6商業(yè)智能的基礎(chǔ)：數(shù)據(jù)和信息管理_第1頁(yè)
6商業(yè)智能的基礎(chǔ)：數(shù)據(jù)和信息管理_第2頁(yè)
6商業(yè)智能的基礎(chǔ)：數(shù)據(jù)和信息管理_第3頁(yè)
6商業(yè)智能的基礎(chǔ)：數(shù)據(jù)和信息管理_第4頁(yè)
6商業(yè)智能的基礎(chǔ)：數(shù)據(jù)和信息管理_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè)，還剩39頁(yè)未讀， 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明：本文檔由用戶提供并上傳，收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方，若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán)，請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

6Chapter

FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:DatabasesandInformationManagementLEARNINGOBJECTIVESManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementDescribehowtheproblemsofmanagingdataresourcesinatraditionalfileenvironmentaresolvedbyadatabasemanagementsystemDescribethecapabilitiesandvalueofadatabasemanagementsystemApplyimportantdatabasedesignprinciplesEvaluatetoolsandtechnologiesforaccessinginformationfromdatabasestoimprovebusinessperformanceanddecisionmakingAssesstheroleofinformationpolicy,dataadministration,anddataqualityassuranceinthemanagementoffirm’sdataresourcesCanHPMineSuccessfromanEnterpriseDataWarehouse?Problem:HP’snumeroussystemsunabletodelivertheinformationneededforacompletepictureofbusinessoperations,lackofdataconsistencySolutions:Buildadatawarehousewithasingleglobalenterprise-widedatabase;replacing17databasetechnologiesand14,000databasesinuseCreatedconsistentdatamodelsforallenterprisedataandproprietaryplatformDemonstratesimportanceofdatabasemanagementincreatingtimely,accuratedataandreportsIllustratesneedtostandardizehowdatafromdisparatesourcesarestored,organized,andmanagedManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementOrganizingDatainaTraditionalFileEnvironmentFileorganizationconceptsComputersystemorganizesdatainahierarchyField:Groupofcharactersasword(s)ornumberRecord:GroupofrelatedfieldsFile:GroupofrecordsofsametypeDatabase:GroupofrelatedfilesRecord:DescribesanentityEntity:Person,place,thingonwhichwestoreinformationAttribute:Eachcharacteristic,orquality,describingentityE.g.,AttributesDateorGradebelongtoentityCOURSEManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDataHierarchyFigure6-1Acomputersystemorganizesdatainahierarchythatstartswiththebit,whichrepresentseithera0ora1.Bitscanbegroupedtoformabytetorepresentonecharacter,number,orsymbol.Bytescanbegroupedtoformafield,andrelatedfieldscanbegroupedtoformarecord.Relatedrecordscanbecollectedtoformafile,andrelatedfilescanbeorganizedintoadatabase.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementOrganizingDatainaTraditionalFileEnvironmentProblemswiththetraditionalfileenvironment(filesmaintainedseparatelybydifferentdepartments)DataredundancyandinconsistencyDataredundancy:PresenceofduplicatedatainmultiplefilesDatainconsistency:SameattributehasdifferentvaluesProgram-datadependence:WhenchangesinprogramrequireschangestodataaccessedbyprogramLackofflexibilityPoorsecurityLackofdatasharingandavailabilityManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementOrganizingDatainaTraditionalFileEnvironmentTraditionalFileProcessingFigure6-2Theuseofatraditionalapproachtofileprocessingencourageseachfunctionalareainacorporationtodevelopspecializedapplicationsandfiles.Eachapplicationrequiresauniquedatafilethatislikelytobeasubsetofthemasterfile.Thesesubsetsofthemasterfileleadtodataredundancyandinconsistency,processinginflexibility,andwastedstorageresources.