2024屆北京市豐臺區(qū)等5區(qū)高三下學期一模英語試題（解析版）

試卷第=page11頁，共=sectionpages33頁試卷第=page11頁，共=sectionpages33頁2024屆北京市豐臺區(qū)等5區(qū)高三下學期一模英語試題學校:___________姓名：___________班級：___________考號：___________一、完形填空Ihadn’tseenAnneinnearly20yearssincecollege,yetwecouldstillpartylikeoldtimes.Itwasgreattohaveherhere,1ourlives.Shewaslookingatthefewblooms(花)leftinmyyard.Ihadn’tplantedmuchafterlosingmyjob.Ithadbeena2yearforme.JustwhenIthoughtIwasdonewiththebitterness,itwouldallcomerushingbackandthe3thingonmymindwasflowers.“Oneofmyhobbiesistakingphotosof4,”shesaidandsteadiedherselfnearthelastroseoftheseason.Ishrugged(聳肩),wonderingwhyanyonewould5takingtimetolookatalowlyrose.Suddenlyahotsongrangfromhercellphone.“Isetittoremindmetotakemymedicine,”shesaidcalmly.“An6formedicine?”Ilaughed.“Arewethatold?”“Formybrain,”shesmiled.“Ihavebeendiagnosedwithararecancer,asmalltumor(腫塊)nobiggerthanyourfingernail,”shelaughedsoftly.ThatwasAnne—ever7.Evencancerwasnomorethanjokingabout.So8thatIwasbeyondwords.Laternextday,ane-mailfilledwiththeflowerphotospoppedupfromAnne—clearandbeautiful.Shehadgottenpasttheanger,thepityandunfairness,takingonemomentatatimeandpolishingituntilit9.Ishiftedmyeyetooutside,andIhadherflowersinfullbloom.Actually,Ialwayshadthem,butitwasAnnewhogotmetoreally10them.1．A．saving B．watching C．sharing D．controlling2．A．normal B．new C．satisfying D．difficult3．A．last B．same C．only D．right4．A．yards B．flowers C．parties D．people5．A．bother B．a(chǎn)void C．miss D．stop6．A．a(chǎn)ward B．order C．a(chǎn)larm D．idea7．A．optimistic B．a(chǎn)ttractive C．hard-working D．confident8．A．nervous B．shocked C．relaxed D．lucky9．A．ended B．failed C．shined D．fruited10．A．a(chǎn)rrange B．trust C．colour D．a(chǎn)ppreciate【答案】1．C2．D3．A4．B5．A6．C7．A8．B9．C10．D【導語】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章主要講述了作者和好友20年后相聚時分享生活，Anne得了癌癥卻仍然樂觀的生活，并且她會欣賞美麗的花，而作者會沉浸在痛苦中，Anne讓作者真正懂得了要欣賞自己種的那些花。1．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：能有她在這里，分享我們的生活真是太好了。A.saving節(jié)省，拯救；B.watching觀看；C.sharing分享；D.controlling控制。根據(jù)“Ihadn’tseenAnneinnearly20yearssincecollege,yetwecouldstillpartylikeoldtimes.”可知，20年后好友重逢，應該是一起分享生活。故選C。2．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：對我來說，這是艱難的一年。A.normal正常的；B.new新的；C.satisfying令人滿意的；D.difficult困難的；艱難的。根據(jù)“Ihadn’tplantedmuchafterlosingmyjob.”和“JustwhenIthoughtIwasdonewiththebitterness”可知，作者失去工作，感到痛苦，因此對她來說這是艱難的一年。故選D。3．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：就在我以為我已經(jīng)擺脫了這種痛苦的時候，它又會涌上心頭，我腦海中最后浮現(xiàn)的就是花。A.last最后的；B.same相同的；C.only僅有的，唯一的；D.right正確的。根據(jù)“JustwhenIthoughtIwasdonewiththebitterness,itwouldallcomerushingback”可知，作者總是沉浸在痛苦中，因此最后想到的才是花。故選A。4．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“我的一個愛好是給花拍照，”她說著，在這一季最后一朵玫瑰旁邊站穩(wěn)了腳跟。