從目的論角度分析老友記字幕翻譯策略

ChapterOneIntroductionAsaclassicAmericanhumoroussitcom,Friendshasbeenhighlypraisedandfavoredbypeoplesinceitsinception,andhasbeennominatedandwonEmmyAwardsformanytimes.In2007,TVSeriesmagazinerankedthetop100AmericanTVseriesofalltime.Evennow,theshow’slightheartedplotsandclassicdialoguesarestilltalkedabout.ThepopularandenduringpopularityoftheplayinChinaisinseparablefromtheexcellenttranslationofEnglishsubtitles.Firstly,thisshownotonlysuccessfullytranslatedthehumorousstyleoftheoriginalplay,butalsopreservedthecustomsandculturalcharacteristicsoftheoriginalplaytoagreatestextent.Inessence,subtitletranslationoftelevisiondramaistousethetargetlanguagetoretainthecharacteristicsandeffectsofthesourcelanguageasmuchaspossible,whilegainingthefavourandrecognitionofthetargetlanguageaudience.Secondly,High-qualitysubtitletranslationcanhelpEnglishlearnersunderstandbetter.Intoday’sglobaleconomicintegration,withthedeepeningofglobalizationandthegrowingspiritualandculturalneedsofpeople,theinternationalizationoftelevisioncommunicationisbecominganirresistibletrend.English,asoneoftheworld’scommonlanguages,hasalsobecomeoursecondlanguage,whichhasreceivedasmuchattentionasourmothertongue.However,therearestillmanypeople’sEnglishproficiencyisterrible,andthepassingrateofEnglishinschoolexamsisnotveryideal.EvenEnglishhasbecomeanobstacleinmanypeople’sstudyandwork.Infact,thetranslationofeveryfilmandTVseriesintroducedinChinaisnotsoauthentic,andsometimesitisnotdifficulttofindsometranslationmistakesareverylow-level.Butgoodsubtitletranslationoftenhelpsuslearnaforeignlanguagemoreefficiently.Lastly,SkoposTheoryasoneofthecoretheoriesoffunctionaltranslation,itscorepointofviewisthattranslationisdeterminedbypurpose.Asaspecialformoftranslation,subtitletranslationalsomeetstherequirementsofSkoposTheorybecauseitsgoalistomakethetargetlanguageaudiencebeabletobetterunderstandfilmandtelevisionworks.Therefore,itisofgreatpracticalsignificancetoexplorethesubtitletranslationstrategiesthathelprealizethevalueoffilmandtelevisionworksfromtheperspectiveofSkoposTheory.Inaword,onthebasisofabriefintroductionofSkoposTheory,Ihopetherelevantdiscussioninthispapercanprovidesomeusefulenlightenmentforfurtherresearchonsubtitletranslationtheoryandtranslationpractice.ChapterTwoOverviewofSkoposTheorySkoposTheoryisextremelyimportantandthecoreoffunctionalisttranslationtheory.Theword“Skopos”means“purpose”or“goal”inGreek.Vermeerbelievedthattranslationisapurposefulbehavior,soSkoposTheoryshouldfirstfocusonthepurposeoftranslation,becausethepurposedeterminesthemethodandstrategyoftranslation,soastoproducefunctionalresults.2.1CoreConceptionsThistheoryisamethodoffunctionalism,unlikeothertheoriesoffunctionalequivalence,theroleofsourcetextisnotsoimportant,thatis,itisnotemphasizedinSkoposTheory.Itholdsthattranslationisapurposefulpractice.Basedonthetargetlanguagereadersandtranslationagents,thetranslatorshouldachievethetargettextfunctionwhichisdeterminedbytheexpectationsoftherecipient,thecommunicativeenvironmentandtheconditions.Translationactivitiescanhavemultiplepurposes.Fortranslators,themainpurposeistomakethetranslationplayacommunicativeroleasfaraspossible,andtobuildabridgeofcommunicationbetweenreadersandtheoriginalwork.Inordertoachievethisgoal,onthebasisofrespectingtheoriginalauthor’sintention,translatorsshouldadaptthetranslationtotheculturalenvironmentandsocialconsciousnessofthetargetlanguage,soastowintheloveandrecognitionoflocalreaders.2.2OriginandDevelopmentInthe1970sand1980s,SkoposTheoryemergedinGermany,ithasdevelopedoveralongperiodoftime.Bythelate20thcentury,SkopostheoryhaddevelopedintothecoreofthetranslationmethodsoftheGermanfunctionaltranslationtheory.Firstly,thefounderofSkoposTheoryisGermanscholarKatharinaReiss.In1971,shepublishedThePossibilityandLimitationofTranslationCriticism,inwhichshefirstputforwardthefunctionalisttheoryoftranslationcriticismandthetranslationprinciplesandevaluationcriteriaofdifferenttexts,whichlaidthefoundationfortheemergenceofSkoposTheory,thusformingtheembryonicformoffunctionalismtheory,whichisundoubtedlyaprofoundachievement.Secondly,HansJ.Vermeer,astudentofReiss,studiedthetheoryindepthandcontributedgreatlytoitsdevelopment.HeisafamousfunctionaltranslationtheoristinGermany,atthattime,hehasbeenengagedinlanguageandtranslationresearchforalongtime.Vermeer,inaseriesoflecturesfrom1976to1977,laidouttheframeworkforauniversaltheoryoftranslationandbrokeawayfromtheshacklesoftheoriginal-centralismtheory,afterthathefoundedtheSkoposTheoryoftranslation.HansVermeerexplainedthetheoryfromanewperspectiveandbelievedthattranslation,likeotherhumanactivities,alsohasapurpose.Healsopointedoutthatanyformoftranslation,includingtranslationitself,canberegardedasanact.Andeveryactionhasagoalorpurpose,thetranslationdependsonthepurposeoftranslation.Bytheend,hegotridoftheconstraintoftheoriginal-language-centeredequivalencetheoryandpointedoutthatthetranslationstrategymustbedeterminedbytheintendedpurposeorfunctionofthetranslation.Thirdly,ChristinaSchaffnerfurtherdevelopedthefunctionalisttranslationtheory,whichpointedoutthatthepurposeoftranslationmustbeclearbeforetheactbegins,andthenthetranslatortranslatesaccordingtothegoal.Thepurposeoftranslationdetermineswhetherthetranslationshouldadapttothetargetlanguagecultureorintroducethesourcelanguageculturetothetargetaudience.Inthelastdevelopmentstage,NordChristianemadeacomprehensivethinkingandsummaryoffunctionalisttheory.ShesystematicallyexpoundedforthefirsttimethedifferentfactorsthatneedtobeconsideredintheanalysisofChinesetextintheprocessoftranslation,andhowtoformulatetranslationstrategiesthatmeetthepurposeoftranslationbasedonthefunctionoftheoriginaltext.NordChristianeinterpretedthefunctionalisttheoriesindetail,andproposedthattranslatorsshouldfollowtheguidingprincipleoffunctionplusloyalty,thusimprovingthetheory.Theprocessoftranslationisacomplexprocessinvolvingavarietyofchoices,andeverytranslationbehaviorandthevariouschoicesmadebytheparticipantsaredeterminedbymulti-levelpurposes.SkoposTheoryisthemostimportanttheoryinfunctionaltranslationtheory,therefore,untiltoday,therearestillmanywell-knownscholarsathomeandabroadwhocontinuetostudySkoposTheory.Theyhopetocontinuetogivedeepermeaningtothetheory,whichwillbeamilestoneforthedevelopmentoftranslationinthefuture.2.3ThreePrinciplesFirstly,SkoposTheorybelievesthatalltranslationactivitiesshouldfollowoneprimaryprinciple,thatis,the“principleofpurpose”,whichmeansthattranslationshouldbetranslatedintodifferentsituationsandculturesofdifferentcountries,andtranslationshouldbedoneinthewayexpectedbytherecipient.Thepurposeoftranslationbehaviordeterminesthewholeprocessoftranslationbehavior,buttranslationactivitiescanhavemultiplepurposes.Thesepurposescanbefurtherdividedintothreekinds:thebasicpurposeofthetranslator,thecommunicativepurposeofthetargettextandthepurposetobeachievedbyusingcertainspecialmeansoftranslation.However,ingeneral,“purpose”referstothecommunicativepurposeofthetargettext,thatis,“thecommunicativefunctionofthetargettexttothetargetreadersinthesocialandculturalcontext”.Therefore,translatorsshouldclarifytheirspecificpurposeinagiventranslationcontext,anddecidewhichtranslationmethodstoadoptaccordingtothispurpose,suchasliteraltranslation,freetranslation,oracombinationofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.Secondly,coherenceprinciplemeansthatthetranslationmustconformtothestandardofintra-textualcoherence,thatis,thereadabilityandacceptabilityofthetranslation,whichmakestherecipientunderstandandmeaningfulinthecultureofthetargetlanguageandthecommunicativecontextofthetext.Therefore,someconnectivewordsareoftenaddedinthecompilationandtranslationtomakethetranslationaccessibleandcredible.Next,intheapplicationofotherwordorderprinciples,itisnecessarytotakeintoaccounttheinternalandcontextualcohesionandcoherenceoflongsentences,suchasrepeatingkeywords,supplementingtransitionalinformationoradjustingwordorder,etc.SomeEnglishlongsentencesarestructuredwithhigh-valueinformationfirstandlow-valueinformationsecond.Sometimes,itisdifficultforthelow-valueinformationinthefronttobemeaningfullycoherentwiththeprevioussentence.Inthatcase,coherencemustbeensuredfirst,thatis,thehigh-valueinformationpartshouldbeputbeforethelow-valueinformationpartshouldbeputafterthesupplement,sothatthelongsentencecanbeorganicallycoherentwiththeprecedingcomponents,andthewholesentencewillreflectthecharacteristicsofcistranslation.Thirdly,thefidelityprinciplereferstotheexistenceofinter-textualcoherencebetweenthetextandthetranslation.Infact,thisprincipleisalsoreflectedinmanytranslationtheories.However,inSkoposTheory,thedegreeoffidelitytotheoriginaltextdependsonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingoftheoriginaltext.So,fidelitytotheoriginaltextisoneofthemostprimitiveassumptionsoftranslation.Inaword,thesethreeprinciplesconstitutethebasicprinciplesofSkoposTheory,buttheprincipleofcoherenceandfidelitymustbesubordinatetotheprincipleofpurpose,whichisthefirstprincipleofSkoposTheory.Inordertoachievethisgoal,onthebasisofrespectingtheoriginalauthor’sintention,translatorsshouldadaptthetranslationtotheculturalenvironmentandsocialconsciousnessofthetargetlanguage,soastowintheloveandrecognitionoflocalreaders.保定理工學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文ChapterThreeSummaryofSubtitleTranslationSubtitletranslationisanewfieldoftranslationinourcountry,andithasgainedwidespreadattentionatthebeginning.Asaprofessionalskill,subtitletranslationrequiresthetranslatortohaveasolidlanguageability,translationskillsandin-depthunderstandingofthetargetaudience.Inpractice,subtitletranslationalsorequiresthetranslatortotakeintoaccountfactorssuchasculturaldifferences,waysofexpressionandimagestoensurethatthetranslatedcontentmeetstheoriginalintentionandneedsoftheaudience.3.1DefinitionSubtitletranslationisdefinedasthetranslationofavideolanguage,includingaudio-visualelements,intoanotherwrittentypeoftextsubtitles.Whentranslatingsubtitles,translatorsoftenuseavideotranscriptinthesourcelanguage.Linguistswillthentranslatethetextaccordingtotheusualtranslationconsiderations,suchasaccuracy,style,tone,fluency,etc.Subtitletranslationreferstotranslatingaudioorvideocontentinonelanguageintoanotherlanguageandaddingcorrespondingtextdisplayatthebottomofthevideosothatviewerscanunderstandboththeoriginalcontentandthetranslatedcontentwhenwatching.Thisformoftranslationiswidelyusedinmovies,TVprograms,documentaries,shortvideos,advertisementsandotherformsofmedia.3.2TypeInthevideo-firstera,thereismoredemandforsubtitletranslationthaneverbefore.ThefirstthingthatcomestomindisprobablythesubtitleofaforeignmovieorTVseries.However,subtitletranslationinvolvesfarmorescopethanwecanimagine.First,itcanbedividedintotranslationsubtitles,bilingualsubtitlesandintra-languagesubtitlesaccordingtothelanguageused.Second,basedonthecontrollabilityofthedisplay,theyaredividedintoclosedsubtitlesandopensubtitles.Last,accordingtothemediadifferences,itcanbedividedintofilmsubtitles,TVsubtitles,andmusicalsubtitles.Forexample,brandpromotionvideos,networkshortvideos,andevenonlineconferencerecordingsallneedtousesubtitlesindifferentlanguages,sometimesasmanyastenkinds.Onlywhenwatchingwithsubtitles,canthesamevideospreaditsinformationaroundtheworld.3.3FeaturesSubtitletranslationhasitsownparticularityaswellasalotincommonwithothertranslationstrategiesandtechniques,playinganimportantroleindeepeningthecommunicationbetweendifferentculturesandenhancingthecontactbetweenpeopleofdifferentcountries.FromtheperspectiveofSkoposTheory,subtitletranslation,likeothertranslations,isapurposefulbehavior.Allinall,thepurposeoftranslationistohelptheaudienceunderstandandappreciate.Filmandtelevisiontranslationnotonlyincludesgeneralliterarylanguageelements,andhasitsowncharacteristics:listening,comprehensive,instant.Firstly,fidelitymeansthatthetranslatorshouldfullytranslatetheideasintendedtobeexpressedintheoriginalcontent,whilethetranslationstyleiscorrespondingtotheoriginaltext.Inaddition,thetranslationshouldhaveacertaindegreeoffluency.Ofcourse,faithfulnessisnottheexactequivalenceofeveryword,butthehonestexpressionofinformation,toconveytheauthor’soriginalmeaning,whichiswhattranslatorsshoulddo.Secondly,indirectionmeansthatfilmsubtitlesareusuallylimitedbytimeandspace,resultinginnotmuchroomforplay.Therefore,translatorsmustbeconciseinexpression,withoutasenseofburdening.Indailytranslation,avoidingprocrastinationisoneoftheimportantskillsthatalltranslatorsneedtomaster.However,insubtitletranslation,thisbecomestheprinciplethatmustbeobserved.Afterall,subtitletranslationisverydifferentfromordinaryliterarytranslation.Forexample,onTV,thepictureandsubtitlesappearatthesametime,whichisalreadyverydifficultfortheaudience.Ifthecontentofthesubtitlesisdifficulttounderstand,thesubtitleswillbecomeanobstaclefortheaudiencetowatchthemovie.Thirdly,brevityisoneofthemostimportantfactors.Duetothedifferencesbetweenlanguages,manytranslatorsliketohelptheaudienceunderstandbyusingannotations,whichareintendedtofurtherexplaininformation,suchasslang,historicalevents,anddifficultconcepts.Thebestsubtitletranslationistouselimitedtexttoexplain,breakthebarrierofculturaldifferences,havetheadvantagesofdistinctrhythmandfluentlanguage,andthesentenceshavethecharacteristicsofupsanddownsandcadence.Itisnecessarytoobtaintheinadequateorunexpressedinformation,translatorsshouldkeepabalanceandtrytomakethesubtitleconcisewhilehelpingtheaudienceunderstand.Allinall