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementOrganizingDatainaTraditionalFileEnvironmentDatabaseCollectionofdataorganizedtoservemanyapplicationsbycentralizingdataandcontrollingredundantdataDatabasemanagementsystemInterfacesbetweenapplicationprogramsandphysicaldatafilesSeparateslogicalandphysicalviewsofdataSolvesproblemsoftraditionalfileenvironmentControlsredundancyEliminatesinconsistencyUncouplesprogramsanddataEnablesorganizationtocentralmanagedataanddatasecurityTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-3Asinglehumanresourcesdatabaseprovidesmanydifferentviewsofdata,dependingontheinformationrequirementsoftheuser.Illustratedherearetwopossibleviews,oneofinteresttoabenefitsspecialistandoneofinteresttoamemberofthecompany’spayrolldepartment.HumanResourcesDatabasewithMultipleViewsTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementRelationalDBMSRepresentdataastwo-dimensionaltablescalledrelationsorfilesEachtablecontainsdataonentityandattributesTable:gridofcolumnsandrowsRows(tuples):RecordsfordifferententitiesFields(columns):RepresentsattributeforentityKeyfield:FieldusedtouniquelyidentifyeachrecordPrimarykey:FieldintableusedforkeyfieldsForeignkey:Primarykeyusedinsecondtableaslook-upfieldtoidentifyrecordsfromoriginaltable ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-4AArelationaldatabaseorganizesdataintheformoftwo-dimensionaltables.IllustratedherearetablesfortheentitiesSUPPLIERandPARTshowinghowtheyrepresenteachentityanditsattributes.Supplier_NumberisaprimarykeyfortheSUPPLIERtableandaforeignkeyforthePARTtable.RelationalDatabaseTablesTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-4BRelationalDatabaseTables(cont.)TheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementOperationsofaRelationalDBMSThreebasicoperationsusedtodevelopusefulsetsofdataSELECT:CreatessubsetofdataofallrecordsthatmeetstatedcriteriaJOIN:CombinesrelationaltablestoprovideuserwithmoreinformationthanavailableinindividualtablesPROJECT:Createssubsetofcolumnsintable,creatingtableswithonlytheinformationspecifiedManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-5Theselect,project,andjoinoperationsenabledatafromtwodifferenttablestobecombinedandonlyselectedattributestobedisplayed.TheThreeBasicOperationsofaRelationalDBMSTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementObject-OrientedDBMS(OODBMS)StoresdataandproceduresasobjectsCapableofmanaginggraphics,multimedia,JavaappletsRelativelyslowcomparedwithrelationalDBMSforprocessinglargenumbersoftransactionsHybridobject-relationalDBMS:ProvidecapabilitiesofbothOODBMSandrelationalDBMSManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementCapabilitiesofDatabaseManagementSystemsDatadefinitioncapability:Specifiesstructureofdatabasecontent,usedtocreatetablesanddefinecharacteristicsoffieldsDatadictionary:AutomatedormanualfilestoringdefinitionsofdataelementsandtheircharacteristicsDatamanipulationlanguage:Usedtoadd,change,delete,retrievedatafromdatabaseStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)MicrosoftAccessusertoolsforgenerationSQLManyDBMShavereportgenerationcapabilitiesforcreatingpolishedreports(CrystalReports)ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-6MicrosoftAccesshasarudimentarydatadictionarycapabilitythatdisplaysinformationaboutthesize,format,andothercharacteristicsofeachfieldinadatabase.DisplayedhereistheinformationmaintainedintheSUPPLIERtable.ThesmallkeyicontotheleftofSupplier_Numberindicatesthatitisakeyfield.MicrosoftAccessDataDictionaryFeaturesTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-7IllustratedherearetheSQLstatementsforaquerytoselectsuppliersforparts137or150.TheyproducealistwiththesameresultsasFigure6-5.ExampleofanSQLQueryTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-8IllustratedhereishowthequeryinFigure6-7wouldbeconstructedusingquery-buildingtoolsintheAccessQueryDesignView.Itshowsthetables,fields,andselectioncriteriausedforthequery.AnAccessQueryTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementDesigningDatabasesConceptual(logical)design:abstractmodelfrombusinessperspectivePhysicaldesign:Howdatabaseisarrangedondirect-accessstoragedevicesDesignprocessidentifiesRelationshipsamongdataelements