A.yards院子；B.flowers花；C.parties聚會；D.people人們。根據(jù)“Ishrugged(聳肩),wonderingwhyanyonewould5takingtimetolookatalowlyrose.”可知，此處指給花拍照片。故選B。5．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：我聳了聳肩，不明白為什么有人會花時間去看一朵不起眼的玫瑰。A.bother打擾，使煩惱；B.avoid避免；C.miss錯過；D.stop停止。根據(jù)“the3thingonmymindwasflowers.”和“Ishrugged(聳肩)”可知，作者覺得花時間看花是很麻煩的事。故選A。6．考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：“吃藥的鬧鐘？”我笑了。A.award獎品；B.order順序，命令；C.alarm警報，鬧鐘；D.idea主意。根據(jù)““Isetittoremindmetotakemymedicine,”shesaidcalmly.”可知，此處表示Anne設置鬧鐘提醒自己吃藥。故選C。7．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：這就是安妮一貫的樂觀。A.optimistic樂觀的；B.attractive吸引人的；C.hard-working努力工作的，勤勞的；D.confident自信的。根據(jù)““Ihavebeendiagnosedwithararecancer,asmalltumor(腫塊)nobiggerthanyourfingernail,”shelaughedsoftly.”可知，Anne坦然的面對自己的疾病，因此她是樂觀的。故選A。8．考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我震驚得說不出話來。A.nervous緊張的；B.shocked震驚的；C.relaxed放松的；D.lucky幸運的。根據(jù)“Ihavebeendiagnosedwithararecancer”可知，聽說Anne患有癌癥，作者感到震驚。故選B。9．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：她已經(jīng)克服了憤怒、憐憫和不公平，一次又一次地打磨它，直到它閃閃發(fā)光。A.ended結束；B.failed失敗；C.shined發(fā)光，把……照向；D.fruited使結果實。根據(jù)“takingonemomentatatimeandpolishingit”可知，一次又一次的打磨是為了讓它發(fā)光。故選C。10．考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：事實上，我一直都擁有它們，但是安妮讓我真正懂得欣賞它們。A.arrange安排；B.trust信任；C.colour給……上色；D.appreciate欣賞，感激。根據(jù)上文““Oneofmyhobbiesistakingphotosof4,””可知，Anne讓作者懂得欣賞自己種的那些花。故選D。二、語法填空閱讀短文，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬热莼蚶ㄌ杻葐卧~的正確形式。Chineserestaurantshaveplayedanimportantroleindifferent11(country)worldwide,wheretherecanbespecializedversionsofChinesefood.Forexample,GeneralTso’schicken,12(name)afterTsoTsung-tang,amilitaryleaderoftheQingDynasty,iswhatAmericanslovetoeatbecauseitissweet,fried.Obviously,therecipe13(change)alottosuitdifferentregionaltastes,leadingtovariationsinthecookingmethodused.【答案】11．countries12．named13．haschanged/changes【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹世界上很多國家都有中餐館，但為了適應當?shù)厝说目谖?，有些中餐的食譜發(fā)生了很大的變化。11．考查名詞的數(shù)。句意：中國餐館在世界上不同的國家扮演著重要的角色，在那些國家可能有特別版本的中國食物。country“國家”是可數(shù)名詞，被different修飾，應用其復數(shù)形式，作賓語。故填countries。12．考查非謂語動詞。句意：例如，以清朝軍事領袖左宗棠的名字命名的左宗棠雞，是美國人喜歡吃的，因為它是甜的，油炸的。分析可知，空處為名詞GeneralTso’schicken的后置定語，故name應用非謂語動詞形式；GeneralTso’s

chicken和name...after“以……命名”之間為被動關系，name應用過去分詞。故填named。13．考查時態(tài)。句意：顯然，為了適應不同地區(qū)的口味，食譜會發(fā)生很大的變化，這就導致了烹飪方法的變化?？仗帪榫渥又^語動詞；此處可看作過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，用現(xiàn)在完成時，也可看作陳述客觀事實，用一般現(xiàn)在時；主語therecipe是第三人稱單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。故填haschanged/changes。閱讀短文，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬热莼蚶ㄌ杻葐卧~的正確形式。Beingabletounderstandlocaljokesisoftenseenasagreaticebreakerforaforeignlanguagelearner14triestostartfriendshipswithnativespeakers.However,when15(study)aforeignlanguage,abeginneralwaysconsidersjokeshardtounderstand.Mostofthetime,jokesareonlyfunnyforpeoplewhoshareaculturalbackgroundorunderstandhumorinthesameway.Andthereis16(much)tounderstandingajokeinaforeignlanguagethanunderstandingvocabularyand

