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植物育種學(xué)課件
TomaketheheritablechangesinthegeneticmaterialatthegeneorchromosomelevelbyUsingchemicalmutagensisknownaschemicalinducedmutation.
Tomaketheheritablechangesinthegeneticmaterialatthegeneorchromosomelevelby
Usingchemicalmutagens,andbreedthevarietypeopledesirediscalledchemicalmutationbreeding.2.2chemicalinducedmutation:2.3Thefunctionofinducedmutationbreeding:Increasetherateofmutation,expandtherangeofmutation,producenewtraitsandnewtypethatdon’texistinnature;Breakthelinkageoftraits,acceleratetherecombinationofgene;Changesometraitscodedbyonegeneeffectively;Canbeusedsimply,fastenthestablerate,shortenthetimeofbreeding;Enhancethestressresistance,improvethequalityofcrop.
Increasetherateofmutation,expandtherangeofmutation,producenewtraitsandnewtypethatdon’texistinnature;
Therateofspontaneousmutationsisverylow,usuallyoneoutofmillionforanindividualgene.Therateofinducedmutationsismuchhigherthanspontaneousmutations(from100timesto1000times)Changesometraitscodedbyonegeneeffectively;mutantcontrastcontrastcontrastmutantCanbeusedsimply,fastenthestablerate,shortenthetimeofbreeding;
propagatedbyseed,canbestableinF3,andthenewvarietycanbebredin3~6year;
propagatedbyvegetableorgan,canbepropagatedtoproduceuniformmutationaftertheidentificationofdesirabletraitspurelineafterbeinginduced,shortenbreedingtimegreatly.Overcomethedifficultofdistantcross
Enhancethestressresistance,improvethequalityofcrop.contrastmutantRadiationinducedresistanceofbarleymutant2.4drawbackofinducedmutationbreeding:Uncertainpenetration;lowfrequencyofgoodmutation;returntonormaltraitsafterreversemutationsometimes.3physicalmutagensanditsmethods3.1Thetypeofphysicalmutagens:physicalmutagenselectromagneticradiations(lowenergy)ionizingradiationslaserUVradiations
(2000-3900?)electromagnetic
(highenergy)Particles
electric
particlesNonelectricParticles
γ-rays(0.1-1?)X-rays(100-1000?)neutronprotonα-radiationβ-radiationTypeofradiationSourceofradiationenergydangerousDepthofpermeateX-raysX-raymachines50-300kv+mm-cmγ-raysRadioisotopesCo60,Cs137
Afewofmillionv+Severalcmneutron(fast,slowandheat)NeutronoperatorFrom<1v—afewofmillionv++SeveralcmβparticlesRadioisotopes32P、35SToafewmillionv+sometimesToafewmmαparticlesRadioisotopes2-9millionv+Fewerthan1mmCharacteristicsofphysicalmutagents(fromSparrowandKonzak)3.2Themethodsofphysicalmutagents照射誘變.avi3.2.1materials:seeds,plants,pollen,eggcellsovary,gametes,zygote,embryo、asexualreproductiveorgans.Hybridmaterials.
callus
pollengametescellsleavesbranchembryo3.2.2methods:(1)outerradiation:X-rays,γ-rays,neutronoperator.(2)innerradiation:32P,35S,131I,14C,3H,Na2H32PO4.byinjection,ordippinginmutagens浸泡物理誘變.avi.(3)Eatingmethod:byapplyingmutagenicsolutionintoplantgrowthmediumwhichisabsorbedthrongroots.3.3thedosageofmutagents輻照劑量.avi3.3.1radiationintensity:
mCiorμCi,1mCi=10-3Ciand1μCi=10-8Ci.3.3.1radiationdose:isdeterminedbytheintensityoftheradiationsandlengthoftheexposure.
