04Unit4單元話題閱讀精練(閱讀理解15篇七選五5篇)(譯林版2020)

Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld(譯林版2020必修第三冊(cè))單元話題閱讀精練(閱讀理解15篇+七選五5篇)I.閱讀理解A(2023上·黑龍江雞西·高一密山市第一中學(xué)?？计谥?Inspirationalideashaveahabitofstrikinginthemostunforeseenplaces.Forexample,dreamsoperateonthelevelofstories,makingthemprimarysourcesofideasandinspirations.Thefollowingarefourgreatideascreatedfromdreams.EliasHowe’ssewingmachineIn1895,EliasHowewasstrugglingwiththeneedle(針)design.Onenight,hehadadreamthatsomepeopleonanunknownislandcaughthimandwerepreparingtoturnhimintoameal.Theyweredancingaroundwavingtheirspears(矛)intheair,andthenhesawit.Thespearshadholesatthetip.Ithelpedhimsolvehisproblem.Einstein’stheoryofrelativityInhisdream,AlbertEinsteinwastalkingtoafarmerwhowastellinghimaboutthefenced(被圍住的)cows.However,thefarmersawsomethingdifferentfromhim.Whenwakingup,herealizedthatasimilareventcouldbedifferentfromadifferentpointofview.Throughthis,thetheoryofrelativityslowlybegantofallintoplace.Beatles’hitsongYesterdayYesterdaybythefamousbandBeatlesisoneofthemostcoveredsongsinhistory.Itallcametooneofthebandmembers,PaulMcCartney,inadream.Onenightin1963hesuddenlywokeupwithatune(曲調(diào))inhishead.Hegotupandstartedplayingthenotesuntilthesongcameintobeing.TheperiodictableWhileinhismidthirties,DmitriMendeleev,aknownRussianchemist,wasstrugglingtoplace56knownelementsonaperiodictable.Thenonenightinadream,hesawatablewhereallaspectsfellintoplaceascalledfor.Whenhewokeup,hewroteitdownonapieceofpaper.1.WhatinspiredEliasHowetodesigntheneedleofsewingmachines?A.Spearswithholesatthetip. B.Abigmealhehadinhisdream.C.Atalkwiththepeopletrappinghim. D.Thedancingmovesofsomestrangers.2.Whichofthefollowingwasinspiredbyadreamwhichincludedafarmer?A.Thesewingmachine. B.Thetheoryofrelativity.C.ThesongYesterday. D.Theperiodictable.3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthefourstories?A.Adreamcanbeawishthatyourheartmakes.B.monpeoplecanalsohavegreatcreations.C.Clevermindsneverstopthinkingintheirlives.D.Greatideassometimesariseinanunexpectedway.【答案】1.A2.B3.D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了四個(gè)做夢(mèng)啟發(fā)的偉大發(fā)明。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)EliasHowe’ssewingmachine中“Thespearshadholesatthetip.Ithelpedhimsolvehisproblem.(矛的尖端有洞。這幫他解決了問題)”可知，那些尖端上有洞的長矛給了EliasHowe設(shè)計(jì)針的靈感。故選A項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Einstein’stheoryofrelativity中“Inhisdream,AlbertEinsteinwastalkingtoafarmerwhowastellinghimaboutthefenced(被圍住的)cows.However,thefarmersawsomethingdifferentfromhim.Whenwakingup,herealizedthatasimilareventcouldbedifferentfromadifferentpointofview.Throughthis,thetheoryofrelativityslowlybegantofallintoplace.(在他的夢(mèng)里，阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦正在和一個(gè)農(nóng)夫談話，農(nóng)夫正在給他講圍欄里的奶牛。然而，農(nóng)夫從他身上看到了一些不同的東西。醒來后，他意識(shí)到，從不同的角度來看，類似的事件可能會(huì)有所不同。通過這一過程，相對(duì)論開始慢慢成形)”可知，愛因斯坦夢(mèng)中的那個(gè)農(nóng)民讓其意識(shí)到，從不同的角度來看，類似的事件可能會(huì)有所不同，這促成了相對(duì)論的形成。故選B項(xiàng)。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Inspirationalideashaveahabitofstrikinginthemostunforeseenplaces.Forexample,dreamsoperateonthelevelofstories,makingthemprimarysourcesofideasandinspirations.Thefollowingarefourgreatideascreatedfromdreams.(鼓舞人心的想法總是在最意想不到的地方出現(xiàn)。例如，夢(mèng)在故事的層面上運(yùn)作，使它們成為想法和靈感的主要來源。下面是四個(gè)從夢(mèng)中產(chǎn)生的偉大想法)”并結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容例子，這篇文章通過四個(gè)實(shí)例說明偉大的想法有時(shí)會(huì)以出人意料的方式出現(xiàn)。