,redundantdatabaseelementsMostefficientwaytogroupdataelementstomeetbusinessrequirements,needsofapplicationprogramsNormalizationStreamliningcomplexgroupingsofdatatominimizeredundantdataelementsandawkwardmany-to-manyrelationshipsManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-9Anunnormalizedrelationcontainsrepeatinggroups.Forexample,therecanbemanypartsandsuppliersforeachorder.Thereisonlyaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenOrder_NumberandOrder_Date.AnUnnormalizedRelationforOrderTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-10Afternormalization,theoriginalrelationORDERhasbeenbrokendownintofoursmallerrelations.TherelationORDERisleftwithonlytwoattributesandtherelationLINE_ITEMhasacombined,orconcatenated,keyconsistingofOrder_NumberandPart_Number.NormalizedTablesCreatedfromOrderTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementEntity-relationshipdiagramUsedbydatabasedesignerstodocumentthedatamodelIllustratesrelationshipsbetweenentitiesDistributingdatabases:StoringdatabaseinmorethanoneplacePartitioned:SeparatelocationsstoredifferentpartsofdatabaseReplicated:CentraldatabaseduplicatedinentiretyatdifferentlocationsManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementFigure6-11ThisdiagramshowstherelationshipsbetweentheentitiesORDER,LINE_ITEM,PART,andSUPPLIERthatmightbeusedtomodelthedatabaseinFigure6-10.AnEntity-RelationshipDiagramTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementDistributingdatabasesTwomainmethodsofdistributingadatabasePartitioned:SeparatelocationsstoredifferentpartsofdatabaseReplicated:CentraldatabaseduplicatedinentiretyatdifferentlocationsAdvantagesReducedvulnerabilityIncreasedresponsivenessDrawbacksDeparturesfromusingstandarddefinitionsSecurityproblemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagementDistributedDatabasesFigure6-12Therearealternativewaysofdistributingadatabase.Thecentraldatabasecanbepartitioned(a)sothateachremoteprocessorhasthenecessarydatatoserveitsownlocalneeds.Thecentraldatabasealsocanbereplicated(b)atallremotelocations.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementTheDatabaseApproachtoDataManagement6.3UsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementVerylargedatabasesandsystemsrequirespecialcapabilities,toolsToanalyzelargequantitiesofdataToaccessdatafrommultiplesystemsThreekeytechniquesDatawarehousingDataminingToolsforaccessinginternaldatabasesthroughtheWebManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementDatawarehouse:StorescurrentandhistoricaldatafrommanycoreoperationaltransactionsystemsConsolidatesandstandardizesinformationforuseacrossenterprise,butdatacannotbealteredDatawarehousesystemwillprovidequery,analysis,andreportingtoolsDatamarts:SubsetofdatawarehouseSummarizedorhighlyfocusedportionoffirm’sdataforusebyspecificpopulationofusersTypicallyfocusesonsinglesubjectorlineofbusinessUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingComponentsofaDataWarehouseFigure6-13Thedatawarehouseextractscurrentandhistoricaldatafrommultipleoperationalsystemsinsidetheorganization.Thesedataarecombinedwithdatafromexternalsourcesandreorganizedintoacentraldatabasedesignedformanagementreportingandanalysis.Theinformationdirectoryprovidesuserswithinformationaboutthedataavailableinthewarehouse.