grammar.【答案】14．who15．studying16．more【導語】這是一段說明文。文章提到能聽懂當?shù)氐男υ?，可以更好的學習當?shù)氐恼Z言，與當?shù)厝私⒙?lián)系。14．考查定語從句。句意：對于試圖與母語人士建立友誼的外語學習者來說，能夠聽懂當?shù)氐男υ捦ǔ１灰暈橐粋€很好的破冰器。分析句子結構可知，該句為定語從句，先行詞languageleaner（語言學習者）為人，且從句中缺少主語，因此可使用關系代詞who在從句中作主語。故填who。15．考查非謂語。句意：然而，在學習一門外語時，初學者總是認為笑話很難理解。分析句子結構可知，該句已有謂語considers（認為），空處應使用非謂語，主語abeginner（初學者）與study（學習）之間是邏輯上的主動關系，因此需使用現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動。故填studying。16．考查比較級。句意：理解一個笑話比理解詞匯和語法要復雜得多。分析句子結構可知，空處用來強調理解笑話的過程比單純的詞匯和語法理解要復雜，可使用much比較級more修飾。根據(jù)than，也可知答案。故填more?！军c睛】閱讀短文，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬热莼蚶ㄌ杻葐卧~的正確形式。Thedinnerpartyis17threat,announcedarecentlifestylecolumninTheTimes.Youmightwonder,“Howcanthisbe?Don’twethrowpartiesforfriendsonspecialoccasions?”But18TheTimesworriesaboutisanotherkindofdisappearing.Itisusuallyhostedinone’shome.Invitations19(send)outweeksinadvanceandthehostspreparefood20(careful).Yetnowadays,peopleprefertoeattakeoutfoodontheirsofawhilejugglingamobilephoneandaremotecontrol.【答案】17．under18．what19．a(chǎn)resent20．carefully【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章講述了《紐約時報》最近的一篇生活方式專欄文章宣稱，晚宴正在消失并解釋了晚宴消失的一些原因。17．考查介詞。句意：《紐約時報》最近的一篇生活方式專欄文章宣稱，晚宴受到了威脅。underthreat為固定搭配，意為“受到威脅”。故填under。18．考查主語從句。句意：但《紐約時報》擔心的是另一種消失?？仗幰龑е髡Z從句，從句缺少賓語，指物，需用連接代詞what引導。故填what。19．考查動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：邀請函會提前幾周發(fā)出，主人會精心準備食物。此處陳述客觀事實，使用一般現(xiàn)在時，Invitations和sendout為被動關系，需用被動語態(tài)，主語為復數(shù)名詞，be動詞用are。故填aresent。20．考查副詞。句意同上。修飾動詞prepare，需用副詞carefully，作狀語。故填carefully。三、閱讀理解InThailand,human-elephantconflictisincreasing.Tolocalfarmers,elephantsthreatentheirsafetyandeconomiclivelihood.BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.BTEH’sprojectsrootinlocalcommunities.Theirworkischaracterisedbythreeprinciples:localinvolvement,ahealthyecology,andbenefitsforpeopleandelephantssimultaneously(同時地).Theyleadtoshareddecisionmaking,ownershipoflocalcommunities,sustainability,andapeacefulcoexistenceofpeopleandanimals.AgroupofBTEHresearchersandlocalfarmervolunteersareexperimentingwithhowtomaketheplantationslessappealingtoelephantsandpreventthemfromcomingintothefarms.AndtheTomYumProjectcomesintobeing.ThenameoftheTomYumProjectcomesfromtheThaisoup.Theingredients(原料)forthesouparechilli,garlic,lemongrass,andonion—noneofwhichareattractivetoelephants.Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.Theprojectworksinthefollowingsteps.TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.Now,somesimilarprojectswillbecarriedoutinSriLanka.21．Accordingtothepassage,BTEH’smissionistoA．developruralcommunities B．createhealthyenvironmentsC．improvelocaleconomiclivelihood D．promotehuman-elephantcoexistence22．IntheTomYumProject,researchersandlocalfarmers_______.A．formsomeguardingteams B．volunteertocollectingredientsC．experimentwithalternativecrops D．provideelephantswiththeThaisoup23．Inwhichstepdofarmersturntheharvestedcropsintoorganichoneyorteas?A．Step2. B．Step3. C．Step4. D．Step5.【答案】21．D22．C23．C【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹泰國一個非盈利組織BTEH為了促進人像和諧共存開發(fā)了TomYumProject，鼓勵農(nóng)民種植對大象吸引力小的替代作物，同時也讓農(nóng)民可以生產(chǎn)有機產(chǎn)品。21．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.(“把大象帶回家”(BTEH)是一個非營利性組織，其使命是增加大象的生存機會，并努力建立一個人與大象和諧相處，相互受益的世界)”可知，BTEH的任務是促進人和大象的和諧共處。故選D。22．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中“Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.(這個項目為泰國解決人象沖突的替代作物帶來了希望)”和第五段中“TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.(TomYum項目是第一個以研究和社區(qū)為基礎的替代作物種植倡議，以促進人象共存)”可知，在TomYumProject項目中研究人員和當?shù)剞r(nóng)民實驗替代作物。故選C。23．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四張圖片中的敘述“Farmersharvestcropsandcreateorganicproductsineco-friendlypackaging.(農(nóng)民收割農(nóng)作物，生產(chǎn)環(huán)保包裝的有機產(chǎn)品)”可知，在這一步農(nóng)民把收獲的作物變成有機蜂蜜或茶葉。故選C。Two-ManIronmanOnSept.17,2022,Jeffandhisson,Johnny,setouttobeginthefirstofthreelegsoftheIronmancompetition,wherecompetitorsmustcompletea140milesofswimming,bicyclingandrunninginunder17hours.Notthatlongago,Johnnycouldbarelywalkafewstepsbecausehewasbornwithcerebralpalsy(腦癱).Buthisdreamofbeingarunnerneverstopped.FromthedayJohnnywasborn,Jeffrefusedtolethisson’sdisabilityholdhimback.DeterminedtoshowJohnnythathecouldpursuehisdreamofbeinganathlete,Jeffhelpedhimengageinrunning.Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.Everymorning,theydrovethemselvestorunincreasinglylongerdistances.Soon,theywereentering5Kraces,thenontoIronmancompetition.JeffwouldactasJohnny’sarmsandlegs,carryingtheweightofhissonthroughouttherace.Theracebeganwitha2.4-mileswim.SettlingJohnnyintoakayak,Jeffeasedhimselfintothewater.Swimmingwhiledragginganotherpersonwasverytough.Butworstofall,Jeffhadtostrugglewithjellyfish.“Ioccupiedmymindbycountingthe

