswereplacedinrealworldorVRenvironments.Thenewfindingsaresignificantasthehippocampusisaprimarydriveroflearningandmemoryinthebrain.Whenratswalkaroundinreallife,electricalactivityinthehippocampusappearstosynchronize(同步發(fā)生)atarateofeightheartbeatspersecond.Heartbeatsatthisfrequencyaregenerallyknownas“theta(?)waves”,withstronger?wavesseemingtoimprovethebrain'sabilitytolearnandkeepsensoryinformation.WhenplacedinaVRenvironment,therat’s?wavesbecamestronger.“Itturnsoutthatamazingthingshappenwhentheratisinvirtualreality”saidProfMayankMehtafromUCLA．ThescientistsalsofoundthatVRenvironmentscouldchangedifferentelectricalrhythms(節(jié)律)indifferentpartsoftheneurons,whichindicatesthatscientistsmaybeabletocontrolhumanbrainrhythms.“Thisisanewtechnologythathasgreatpotential,”Mehtasaid.ThestudyalsoindicateswhyVRmaystimulatetheseuniquebrainwaves.Abigpartofit,Mehtaputs,maybedowntotheverydifferentsetofstimulipresentedinVR.Imaginethatyou’reapproachingadoorwayinreallife.Youreyesseethedoorgettinglarger.Buthowdoyouknowthatyou’removingforwardandthedoorisn’tingtoyou?Theansweristhatyourbrainusesinformationsuchastheaccelerationofyourheadthroughspaceortheshiftofweightfromonefoottotheother－informationthatmaynotbepresentduringaVRexperience.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：（6）第六段：1．Accordingtothepassage,whyarethenewfindingsimportant?A．VR’scontributionstoleaninghavefinallybeenidentified.B．VRcanaffectelectricalactivityinthehippocampusneurons.C．VRproducesthesameeffectsonbrainsasrealenvironments.D．VRislikelytobeeanotherdriverforlearningandmemory.2．Whatcanwelearnabout?waves?A．Theydon’trespondtodifferentbrainrhythms.B．Theyremainstableindifferentenvironments.C．Theyaffecthowhumanperceiveknowledge.D．Theyhavelittletodowiththerateofheartbeats.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph5referto?A．Thepotentialofthenewtechnology.B．Thecontrolofhumanbrainrhythms.C．Thechangeindifferentpartsofneurons.D．Thestimulationoftheuniquebrainwaves.4．HowdoestheauthorintroduceVR’sdifferentsetofstimuli?A．Byconductingfurthertestsonrats. B．Byparingdifferentenvironments.C．Byprovidingadetailedanalysis D．ByexplainingthetheoryofVR.（三）（2022·貴州貴陽(yáng)·五校聯(lián)考）Sometimesmaybeyoutakevitaminstosupportbrainfunction,orstockuponfoodsthatpromotebrainhealth.Butnewguidelines(指南)fromtheAmericanAcademyofNeurologysuggesttherearebetterthingsyoucandotokeepyourmindsharp.AccordingtotheAAN,oneinfouradultsbetweentheagesof80and84havemildcognitiveimpairment.Toaddressthiswidespreadproblem,agroupofneurologistsandAlzheimer’s(阿爾茲海默癥的)expertswentthroughexistingresearchtodeterminethebestwaystopreventandtreatcognitivedeclineandyoumightbesurprisedbywhattheyincludedandwhattheydidn’t.Surprisingly,theAANguidelinesdonotincludeanymedication(藥物)ordietaryremendations.Theauthorsstressthatnohighqualitylongtermstudiesfindingthatfoodordrugscanhelpwithcognitivedecline.Theguidelinesalsosaydoctorsmayconsiderremendingcognitivetrainingtopatientswithmemoryloss,butnottorelyonit.Sofar,thereport’sauthorssaytheevidenceistooinconclusivetosayforsureifbrainexercises,likememoryandattentiontrainingorproblemsolvingforeverydayissuesassociatedwithmemoryloss,arebeneficial.Still,thesemorningbrainexercisescan’tdoanyharm.Buttherewasonebigdiscoveryfromthenewguidelines:exercisingjusttwiceaweekcouldimprovecognitivedecline.Onestudyshowedadultswithmildcognitiveimpairmentwhodidresistancetrainingtwiceaweekscoredbetteronexecutivefunctionandassociative(聯(lián)想的)memoryteststhanagroupthatworkedonbalancing,stretching,andrelaxing.What’smore,anotherstudyhadolderadultsattendeitherbiweeklyhealthclassesorsessionsofaerobics,strengthtrainingbalanceexercises,andmultitaskingtraining.Sixmonthslater,theoneswho’dexercisedregularlyscoredbetteroncognitivehealthandmemorytests,plushadlessbrainshrinkage.TheAANnowremendsthatdoctorstellpatientswithmemorylosstoexercisetwiceaweektokeeptheirmindsclear.Ifyouwanttoimproveyourmemory,thisisthebesttimetoexercise.Itlookslikeyou’vegotjustonemorereasontocleartimeinyourscheduleforaworkoutevenifit’sonlyontheweekends.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：（6）第六段：1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“impairment”inParagraph2referto?A．Decline. B．Error. C．Development. D．Presence2．ANNmaybeuncertainabout__________.A．strengthtraining B．resistancetrainingC．brainexercise D．exercisestwiceaweek3．Whichofthefollowingmaytheauthoragreewith?A．Patientswithmemorylosscanrelyoncognitivetraining.B．Stockinguponvitaminssupportingbrainpowermeansnothing.C．MedicationisofsignificanceintheAANguidelines.D．TheAANguidelinesattachimportancetoexercise.4．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Exercise. B．Entertainment. C．Health. D．Science.（四）（2022·河南·鄭州）Starch(淀粉)isthemainponentofflour,riceandcornamongothers,whilecarbondioxidemakesupthevastmajorityofgreenhousegases.Oneday,humansmaybeableto“eat”carbondioxide,andglobalwarmingcouldbe“eatenaway”bycarbonlovers.Althoughitsoundswild,thedayising.Chinesescientistshavecreatedstarchusingcarbondioxide,hydrogenandelectricity,accordingtoastudypublishedinScienceinSeptember,2021.“Plantscreatestarchthroughphotosynthesis(光合作用),whichisaplexandinefficient(效率低得)process,”MaYanhe,thedirectoroftheTianjinInstituteofIndustrialBiotechnologyoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,toldChinaDaily.Headdedthatitwouldtakeaplantabout60stepstoturncarbondioxide,waterandsunlightintostarch.“Ourbreakthroughshowsthatmakingstarchisachievableinalab.Thismethodmakesitpossibletoproducefoodinfactoriesandtherearemanyindustriesthatcanbenefitfromthistechnology,”MatoldChinaDaily.Theteamhasbeenworkingontheprocessfor6years.“Thefirststepofthemethodistoconvertcarbondioxideandhydrogenintomethanol(甲醇),whichisamolecule(分子)thatcontainsasinglecarbonatom,”CaiTao,oneofthefirstauthorsofthestudy,toldChinaDaily.Scientiststhenpiecethesesinglecarbonmoleculesintobiggerandmoreplexmolecules.Withthehelpofsuperputing,Chinesescientistshavesimplifiedthenaturalstarchmakingproce