故選D項(xiàng)。B(2023上·北京·高一北京市第九中學(xué)?？奸_學(xué)考試)Muchoftoday’sscienceofphysicsisbasedonNewton’sdiscoveryofthethreelawsofmotion(運(yùn)動(dòng))andhistheoryofgravity(重力).Newtonalsodevelopedoneofthemostpowerfultoolsofmathematics.IsaacNewtonwasborninWoolsThorpe,England,onDec25,1642.Hewasbornearly.Hewasasmallbabyandveryweak.Nooneexpectedhimtosurvive.Buthesurprisedeveryone.Newton’sfatherdiedbeforehewasborn.Theboywasnotagoodstudent.Yethelikedtomakethings,suchaskitesandclocksandsimplemachines.Newtonalsoenjoyedfindingnewwaystoanswerquestionsorsolveproblems.Asaboy,forexample,hedecidedtofindawaytomeasurethespeedofthewind.Onawindyday,hemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindatthisback.Thenhemeasuredhowfarhecouldjumpwiththewindinhisface.Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwojumps,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.Itsoonbecameclear,however,thattheboywasnotagoodfarmer.Hespenthistimesolvingmathematicalproblems,insteadoftakingcareofthecrops.Hespenthoursvisitingabookstoreinthetown,insteadofsellinghisvegetablesinthemarket.NewtonbecameastudentofCambridgeUniversity.TheleadingEnglishpoetofNewton’stime,AlexanderPope,honoredthescientistwiththesewords,“Natureandnature’slawslayhidinnight.Godsaid,‘LetNewtonbe!’andallwaslight.”4.Everyonewas__________whenNewtonsurvivedfromtheweaknessatlast.A.happy B.angry C.surprised D.interested5.From__________,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.A.takingcareofthecropsB.sellinghisvegetablesinthemarketC.thedifferencebetweenthetwojumpsD.makingthings,suchaskitesandsimplemachines6.WhenIsaacwasaboy,he__________.A.likedtomakethingsB.spenthistimetakingcareofthecropsC.enjoyedfindingnewwaystomakethingsD.spenthourssellinghisvegetablesinthemarket【答案】4.C5.C6.A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹了著名科學(xué)家牛頓童年和青年時(shí)期的經(jīng)歷，以及他獲得的主要成就和評(píng)價(jià)。4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Hewasbornearly.Hewasasmallbabyandveryweak.Nooneexpectedhimtosurvive.Buthesurprisedeveryone.(他出生得很早。他是一個(gè)很小的嬰兒，非常虛弱。沒人指望他能活下來。但他讓所有人都大吃一驚)”可知，當(dāng)牛頓最終從虛弱中活下來時(shí)，每個(gè)人都感到驚訝。故選C項(xiàng)。5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwojumps,hemadehisownmeasureofthestrengthofthewind.(根據(jù)兩跳之間的不同，他自己測(cè)出了風(fēng)力)”可知，牛頓是根據(jù)兩跳之間的不同測(cè)出了風(fēng)力。故選C項(xiàng)。6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Theboywasnotagoodstudent.Yethelikedtomakethings,suchaskitesandclocksandsimplemachines.(這個(gè)男孩不是一個(gè)好學(xué)生。但他喜歡做一些東西，比如風(fēng)箏、時(shí)鐘和簡單的機(jī)器)”可知，當(dāng)牛頓還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，他喜歡制作東西。故選A項(xiàng)。C(2023上·安徽蕪湖·高一蕪湖一中?？计谥?Throughouthumanhistory,thereisabottomlesswellofpeoplewhomadegreatcontributionssothatwecannowenjoyabetterlife.Thefollowingare,justfourofthosegreatminds.JosephLister(1827—1912)Englishsurgeon(外科醫(yī)生).Listerpioneeredtheuseofantiseptic(防腐的)andantisepticsurgerywhichgreatlyimprovedsurvivalratesfrommajorsurgery.Forthis,heisoftenreferredtoasthefatherofmodernsurgeryashisuseofantisepticgreatlyincreasedthekindsofoperationsthatcouldbecarriedout.MaximilianBircherBenner(1867—1939)BircherBennerwasapioneeringSwissphysicianandnutritionist.Headvocatedtheeatingofrawfruitandvegetablesanddiscouragedeatingmeatandheavilyprocessedfoods.Althoughhewasquestionedbythescientificestablishment,hishealthyeatingideastookoffandhelpedcreateadietofprocessedbread,meatandcarbs(碳水化合物).Thehealthyeatingtrendsheestablishedhavecontinuedtogrowinpopularitywithmorescientificresearchshowingthehealthbenefitsofsuchadiet.Paracelsus(1493—1541)SwissGermanphysicianandleadinghealthreformer.Paracelsusfoundedthedisciplineoftoxicology(毒理學(xué))andpioneeredtheuseofchemicalsintreatingpatients.Heemphasizedpracticalexperience.Hewasalsooneofthefirstdoctorstonoteillnesscanbepsychologicalinnature.PeterMansfield(1933—2017)EnglishphysicistwhowithPeterLauterburhelpedtodevelopmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)whichgetsdoctorstoseeinsideapatient’sbodywithoutneedingtocutitopen.WithMRI,doctorscanseefarmorethanwithxray,whichislimitedtobones.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinMedicinein2003.7.WhatisMaximilianBircherBenner’scontribution?A.Hediscoveredxray.B.Hesetupahealthyeatingtrend.C.Heimprovedsurvivalratesofoperation.D.Hedidexperimentswithchemicalstotreatdiseases.8.WhoinventedMRItogivedoctorsmoreinformationofapatient’sbody?A.JosephLister. B.MaximilianBircherBenner.C.Paracelsus. D.PeterMansfield.9.Whatdothefourpeoplehaveinmon?A.TheyallreceivedNobelPrize.B.TheywereallborninSwitzerland.C.Theyallmadecontributionstotreatingpatients.D.Theyallhelpedtomakepeopleliveabetterlife.【答案】7.B8.D9.D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章介紹了為人類可以享受更好生活做出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的四個(gè)偉大人物。7.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)MaximilianBircherBenner部分中“Althoughhewasquestionedbythescientificestablishment,hishealthyeatingideastookoffandhelpedcreateadietofprocessedbread,meatandcarbs(碳水化合物).Thehealthyeatingtrendsheestablishedhavecontinuedtogrowinpopularitywithmorescientificresearchshowingthehealthbenefitsofsuchadiet.(盡管他受到了科學(xué)界的質(zhì)疑，但他的健康飲食理念得到了普及，并幫助創(chuàng)造了一種由加工面包、肉類和碳水化合物組成的飲食。隨著越來越多的科學(xué)研究表明這種飲食對(duì)健康的好處，他所建立的健康飲食趨勢(shì)繼續(xù)受到歡迎。)”可知，BircherBenner的貢獻(xiàn)在于他樹立了健康飲食的風(fēng)尚。故選B。8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)PeterMansfield部分中“EnglishphysicistwhowithPeterLauterburhelpedtodevelopmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)whichgetsdoctorstoseeinsideapatient’sbodywithoutneedingtocutitopen.(英國物理學(xué)家PeterMansfield他與彼得·勞特伯幫助開發(fā)了磁共振成像(MRI)，使醫(yī)生無需切開就能看到病人體內(nèi)的情況。)”可知，PeterMansfield與彼得·勞特伯幫助開發(fā)了磁共振成像(MRI)，使醫(yī)生無需切開就能看到病人體內(nèi)的情況。故選D。9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Throughouthumanhistory,thereisabottomlesswellofpeoplewhomadegreatcontributionssothatwecannowenjoyabetterlife.Thefollowingare,justfourofthosegreatminds.(在整個(gè)人類歷史上，有無數(shù)的人做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)，所以我們現(xiàn)在可以享受更好的生活。以下是其中的四位偉人。)”可知，文章介紹的是為人類可以享受更好生活做出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的四個(gè)偉大人物，故這四個(gè)人物的共通之處在于他們?yōu)榱巳祟惪梢韵硎芨玫纳钭龀隽私艹鲐暙I(xiàn)。故選D。D(2023上·江蘇·高一校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))StephanieLouiseKwolekwasborninthesmalltownofNewKensington,Pennsylvania,in1923.HerparentswereimmigrantsfromPoland.Stephanie’sschoolwassosmallthattwogradesweretaughtinoneclassroom.Shewasanexcellentreaderwithagreatmemory.Shewasalsoverygoodatmath.Theolderkidsinherclassgotannoyedwhensheknewanswersthattheydidn’t.Stephanie’sloveoflearningcamefromherfather.Everynightwhenhecamehomefromwork,hesatandreadabookornewspaper.HeencouragedStephanietoexplorethegreatoutdoors.Together,theyoftenwalkedinthewoods,collectingleaves,flowers,andseeds.Stephanie’smother,aseamstress(女裁縫),inspiredStephanie’screativity.Shecopiedhermother’spatternstomakecostumesforpaperdolls.Sometimes,sheusedthesewingmachinewhenhermotherwasn’tlooking.Stephanielikedworkingwithfabric(織物),andshewasgoodatit.Shethoughtaboutacareerinfashiondesign.AsStephaniegrewolder,shedecidedshewantedtousesciencetohelppeopleanddecidedtobeeadoctor.Shestudiedchemistryincollege,butwhenshegraduated,shecouldn’taffordtogotothemedicalschool.Instead,shegotajobasachemistattheDuPontpanytoearnhertuitionfees.Thejobwassupposedtobetemporary,butStephaniefellinlovewithitandneverlookedback.HerworkatDuPontbinedherchildhoodloveofscienceandfabricwithherinterestinhelpingpeopleandsolvingproblems,andhercreationswouldchangetheworld.AtDuPont,StephanieinventedKevlarfiber.It’sfivetimesstrongerthansteel.Kevlarfiberisnowusedinmorethan200products,includingspacecraftandbulletproofvest(防彈衣).Stephanie’sinventionhassavedcountlesslives.Shespentherliferesearchingandteachingpeopleaboutherwork,andwasastrongadvocateforwomeninsciencearoundtheworld.10.WhichwordcanbestdescribeStephanieLouiseKwolekasachild?A.Popular. B.Friendly. C.Smart. D.Hardworking.11.WhatdoweknowaboutStephanie’sparents?A.Stephanie’sfatherusedtotakehertofieldtrips.B.Stephanie’smothertaughthertousesewingmachines.C.TheyencouragedStephanietoworkinfashiondesign.D.TheymovedtoPolandtosendStephanietoabetterschool.12.WhydidStephanieworkattheDuPontpanyinthefirstplace?A.Tosavemorepeople’slives. B.Tostudythescienceoffabric.C.Tosolvetheproblemoffiber. D.Tomakemoneyforhereducation.13.Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A.Stephanie’scontributiontoscienceB.Womenscientists’influenceontheworldC.TheadvantagesofKevlarfiberinthewarD.ThepopularityofStephanie’sinventionindailylife【答案】10.C11.A12.D13.A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了女性化學(xué)家StephanieLouiseKwolek的生平和貢獻(xiàn)。10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Shewasanexcellentreaderwithagreatmemory.Shewasalsoverygoodatmath.Theolderkidsinherclassgotannoyedwhensheknewanswersthattheydidn’t.(她是一位記憶力很好的優(yōu)秀讀者。她數(shù)學(xué)也很好。當(dāng)她知道他們不知道的答案時(shí)，班上年齡較大的孩子都很生氣。)”可知，StephanieLouiseKwolek記憶力很好，擅長數(shù)學(xué)，上課時(shí)知道別人不知道的答案，由此可推測(cè)出，她很聰明。故選C。11.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“HeencouragedStephanietoexplorethegreatoutdoors.Together,theyoftenwalkedinthewoods,collectingleaves,flowers,andseeds.(他鼓勵(lì)Stephanie去戶外探險(xiǎn)。他們經(jīng)常一起在樹林里散步，收集樹葉、鮮花和種子。)”可知，她的父親過去常常帶她去戶外實(shí)地考察旅行。故選A。12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Instead,shegotajobasachemistattheDuPontpanytoearnhertuitionfees.(相反，她在杜邦公司找到了一份化學(xué)家的工作來賺取學(xué)費(fèi)。)”可知，當(dāng)初她在杜邦公司工作是為了賺學(xué)費(fèi)。故選D。13.標(biāo)題歸納題。結(jié)合最后一段“Stephanie’sinventionhassavedcountlesslives.Shespentherliferesearchingandteachingpeopleaboutherwork,andwasastrongadvocateforwomeninsciencearoundtheworld.(Stephanie的發(fā)明挽救了無數(shù)生命。她一生都在研究她的工作，并向人們傳授她的工作，她是世界各地科學(xué)領(lǐng)域女性的堅(jiān)定倡導(dǎo)者。)”通讀全文可知，第一段介紹了StephanieLouiseKwolek的家庭背景、幼時(shí)學(xué)校生活；第二段介紹了父母對(duì)StephanieLouiseKwolek有深刻影響，讓她熱愛學(xué)習(xí)和織物，并且有創(chuàng)造力；第三段講述了她的學(xué)習(xí)和工作經(jīng)歷；最后一段講述了她在工作中的發(fā)明具有的意義。全文圍繞StephanieLouiseKwolek展開，旨在告訴人們她對(duì)科學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)，所以A項(xiàng)“Stephanie對(duì)科學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)”最適合作本文標(biāo)題。故選A。