植物育種學(xué)課件

植物育種學(xué)課件

TomaketheheritablechangesinthegeneticmaterialatthegeneorchromosomelevelbyUsingchemicalmutagensisknownaschemicalinducedmutation.

Tomaketheheritablechangesinthegeneticmaterialatthegeneorchromosomelevelby

Usingchemicalmutagens,andbreedthevarietypeopledesirediscalledchemicalmutationbreeding.2.2chemicalinducedmutation:2.3Thefunctionofinducedmutationbreeding：Increasetherateofmutation，expandtherangeofmutation，producenewtraitsandnewtypethatdon’texistinnature；Breakthelinkageoftraits，acceleratetherecombinationofgene；Changesometraitscodedbyonegeneeffectively；Canbeusedsimply，fastenthestablerate，shortenthetimeofbreeding；Enhancethestressresistance，improvethequalityofcrop.

Increasetherateofmutation，expandtherangeofmutation，producenewtraitsandnewtypethatdon’texistinnature；

Therateofspontaneousmutationsisverylow,usuallyoneoutofmillionforanindividualgene.Therateofinducedmutationsismuchhigherthanspontaneousmutations(from100timesto1000times)Changesometraitscodedbyonegeneeffectively；mutantcontrastcontrastcontrastmutantCanbeusedsimply，fastenthestablerate，shortenthetimeofbreeding；

propagatedbyseed，canbestableinF3，andthenewvarietycanbebredin3~6year;

propagatedbyvegetableorgan，canbepropagatedtoproduceuniformmutationaftertheidentificationofdesirabletraitspurelineafterbeinginduced,shortenbreedingtimegreatly.Overcomethedifficultofdistantcross

Enhancethestressresistance，improvethequalityofcrop.contrastmutantRadiationinducedresistanceofbarleymutant2.4drawbackofinducedmutationbreeding：Uncertainpenetration;lowfrequencyofgoodmutation；returntonormaltraitsafterreversemutationsometimes.3physicalmutagensanditsmethods3.1Thetypeofphysicalmutagens：physicalmutagenselectromagneticradiations(lowenergy)ionizingradiationslaserUVradiations

（2000-3900?）electromagnetic

(highenergy)Particles

electric

particlesNonelectricParticles

γ-rays(0.1-1?)X-rays（100-1000?）neutronprotonα-radiationβ-radiationTypeofradiationSourceofradiationenergydangerousDepthofpermeateX-raysX-raymachines50-300kv+mm-cmγ-raysRadioisotopesCo60,Cs137

Afewofmillionv+Severalcmneutron（fast，slowandheat）NeutronoperatorFrom<1v—afewofmillionv++SeveralcmβparticlesRadioisotopes32P、35SToafewmillionv+sometimesToafewmmαparticlesRadioisotopes2-9millionv+Fewerthan1mmCharacteristicsofphysicalmutagents（fromSparrowandKonzak)3.2Themethodsofphysicalmutagents照射誘變.avi3.2.1materials：seeds,plants,pollen,eggcellsovary,gametes,zygote,embryo、asexualreproductiveorgans.Hybridmaterials.

callus

pollengametescellsleavesbranchembryo3.2.2methods：(1)outerradiation：X-rays,γ-rays,neutronoperator.(2)innerradiation：32P,35S,131I,14C,3H,Na2H32PO4.byinjection,ordippinginmutagens浸泡物理誘變.avi.(3)Eatingmethod：byapplyingmutagenicsolutionintoplantgrowthmediumwhichisabsorbedthrongroots.3.3thedosageofmutagents輻照劑量.avi3.3.1radiationintensity：

mCiorμCi，1mCi=10-3Ciand1μCi=10-8Ci.3.3.1radiationdose：isdeterminedbytheintensityoftheradiationsandlengthoftheexposure.

3.3.1radiationdose：canalsobedefinedastheamountoftheenergyabsorbedpermassofirradiatedmatteratthepointofinterest（erg/g）.rad(radiationabsorbeddose)1rad=100erg/g=10-2joule/kgkRorGray(Gy):1Gy=100rad;1kR=10GyTheseedlingirradiatedbyfastneutronindifferentdoseThesweetpotatoirradiatedbyCo60indifferentdoseckckckdoserate:theamountofthedosageabsorbedperminute.LD50：whenseedsareused,thedosethatissufficienttoinhibitthegerminationof50%seedsD50：thedosethatissufficienttoinhibittheheightofthematerialtothehalfoftheCKCriticaldose：thedosethatissufficienttoinhibitthegerminationof40%seeds4.ModeofActionofMutagensTTATGCATCAATACGTAGMutagenactionOriginalDNAGTTATGCATCAATGCGTAGDNAreplicationIllegitimatepairingDNAreplicationTTACGCATCAATGCGTAGMutatedDNAa.MutagenicinducedchangeinthebasesequenceofDNATwoTypesofDeletionsb.MutagenicinducedchromosomedeletionCytologicalDetectionofaDeletionVisualizationofaDeletionInversionLoopsc.MutagenicinducedchangeinthesequenceofDNAabcdeabcdeabcdebcdeadcbd.MutagenicinducedchromosomeTranslocationsDiagramofaReciprocalTranslocationsAntibioticsAzides:NaN35Chemicalmutagensanditsmethods5.1Thetypeofchemicalmutagens：chemicalmutagensforchangingthestructureofDNAGGTCAT