,thetranslatedcontentofsubtitletranslationisusuallycolloquialinordertobettercorrespondtothedialogueofthecharactersintheplay.Weneedtotranslatetheoriginallanguageintoanotherlanguagewhileretainingtheoriginalmeaningandspeakingstyle,andensurethatthelengthandspeedofthesubtitlesmatchthecontentofthevideo.Forbestresults,subtitletranslationneedstobefaithful,conciseandeasytoread.ChapterFourSubtitleTranslationofFriendsfromPerspectiveofSkoposTheoryAsawayofculturaltransmission,filmandtelevisionplayshaverichculturalconnotations,sothetranslationisnotonlytexttranslation,butalsoculturaltranslation.Intheprocessoftranslation,therearemainlytwomethodstodealwithculturalfactors:theprincipleofidentityfromthesourcelanguage(foreignization)andtheprincipleofdestinationlanguage(domestication).4.1SubtitleTranslationStrategyfromthePerspectiveofObjectivePrinciple4.1.1DomesticationThedomesticationtranslationstrategyreferstotransformingtheculturalcharacteristics,habitsandwaysofthinkingofthesourcelanguage.Thistranslationstrategyisusuallyusedtotranslatecultural,social,historicalandotherfieldswithgreatculturaldifferences.Thecharacteristicofdomesticationtranslationstrategyistotransformtheculturalcharacteristics.Theadvantageofthistranslationstrategyisthatitcanbetterconveytheculturalinformationofthesourcelanguageandmakethetranslationmoreculturalcharacteristicsandcharm.However,languageisnotonlyatoolofcommunication,itisalsothecarrierofculture,andsometimestheformandmeaningoflanguagecannotbeseparated.Thedisadvantageofdomesticationtranslationisthatitwillfilteroutthelanguageformoftheoriginaltext,leavingonlythemeaningoftheoriginaltext,whichwillleadtothelossofalotofvaluablethings.Therefore,whenitcomestoculturalfactors,translatorsshouldnotjustlookforfamiliarexpressionsinthetargetlanguage.DialogueOne：Monica:No,no,no,no,no,nopressure,nopressure!Rachel:Monica,nothinghasevenhappenedyet,andyou’realreadyso...Monica:Iamnotso!OK,Iwasateensybitweirdatfirst,but...I’llbegood.Ipromise.莫妮卡：不要有壓力,不要有壓力！不！瑞秋：莫妮卡，八字都還沒(méi)一撇，你莫妮卡：我沒(méi)有那樣，開(kāi)始我也覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)奇怪，但我沒(méi)事的，我保證。Intheaboveexample,“nothinghasevenhappenedyet“doesnothavetheextendedmeaningofChinese,soitiseasierforChinesereaderstounderstandthemeaningbydomesticatingitintoaproverbwiththismeaninginChinese.Inaddition,forthoseidiomsandallusionswithrichnationalculturalcharacteristics,heavynationalculturalinformationandlongculturaltraditions,thedomesticationmethodcanbeusedtotranslatethem.Becauseofthedifferencesinnaturalandsocialenvironment,customs,historicalandculturalbackground,spirituallifeandotheraspectsofdifferentnationalities,thereisagreatdifferencebetweenEasternandWesterncultures,whichaddsdifficultytotranslation.4.1.2ForeignizationSincetheprosperityoftheworldcultureisbasedonthediversityofcultures,allcountriesandnationsshouldlearnfromotherculturesandreflectonthemselves,sotheprincipleofalienationhasprevailednow.Firstly,foreignizingtranslationisanewmethodoftranslationtheory.Itscoretheoryisbasedonthebasicsemanticsysteminthesourcetext,transformingtheconceptandmeaningofthesourcetextintoanewstructureinthetargetlanguage,capturingthethemeinthesourcetext,andendowingthenewexpressionmeaning.Thistranslationmethodfullyreflectsthetargetedimitationandmodelofthesourcetext,aimingtobetterclosetothespiritofthesourcetext,soastomakethetranslationmorereal,accurateandappropriate.Secondly,foreignizingtranslationmethodemphasizesthatbeforetranslating,translatorsshoulddeeplyunderstandthemeaningofthesourcetextandcarryoutin-depthtranslationresearch,whichcoversnotonlylanguage,butalsocultural,religious,historicalandotherfactors.Forexample,inthetranslationofanarrativetext,therearemanydifferentculturalbackgroundsandlanguagecharacteristics,weneedtobefamiliarwiththeseculturalbackgroundsandlanguagecharacteristics,inordertotranslatemoreappropriateexpressions.Then,foreignizingtranslationalsopaysattentiontothecreativetranslationofthetargettext,thatis,tousemorenovelexpressionsandmoreappropriatelanguagetoexpressthemeaningexpressedinthesourcetext.Forexample,whentranslatinganarticleaboutmovies,thetranslatorshouldnotonlybefamiliarwiththeexistingmoviematerialsandthecontentexpressedinthem,butalsousehisowncreativitytotranslatemoreaccuratecontent,soastoachievebettertranslationeffect.Lastly,foreignizingtranslationalsoemphasizeswritingskills,thatis,whentranslatingaparagraphoftext,appropriatesyntaxandgrammaticalstructureshouldbeadopted,suchasverveobjectstructureandattributiveclause,soastoavoidunfamiliargrammaticalstructureandconfusedsentences,soastobetterexpressthecontentoftheoriginaltext.Inaddition,whentranslatingthetext,thetranslatorshouldpayattentiontothelanguagetypeofthetranslationandusetheappropriatetone,intonation,voice,etc,soastomakethetranslationconsistentwiththeoriginaltextandachievetranslationeffect.Ingeneral,foreignizingtranslationisanewtranslationtheory.Itspurposeistotransformtheconceptandmeaningofthesourcetextintoanewstructureinthetargetlanguagebasedonthebasicsemanticsystemofthesourcetext,andtogivethenewexpressionmeaning,soastoachieveabettertranslationeffect,sothatthespiritofthesourcetextcanbepreservedtothegreatestextent.Atthesametime,theforeignizingtranslationmethodalsorequiresthetranslatortoconductin-depthtranslationresearch.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorshouldpayattentiontothecorrectnessofthegrammarofthetargettextandaddhisowncreativity,soastoachieveamoreaccurateandappropriatetranslationeffect.DialogueTwo：Joey:ThiscouldbeourchancetolikerenewourFriendship.Phoebe:Areyouaskingmetohavea“frienaissance”?喬伊：這是讓友誼變新鮮的好機(jī)會(huì)。菲比：你要我和你玩“友誼復(fù)興”嗎？Accordingtotheliteraltranslation,aboveexampleismoreconducivetotheexpressionofcontentthanblindlydomesticating,replacingorexplainingconceptswithChinese.ForeignizingtranslationisamoreeffectivewaytocommunicateAmericanculturetotheChineseaudience,whichallowstheaudiencetounderstandtheRenaissanceandretainstheexoticandoriginalcharacteristicstoattracttheaudience’sinterest.4.2SubtitleTranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofCoherencePrinciple4.2.1AdditionalTranslationAdditionaltranslationreferstotheadditionofwords,shortsentencesorsentencesintranslationaccordingtothedifferentwaysofthinking,languagehabitsandexpressionofEnglishandChinese,soastomoreaccuratelyexpressthemeaningcontainedintheoriginaltext.Incrementaltranslationincludes“grammaticalincrementaltranslation”and“contentincrementaltranslation”.TheformerreferstotheuseofappropriateprepositionsinChinese-Englishtranslationtoensuregrammaticalcorrectness.Thelatterreferstoaddingandtranslatingtheimpliedcontentoftheoriginaltextincludinglogic,backgroundknowledge,theauthor’srealintention,etc.DialogueThree：Joey:Well,mymoviehasbeenofficiallycanceled.Phoebe:Joey,Iamsosorry.Phoebe:Youwantmybreakfast?Joey:I’llprobablyeatinlikefiveminutes.Joey:Toodepressedtoeat.