E(2023上·浙江·高一校聯(lián)考階段練習(xí))TheNobeleconomicsprizewasawardedonMondaytoHarvardUniversityprofessorClaudiaGoldinforresearchthathasadvancedtheunderstandingofthegender(性別)gapinthelabormarket.TheannouncementwentatinysteptoclosingtheNobelmittee’sowngendergap:Goldinisjustthethirdwomantowintheprizeoutof93economicslaureates(獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)?.Shehasstudied200yearsofwomen’sparticipationintheworkplace,showingthatdespitecontinuedeconomicgrowth,women’spaydidnotcontinuouslycatchuptomen’sandadividestillexistsdespitewomengaininghigherlevelsofeducationthanmen.“I’vealwaysbeenanoptimist.ButwhenIlookedatthenumbers,Ifoundinthe1990s,ourlaborforceparticipationrateforwomenwasthehighestintheworld,andnowitisn’tthehighestintheworld,”GoldintoldTheAssociatedPress.“AlthoughGoldin’sresearchdoesnotoffersolutions,itallowspolicymakerstodealwiththeproblem,”saidRandiHjalmarsson,amemberoftheNobelmittee.“Sheexplainsthesourceofthegap,andhowit’schangedovertimeandhowitchangeswiththestageofdevelopment.Byfinallyunderstandingtheproblemandcallingitbytherightname,wewillfindasolution.”Goldin,77,toldAPthatwhathappensinpeople’shomesreflectswhathappensintheworkplace.Womenoftenhavetotakejobsthatallowthemtobeoncallathome—workthatoftenpaysless.“Goldintriedtofillinmissingdataforherresearch,”Hjalmarssonsaid.Forpartsofhistory,systematiclabormarketrecordsdidnotexist,and,iftheydid,informationaboutwomenwasmissing.“SoGoldinhadtobeadetectivetofindnoveldatasourcesandcreativewaystousethemtomeasuretheseunknowns.”14.Whatcanweinferfromthesecondparagraph?A.Mengainedhigherlevelsofeducationthanwomen.B.Thewomen’spaycaughtuptomen’s200hundredsyearsago.C.ManywomenscientistshavewontheNobeleconomicsprizetheseyears.D.Atthelate20thcentury,Americanwomenlaborforceparticipationratewasthetop.15.Whichofthefollowingisright?A.RandiHjalmarssondidn’tagreewithGoldin.B.Mostofthewomenusuallyprefertobehousewives.C.Whathappensinfamilylifeoftenmirrorsthatintheworkplace.D.Goldin’sresearchofferedthepolicymakerssolutionstotheproblem.16.WhichisachallengethatClaudiaGoldinfacedinherresearch?A.Lackofexperience. B.Lackofsupport.C.Lackofmoney. D.Lackofdata.17.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A.ASolutiontotheGenderGapintheLaborMarketB.ClaudiaGoldin—aGreatEconomicsDataDetectiveC.TheThirdWomanWhoWinstheNobelPrizeintheWorldD.NobelEconomicsPrizeGoestoHarvardUniversityWomanProfessor【答案】14.D15.C16.D17.D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹的是哈佛大學(xué)教授Claudia獲得諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)的事跡。14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“ButwhenIlookedatthenumbers,Ifoundinthe1990s,ourlaborforceparticipationrateforwomenwasthehighestintheworld,andnowitisn’tthehighestintheworld,”GoldintoldTheAssociatedPress.(但當(dāng)我看到這些數(shù)字時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)90年代，我們的女性勞動(dòng)力參與率是世界上最高的，而現(xiàn)在它不是世界上最高的，”Goldin告訴美聯(lián)社。)”可知，在20世紀(jì)末，美國婦女的勞動(dòng)參與率是最高的。故選D。15.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第一個(gè)句子“Goldin,77,toldAPthatwhathappensinpeople’shomesreflectswhathappensintheworkplace.(77歲的Goldin告訴美聯(lián)社，人們家里發(fā)生的事情反映了工作場所發(fā)生的事情。)”可知，人們?cè)诩彝ブ邪l(fā)生的情況往往在工作中有相同的反映。故選C。16.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Goldintriedtofillinmissingdataforherresearch,”Hjalmarssonsaid.Forpartsofhistory,systematiclabormarketrecordsdidnotexist,and,iftheydid,informationaboutwomenwasmissing.(Goldin試圖為她的研究填補(bǔ)缺失的數(shù)據(jù)，”Hjalmarsson說。在歷史上的某些時(shí)期，系統(tǒng)的勞動(dòng)力市場記錄并不存在，即使存在，關(guān)于女性的信息也缺失了。)”可知，她研究需要的很多數(shù)據(jù)缺失，或者是有關(guān)女性部分的數(shù)據(jù)缺失，所以她不得不像偵探一樣去尋找新的數(shù)據(jù)并運(yùn)用。即ClaudiaGoldin在她的研究中面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是缺乏數(shù)據(jù)。故選D。17.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“TheNobeleconomicsprizewasawardedonMondaytoHarvardUniversityprofessorClaudiaGoldinforresearchthathasadvancedtheunderstandingofthegender(性別)gapinthelabormarket.(周一，諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)被授予哈佛大學(xué)教授克勞迪婭·戈?duì)柖。员碚盟诖龠M(jìn)人們對(duì)勞動(dòng)力市場性別差距的理解方面所做的研究。)”及全文可知，文章主要介紹了今年的諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)由哈佛大學(xué)的一位女教授獲得。故D“NobelEconomicsPrizeGoestoHarvardUniversityWomanProfessor(諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)授予哈佛大學(xué)女教授)”為最佳選項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)中均有錯(cuò)誤信息。故選D。F(2024上·吉林遼源·高一遼源市實(shí)驗(yàn)高級(jí)中學(xué)校校聯(lián)考期末)AsEuropeenteredthe17thcentury,whentraditionalattitudesstillheldthatawoman’sproperrolewasasadaughter,wife,andmother,morefemaleswereattractedtotheScientificRevolution,justliketheyhadbeendrawntohumanismoverthepreviouscenturies.Oneofthemostwell-knownfemalescientistsofthe17thcentury,MargaretCavendishcamefromanoblefamilyinEngland.Cavendishwasanactiveparticipant(參與者)intheimportantscientificdebatesofhertime.Despiteherachievements,however,shewasnotincludedintheRoyalSociety.Shewroteanumberofworksonscientificmatters.Intheseworks,sheattackedwhatsheconsideredthefaultsoftheconventionalapproachestoscientificknowledgeandwasespeciallydoubtfulaboutthegrowingbeliefthathumanswerethemastersofnature:“Wehavenopoweratallovernaturalcausesandeffects...formanisbutasmallpart.HispowersarebutparticularactionsofNature,andhecannothaveasupremeandabsolutepower.”AnotherfamousfemalescientistwasMariaWinkelmannwholivedinGermanyandwaseducatedbyherfatherandreceivedadvancedtrainingfromalocalself-taughtastronomer(天文學(xué)家).WhenshemarriedGottfriedKirch,Germany’sforemostastronomer,shebecamehisassistant.Shemadesomeoriginalcontributions,includinganundiscoveredet,asherhusbandrelated:“Earlyinthemorning(about2：00a.m.)theskywasclearandstarry.Somenightsbefore,Ihadobservedavariablestar,andmywife(asIslept)wantedtofindandseeitforherself.Indoingso,shefoundaetinthesky,atwhichtimeshewokeme,andIfoundthatitwasindeedaet.Ihadnotseenitthenightbefore.”In1710,sheappliedforapositionasanassistantastronomer.Asawoman,withnouniversitydegree,shewasdeniedthepostbytheAcademyofSciencesinBerlin.Cavendish’sandWinkelmann’sdifficultieswiththescientificsocietiesoftheirtimesreflectthebarrierswomenfacedinthefieldofearlymodernscience.Theworkofthesefemalescientistsisstillviewedasbeingagainstthedomesticdutieswomenareexpectedtoperform.18.WhichofthefollowingwouldCavendishprobablyagreewith?A.Naturewasthemasterofhumans.B.Conventionalmethodsalwaysworked.C.Humans’knowledgehadabsolutepower.D.Sciencechangednaturalcausesandeffects.19.WhatwasWinkelmanndoingwhenshemadeherdiscovery?A.Walkingunderthestarrysky.B.Studyingaknownet.C.Workingwithherhusband.D.Watchingastar.20.WhatdidCavendishandWinkelmannhaveinmon?A.Bothreceivedformaleducation.B.Bothcamefromafamilyofscientists.C.Bothwererejectedbyscientificsocieties.D.Bothworkedformalescientistsasanassistant.21.Whatwouldbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?A.Women’sStudyofHumanisminthe17thCenturyB.FemaleScientists’DifficultieswithEarlyModernScienceC.TheRoleofWomenintheOriginsofModernEducationD.TheCooperationBetweenMaleandFemaleScientists【答案】18.A19.D20.C21.B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章回顧了17世紀(jì)歐洲女性科學(xué)家進(jìn)入科研領(lǐng)域的艱難與不易。