CTGABaseanaloguesandrelatedcompoundsThechemicalcompoundCombiningtoDNAmutagensPhysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsDensityrangeMolecularweightcharacteristicsWatersolubilityFusingorboilingpointM%Ethylmethanesulphonate（EMS）TransparentliquidAbout8%B85-86℃/10mmHgcolumn0.05-0.30.3-1.5124Diethylsulphate（DES）Transparentliquid_B208℃0.150.1-0.6154Ethylnitrosourea（ENU）Yellowsolid+F98-100℃0.020.01-0.05117ethyleneimine（EI）Transparentliquid++B56℃/760mmHgcolumn0.85-0.900.05-0.1543（NaN3）Whitesolid++F65Characteristicsofchemicalmutagens5.2Themethodsofchemicalmutagens5.2.1materials：seeds,plants,pollen,eggcellsovary,gametes,zygote,embryo、asexualreproductiveorgans.Hybridmaterials.5.2.2methods：(1)Drippingsolution(2)Injection(3)Painting(4)Steaming

(5)Soaking

浸泡化學(xué)誘變.avi5.2.3TheelementsaffectingtheeffectsofthemutationSolutiondensityTimetemperature(1)

SolutiondensitymutagentsDensityrangeEMS0.15-0.3MDES0.015-0.02MEI0.85-9.00mMNEH1.2-1.4mMNaN30.01-0.004MSomechemicalmutagents’solutiondensityintreatingcereal(2)Time(3)TemperatureTemperature(℃)Halftime（h）DESEMS400.327.29301.0025.9203.3493.11013.1378527.6796059.61716ThehalftimeofDESandEMSindifferenttemperatureCH3SO2OC2H5CH3SO2OH+C2H5OHEMSH2O+(4)presoakingseeds(5)ThepHvalueofthemutagensolution(6)Somemetalion（Zn2+、Cu2+、Mn、Al）canimprovemutationrateofchromosomeinEMS.(7)Rinsingaftermutation.6.ScreeningthepopulationstoselectmutantsdesirablePedigreemethodBulkpopulationmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;Someplantsmaybechimeras;Thedominantmutationsmaybeobserved;Harvestabout20seedsfromeachM1plantorspikeindividually3rdyearM2Growprogenyrowsofeachplant;Identifyrowsshowingmutationsandselectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesttheseedofeachselectedplantseparatelyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;Someplantsmaybechimeras;

Thedominantmutationsmaybeobserved;Harvestabout20seedsfromeachM1plantorspikeindividually3rdyearM2Growprogenyrowsofeachplant;Identifyrowsshowingmutationsandselectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesttheseedofeachselectedplantseparatelyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;Someplantsmaybechimeras;Thedominantmutationsmaybeobserved;Harvestabout20seedsfromeachM1plantorspikeindividually3rdyearM2Growprogenyrowsofeachplant;Identifyrowsshowingmutationsandselectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesttheseedofeachselectedplantseparatelyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation4thyearM3Growindividualplantprogenies;Selectthemutantanduniformlineswhichmaybebulkedifhomogeneous;Theprogenyrowsshowingvariationmaybeselectedfordesirablemutantswhichareharvestedindividually;5thyearM4Evaluatethebulkedorindividuallinesinpreliminarytrialstoselectthebestlinesforfurtherevaluation;Segregatinglinesareusuallyrejected6th-9thyearM5—M8Repeatmultilocationtrialofstablemutants10thyearM9SeedmultiplicationandreleaseMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsPedigreemethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsBulkmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsBulkmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMutationbreedingschemeforseedpropagatedself-pollinatedcropsBulkmethodYearGenerationOperation1styearM0Treattheseed(500ormore)withappropriatemutagen2ndyearM1Growtheseedsasspaceplantedinisolation;HarvestsufficientM2seeds3rd-5thyearM2–M4Growprogenyatconventionalspacing;Harvesttheseedinbulk6thyearM5SpaceplantbulkM5seeds;Selectdesirablemutantplants;HarvesteachselectedplantindividuallyMuta