喬伊：我的電影正式取消拍攝了。菲比：好可惜噢，喬伊。菲比：你要不要吃我的早餐？喬伊：得過(guò)五分鐘后才有食欲。喬伊：我沮喪得吃不下了。Inthisdialogue,thesubtitletranslationaddsasubject“I”toJoy’swordsinthetranslationprocess,sothattheaudiencecanunderstandthemwell,sometimesduetothelimitationsoftimeandspaceinsubtitletranslation,subtitletranslationcanbeseeneverywhere.4.2.2AbbreviatedTranslationAbbreviatedtranslationmethod,alsoknownasreducedtranslationmethod.ThestudyoftranslationmethodsbetweenChineseandEnglishtranslation,mostofthesparingtranslationistoavoidthecumbersometranslation,adjustthesyntaxandgrammar,omitsomewordstomakethetranslationmoresmoothly.DialogueFour:Monica:What?...What,youwannaspellitoutwithnoodles?paul:No,it’s,it’smoreofafifthdatekindarevelation.Monica:Oh,sothereisgonnabeafifthdate?Isn’tthere?paul:Yeah...yeah,Ithinkthereis.瑞秋：怎么了？你打算邊攪面條邊講嗎？羅斯：不，這該是第五次約會(huì)時(shí)候才說(shuō)的事兒。瑞秋：噢，這么說(shuō)會(huì)有第五次約會(huì)了？你不想嗎？羅斯：想，我想的。Inthisdialogue,thepossessivepronounasattributiveisomitted.DuetothedifferentwaysofexpressionbetweenEnglishandChinese,therewillbemanysituationsinthetranslationprocessthatrequireustoflexiblyusetheeconomizingmethod,whichismainlymanifestedintheeconomizingmethodingrammaticalstructureandtherefiningandcompressioninthetranslationofscientificandliteraryworks.Thekeyoftranslationistoconformtoexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguage,sothereisnoneedtosticktothewordformoftheoriginaltext,otherwisesometimesthesentenceswillbewordyordeviatefromtheoriginaltext,soastobedifficulttounderstand.Appropriatelyomitsomewords,preciselyinordertoachievefaithfultotheoriginaltextormaketheoriginaltextsmoothexpressioneffect.Therefore,inthechoiceofvocabulary,asfaraspossibletoeliminatewhatredundantresponses,simplifysomesynonymsrepeatedadjectivesoradverbs.Intheadjustmentofsentencestructure,somepassiveandnegativesentencescanbechangedintoactiveandpositivesentences;Convertlongsentencesintoshortsentencesandcomplexsentencesintosimplesentencepatterns.Whenadjustingthestructureofdiscourse,wecanmakeappropriatecutstotheoriginaltextwithoutaffectingthecoherenceofthemeaningofthediscourse.4.3SubtitleTranslationStrategiesfromthePerspectiveofFidelityPrinciple4.3.1LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationusuallyreferstoliteraltranslation.Itmeansthattheemphasisisplacedonthetranslationoforiginalwords.Agoodliteraltranslationisoftenanewcreationandafreshtechniqueofexpression,itiscreatedonthebasisoftheexistingvocabularyandgrammarinthetargetlanguage.EnglishandChinesehavethesamestructure,literaltranslationfocusesonthecorrespondencebetweenlanguageandformandonpreservingtheoriginalflavor.DialogueFive:Ross:Ihavetosay“TupeloHoney”byVanMorrison.Rachel:Noway!Themostromanticsongeverwas“TheWayWeWere.”P(pán)hoebe:See,IthinktheonethatEltonJohnwroteforthatguyon“Who’stheBoss”.羅斯：我會(huì)說(shuō)是范莫里森唱的“土菠蘿蜜”。瑞秋：不會(huì)吧,我認(rèn)為最浪漫的歌是“往日情懷”。菲比：我覺(jué)得是艾爾頓·約翰給演《妙管家》的那人寫(xiě)的歌。ThisdialogueincludesthreeAmericansingers,sotheliteraltranslationnotonlyfullyconveystheoriginalcontent,butalsoenablestheaudiencetounderstandtheAmericanmusiccultureandattracttheaudience’sinterest.4.3.2FreeTranslationFreetranslation,isaccordingtothemeaningofthesentencetranslation.Trytoconformtotheoriginalmeaning,thesentenceshouldtake