18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Intheseworks,sheattackedwhatsheconsideredthefaultsoftheconventionalapproachestoscientificknowledgeandwasespeciallydoubtfulaboutthegrowingbeliefthathumanswerethemastersofnature:“Wehavenopoweratallovernaturalcausesandeffects...formanisbutasmallpart.HispowersarebutparticularactionsofNature,andhecannothaveasupremeandabsolutepower.”(在這些作品中，她抨擊了她所認(rèn)為的傳統(tǒng)科學(xué)知識(shí)方法的錯(cuò)誤，尤其對(duì)人類是自然主人的日益增長的信念表示懷疑:“我們對(duì)自然的因果完全沒有權(quán)力……因?yàn)槿酥皇且恍〔糠?。他的?quán)力只是自然的特殊行為，他不可能擁有至高無上的絕對(duì)權(quán)力?！?”可推知，卡文迪什可能會(huì)認(rèn)為自然是人類的主人。故選A。19.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Somenightsbefore,Ihadobservedavariablestar,andmywife(asIslept)wantedtofindandseeitforherself.Indoingso,shefoundaetinthesky,atwhichtimeshewokeme,andIfoundthatitwasindeedaet.(幾天前的晚上，我觀察到一顆變星，我的妻子(在我睡覺的時(shí)候)想自己去找它看看。在這樣做的時(shí)候，她發(fā)現(xiàn)天空中有一顆彗星，這時(shí)她叫醒了我，我發(fā)現(xiàn)那確實(shí)是一顆彗星)”可知，溫科爾曼在觀測(cè)一顆變星時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了那顆彗星。故選D。20.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Despiteherachievements,however,shewasnotincludedintheRoyalSociety.(然而，盡管她取得了成就，她卻沒有被列入皇家學(xué)會(huì))”和文章第三段“Asawoman,withnouniversitydegree,shewasdeniedthepostbytheAcademyofSciencesinBerlin.(作為一名沒有大學(xué)學(xué)位的女性，她被柏林科學(xué)院拒絕了這一職位)”可知，這兩位女科學(xué)家都被當(dāng)時(shí)的科學(xué)團(tuán)體拒絕了。故選C。21.主旨大意題。通讀全文并根據(jù)最后一段中的“Cavendish’sandWinkelmann’sdifficultieswiththescientificsocietiesoftheirtimesreflectthebarrierswomenfacedinthefieldofearlymodernscience.(卡文迪什和溫克爾曼在她們那個(gè)時(shí)代的科學(xué)團(tuán)體中遇到的困難反映了女性在早期現(xiàn)代科學(xué)領(lǐng)域所面臨的障礙)”可知，本文回顧了17世紀(jì)歐洲女性科學(xué)家進(jìn)入科研領(lǐng)域的艱難與不易，所以“女性科學(xué)家在早期現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的困境”適合作為文章標(biāo)題。故選B。G(2024上·廣東廣州·高一校聯(lián)考期末)ProfessorHeinzWolff,whohasdiedaged89,wasabioengineeringpioneer.Heestablishedthediscipline,nameditand,ina60yearcareer,madesignificantcontributionstomedicalresearch.ButtotheBritishpublic,hewasbestknownasthedottyscientistwhofrontedTheGreatEggRace,aBBCshowinwhichcolourcodedteamsweresetengineeringchallenges(thefirstwastotransportanegginavehiclepoweredbyrubberbands).Withhistrademarkbowtie,halfmoonglassesandMittelEuropeanaccent,helookedreallylikeProfessorBranestawn,asdescribedbyW.HeathRobinson.Yetwhilehecheerfullyexploitedhisreputationasa“peculiaregghead”,hewasveryseriousabouthisworkandinspiredthousandsofyoungpeopletoconsiderscientificcareers.BorninBerlinin1928,HeinzWolffwasthesonofJewishparents.Hismotherdiedin1938,andthenextyearthefamilyfled.TheyarrivedinBritainonthedaywarwasdeclared.“Wereallycutitratherfine,”hesaidonDesertIslandDiscsin1998.Afterleavingschool,heworkedasatechnicianattheRadcliffeInfirmaryinOxford,whereheinventedamachinetocountredbloodcells,andthenattheNationalInstituteforMedicalResearch’spneumoconiosisresearchunitinCardiff,wherehedesignedameansofmeasuringdustlevelsincoalminers.HewentontostudyatUniversityCollegeLondonandgraduatedwithafirstinphysicsandphysiology.Then,in1983,hefoundedtheInstituteforBioengineeringatBrunelUniversity.Hisparticularinterestwasintechnologiestoimprovethelivesofolderpeople,buthewasalsoheavilyinvolvedinspaceresearchandworkedasanadvisertotheEuropeanSpaceAgency.WolffhadmadehisfirstappearanceonTVonPanoramain1966,encouragingRichardDimblebytoswallowa“radiopill”