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingReadtheInteractiveSession:Organizations,andthendiscussthefollowingquestions:WhywasitsodifficultfortheIRStoanalyzethetaxpayerdataithadcollected?WhatkindofchallengesdidtheIRSencounterwhenimplementingitsCDW?Whatmanagement,organization,andtechnologyissueshadtobeaddressed?HowdidtheCDWimprovedecisionmakingandoperationsattheIRS?Aretherebenefitstotaxpayers?Doyouthinkdatawarehousescouldbeusefulinotherareasofthefederalsector?Whichones?Whyorwhynot?TheIRSUncoversTaxFraudwithaDataWarehouseManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementBusinessIntelligence:Toolsforconsolidating,analyzing,andprovidingaccesstovastamountsofdatatohelpusersmakebetterbusinessdecisionsE.g.,Harrah’sEntertainmentanalyzescustomerstodevelopgamblingprofilesandidentifymostprofitablecustomersPrincipletoolsinclude:SoftwarefordatabasequeryandreportingOnlineanalyticalprocessing(OLAP)DataminingUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingBusinessIntelligenceFigure6-14Aseriesofanalyticaltoolsworkswithdatastoredindatabasestofindpatternsandinsightsforhelpingmanagersandemployeesmakebetterdecisionstoimproveorganizationalperformance.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementOnlineanalyticalprocessing(OLAP)SupportsmultidimensionaldataanalysisViewingdatausingmultipledimensionsEachaspectofinformation(product,pricing,cost,region,timeperiod)isdifferentdimensionE.g.,howmanywasherssoldinEastinJunecomparedwithotherregions?OLAPenablesrapid,onlineanswerstoadhocqueriesUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingMultidimensionalDataModelFigure6-15Theviewthatisshowingisproductversusregion.Ifyourotatethecube90degrees,thefacethatwillshowisproductversusactualandprojectedsales.Ifyourotatethecube90degreesagain,youwillseeregionversusactualandprojectedsales.Otherviewsarepossible.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementDatamining:MorediscoverydriventhanOLAPFindshiddenpatterns,relationshipsinlargedatabasesandinfersrulestopredictfuturebehaviorE.g.,Findingpatternsincustomerdataforone-to-onemarketingcampaignsortoidentifyprofitablecustomers.TypesofinformationobtainablefromdataminingAssociationsSequencesClassificationClusteringForecastingUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementPredictiveanalysisUsesdataminingtechniques,historicaldata,andassumptionsaboutfutureconditionstopredictoutcomesofeventsE.g.,ProbabilityacustomerwillrespondtoanofferorpurchaseaspecificproductTextminingExtractskeyelementsfromlargeunstructureddatasets(e.g.,storede-mails)UsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementWebminingDiscoveryandanalysisofusefulpatternsandinformationfromWWWE.g.,tounderstandcustomerbehavior,evaluateeffectivenessofWebsite,etc.TechniquesWebcontentminingKnowledgeextractedfromcontentofWebpagesWebstructureminingE.g.,linkstoandfromWebpageWebusageminingUserinteractiondatarecordedbyWebserverUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementDatabasesandtheWebManycompaniesuseWebtomakesomeinternaldatabasesavailabletocustomersorpartnersTypicalconfigurationincludes:WebserverApplicationserver/middleware/CGIscriptsDatabaseserver(hostingDBM)AdvantagesofusingWebfordatabaseaccess:EaseofuseofbrowsersoftwareWebinterfacerequiresfewornochangestodatabaseInexpensivetoaddWebinterfacetosystemUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingLinkingInternalDatabasestotheWebFigure6-16Usersaccessanorganization’sinternaldatabasethroughtheWebusingtheirdesktopPCsandWebbrowsersoftware.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter6FoundationsofBusinessIntelligence:Databases

andInformationManagementUsingDatabasestoImproveBusinessPerformanceandDecisionMakingReadtheInteractiveSession:Technology,andthendiscussthefollowingquestions:Whatkindofdatab

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說明，都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等，如果需要附件，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙，網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽，若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間，僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理，對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯，并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容，請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系，我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論