3.3.1radiationdose:canalsobedefinedastheamountoftheenergyabsorbedpermassofirradiatedmatteratthepointofinterest(erg/g).rad(radiationabsorbeddose)1rad=100erg/g=10-2joule/kgkRorGray(Gy):1Gy=100rad;1kR=10GyTheseedlingirradiatedbyfastneutronindifferentdoseThesweetpotatoirradiatedbyCo60indifferentdoseckckckdoserate:theamountofthedosageabsorbedperminute.LD50:whenseedsareused,thedosethatissufficienttoinhibitthegerminationof50%seedsD50:thedosethatissufficienttoinhibittheheightofthematerialtothehalfoftheCKCriticaldose:thedosethatissufficienttoinhibitthegerminationof40%seeds4.ModeofActionofMutagensTTATGCATCAATACGTAGMutagenactionOriginalDNAGTTATGCATCAATGCGTAGDNAreplicationIllegitimatepairingDNAreplicationTTACGCATCAATGCGTAGMutatedDNAa.MutagenicinducedchangeinthebasesequenceofDNATwoTypesofDeletionsb.MutagenicinducedchromosomedeletionCytologicalDetectionofaDeletionVisualizationofaDeletionInversionLoopsc.MutagenicinducedchangeinthesequenceofDNAabcdeabcdeabcdebcdeadcbd.MutagenicinducedchromosomeTranslocationsDiagramofaReciprocalTranslocationsAntibioticsAzides:NaN35Chemicalmutagensanditsmethods5.1Thetypeofchemicalmutagens:chemicalmutagensforchangingthestructureofDNAGGTCAT
CTGABaseanaloguesandrelatedcompoundsThechemicalcompoundCombiningtoDNAmutagensPhysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsDensityrangeMolecularweightcharacteristicsWatersolubilityFusingorboilingpointM%Ethylmethanesulphonate(EMS)TransparentliquidAbout8%B85-86℃/10mmHgcolumn0.05-0.30.3-1.5124Diethylsulphate(DES)Transparentliquid_B208℃0.150.1-0.6154Ethylnitrosourea(ENU)Yellowsolid+F98-100℃0.020.01-0.05117ethyleneimine(EI)Transparentliquid++B56℃/760mmHgcolumn0.85-0.900.05-0.1543(NaN3)Whitesolid++F65Characteristicsofchemicalmutagens5.2Themethodsofchemicalmutagens5.2.1materials:seeds,plants,pollen,eggcellsovary,gametes,zygote,embryo、asexualreproductiveorgans.Hybridmaterials.5.2.2methods:(1)Drippingsolution(2)Injection(3)Painting(4)Steaming
(5)Soaking
浸泡化學(xué)誘變.avi5.2.3TheelementsaffectingtheeffectsofthemutationSolutiondensityTimetemperature(1)
SolutiondensitymutagentsDensityrangeEMS0.15-0.3MDES0.015-0.02MEI0.85-9.00mMNEH1.2-1.4mMNaN30.01-0.004MSomechemicalmutagents’solutiondensityintreatingcereal(2)Time(3)TemperatureTemperature(℃)Halftime(h)DESEMS400.327.29301.0025.9203.3493.11013.1378527.6796059.61716ThehalftimeofDESandEMSindifferenttemperatureCH3SO2OC2H5CH3SO2OH+C2H5OHEMSH2O+(4)presoakingseeds(5)ThepHvalueofthemutagensolution(6)Somemetalion(Zn2+、Cu2+、Mn、Al)canimprovemutationrateofchromosomeinEMS.(7)Rinsingaftermutation.6.ScreeningthepopulationstoselectmutantsdesirablePedigreemethodBulkpopulationmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;Someplantsmaybechimeras;Thedominantmutationsmaybeobserved;Harvestabout20seedsfromeachM1plantorspikeindividually3rdyearM2Growprogenyrowsofeachplant;Identifyrowsshowingmutationsandselectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesttheseedofeachselectedplantseparatelyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;Someplantsmaybechimeras;
Thedominantmutationsmaybeobserved;Harvestabout20seedsfromeachM1plantorspikeindividually3rdyearM2Growprogenyrowsofeachplant;Identifyrowsshowingmutationsandselectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesttheseedofeachselectedplantseparatelyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;Someplantsmaybechimeras;Thedominantmutationsmaybeobserved;Harvestabout20seedsfromeachM1plantorspikeindividually3rdyearM2Growprogenyrowsofeachplant;Identifyrowsshowingmutationsandselectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesttheseedofeachselectedplantseparatelyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsBulkmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsBulkmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsBulkmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMuta
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