.OnTheGreatEggRace,whichranfrom1979,histaskwastogetopponentteamsrepresentingorganizationssuchasthechemicalpanyICI.Challengesincludedbuildingahovercraftfromalawnmower,andinventingabicyclethatcouldrideonwater.Markswereawardedforentertainmentvalueandtechnicalacplishment.Theshowendedinthemid1980s,butWolffcontinuedtojudgescientificpetitions,onTVandelsewhere.Anaturalentertainerwithaninexhaustiblecuriosityabouttheworld,hesaidhe’dbehappytodressupasaclownifitgotchildreninterestedinscience.22.Theword“dotty”(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto________.A.strange B.serious C.famous D.genius23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEofHeinzWolffaccordingtothepassage?A.HisfamilyleftBerlinafterWorldWarIIbegan.B.Heusedtomajorinphysicsandphysiology.C.HeinventedamachinewhileinUniversityCollegeLondon.D.Hisinterestlayinhelpingthoselivinginwarstrickenareas.24.HeinzWolffdidn’tmindlookingridiculousaslongas________.A.hecouldkeepbeingcuriousabouttheworldB.hecouldbineentertainmentandtechnologyC.hecouldhelparousechildren’sinterestinscienceD.hecouldappearonTVtojudgescientificpetitions25.WhichofthefollowingisanachievementmadebyHeinzWolff?A.Representingachemicalpany.B.Designingamethodtocountredbloodcells.C.BeingthefirstscientisttofrontTVshows.D.Settingupthesubjectofbioengineering.【答案】22.A23.B24.C25.D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。主要介紹的是生物工程的先驅(qū)HeinzWolff教授的個(gè)人生平和貢獻(xiàn)。22.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Yetwhilehecheerfullyexploitedhisreputationasa“peculiaregghead”,hewasveryseriousabouthisworkandinspiredthousandsofyoungpeopletoconsiderscientificcareers.(然而，當(dāng)他興高采烈地利用自己“古怪的書呆子”的名聲時(shí)，他對(duì)自己的工作非常認(rèn)真，并激勵(lì)了成千上萬的年輕人考慮從事科學(xué)事業(yè)。)”可知，HeinzWolff教授應(yīng)該是很享受被人們稱為“古怪的書呆子”，結(jié)合劃線單詞后的定語從句“whofrontedTheGreatEggRace,aBBCshowinwhichcolourcodedteamsweresetengineeringchallenges(thefirstwastotransportanegginavehiclepoweredbyrubberbands).(他是主持英國廣播公司(BBC)節(jié)目《偉大的雞蛋賽跑》的科學(xué)家，在這個(gè)節(jié)目中，用不同顏色編碼的隊(duì)伍接受工程挑戰(zhàn)(第一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是用橡皮筋驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛運(yùn)送雞蛋)。)”可知，他最為人所知的身份是主持英國廣播公司節(jié)目《偉大的雞蛋賽跑》，所以“peculiaregghead”應(yīng)是對(duì)他稱呼的再次出現(xiàn)，由此可知，劃線單詞的意思應(yīng)與“古怪的(strange)”意義相近。故選A項(xiàng)。23.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“HewentontostudyatUniversityCollegeLondonandgraduatedwithafirstinphysicsandphysiology.(他繼續(xù)在倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)，并以物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)的第一名畢業(yè)。)”可知，他在倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)，并且以物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)第一名畢業(yè)，由此可知，HeinzWolff以前應(yīng)該是主修物理學(xué)和生理學(xué)，B項(xiàng)正確。故選B項(xiàng)。24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)尾段中的“Anaturalentertainerwithaninexhaustiblecuriosityabouttheworld,hesaidhe’dbehappytodressupasaclownifitgotchildreninterestedinscience.(他是一個(gè)天生的表演者，對(duì)世界有著無窮無盡的好奇心。他說，如果能讓孩子們對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣，他很樂意打扮成小丑。)”可知，HeinzWolff說，只要能讓孩子對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣，他愿意打扮成小丑的模樣，由此可知，HeinzWolff教授不介意自己看起來有多滑稽，只要孩子們對(duì)科學(xué)感興趣。故選C項(xiàng)。25.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)首段中的“ProfessorHeinzWolff,whohasdiedaged89,wasabioengineeringpioneer.Heestablishedthediscipline,nameditand,ina60yearcareer,madesignificantco