numberoftimesIgotstung(蟄),”hesays.Afterthetwomencompletedthetoughbikesectioninroughlyninehours,theysettheirsightsonthefinallegoftherace—a26.2-milemarathon.They’dbeencompetingfor10.5hours,leavinganother6.5hourstomaketheirtime.ButatMile19,Johnnysawtheclocktickingdownandworriedtheywouldn’tmakethecutoff.Despitethetiredness,Jeffwasconvincedtheyweregoingallrightandthenpickedupthepace.Withminutesleftand200feettothefinishline,JeffstoppedtohelpJohnnyoutofhisracingchairandhandedhimhisrollingwalker.Afteryearsofpainstakingwork,Johnnywasdeterminedtofinishhisracesonhisown.After16hours,55minutesand35seconds,thefatherandsoncrossedthefinishlinetogether.AsthecrowdcheeredonanoverwhelmedJohnny,awearyJeffkeptalowprofle.“Myfatherdidn’twanthisfinishlinemoment,”saysJohnny,tearsineyes.“Hewantedittobemine.”24．WhydidJeffleadJohnnytorunning?A．TogetclosertoJohnny. B．TofulfillJohnny’sdream.C．TodiscoverJohnny’sinterest. D．TospeedupJohnny’srecovery.25．WhatchallengedJeffmostintheswimmingrace?A．Lackofenergy. B．Painfrominjuries.C．Mentaltiredness. D．Bodyweightchange.26．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeJohnnyaccordingtothepassage?A．Strong-willedandgrateful. B．Warm-heartedandsensitive.C．Patientandgenerous. D．Toughandhumorous.27．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?A．Actionsspeaklouderthanwords. B．Fathersarenotborn;theyaremade.C．Thevalueofalovingfatherhasnoprice. D．Successcomesfromfailuresalongthejourney.【答案】24．B25．B26．A27．C【導語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了父親杰夫為了實現(xiàn)患腦癱的兒子約翰尼成為跑步運動員的夢想，每天陪著約翰尼練習，并一起參加比賽，在通過終點線時，杰夫默默站在一邊，因為他希望這一刻的榮譽只屬于兒子約翰尼。文章體現(xiàn)了以為父親無私的愛。24．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Buthisdreamofbeingarunnerneverstopped.(但他成為一名跑步運動員的夢想從未停止過)”和第二段中“DeterminedtoshowJohnnythathecouldpursuehisdreamofbeinganathlete,Jeffhelpedhimengageinrunning.Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.Everymorning,theydrovethemselvestorunincreasinglylongerdistances.(為了讓約翰尼知道他可以追求成為運動員的夢想，杰夫幫助他參加跑步。他們開始在凌晨4點起床，這樣杰夫就可以一邊跑步，一邊推著他坐在一種叫做比賽椅的特殊輪椅上的兒子。每天早上，他們迫使自己跑得越來越快)”可知，杰夫領著約翰尼跑步是為了實現(xiàn)約翰尼成為跑步運動員的夢想。故選B。25．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Butworstofall,Jeffhadtostrugglewithjellyfish.“Ioccupiedmymindbycountingthe

numberoftimesIgotstung(蟄),”hesays.(但最糟糕的是，杰夫不得不與水母搏斗。他說：“我滿腦子都是被蜇的次數(shù)?！?”可知，在游泳比賽中，被水母蜇的疼痛對杰夫來說最具挑戰(zhàn)性。故選B。26．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.(他們開始在凌晨4點起床，這樣杰夫就可以一邊跑步，一邊推著他坐在一種叫做比賽椅的特殊輪椅上的兒子)”，倒數(shù)第三段中“Afterthetwomencompletedthetoughbikesectioninroughlyninehours,theysettheirsightsonthefinallegoftherace—a26.2-milemarathon.They’dbeencompetingfor10.5hours,leavinganother6.5hourstomaketheirtime.(在兩個人用了大約9個小時完成了艱難的自行車賽段后，他們把目光投向了比賽的最后一段——26.2英里的馬拉松賽。他們已經(jīng)比賽了10.5個小時，還剩下6.5個小時的時間)”以及倒數(shù)第二段中“After16hours,55minutesand35seconds,thefatherandsoncrossedthefinishlinetogether.(16小時55分35秒后，父子倆一起沖過了終點線)”可知，約翰尼每天堅持訓練，并參加完比賽的全程，因此他是意志堅定的；根據(jù)最后一段中““Myfatherdidn’twanthisfinishlinemoment,”saysJohnny,tearsineyes.“Hewantedittobemine.”(“我父親不想要他的終點線時刻，”約翰尼說，眼里含著淚水?！八Ｍ俏业摹！?”可知，約翰尼看到父親的行為感動到落淚，因此推知他對父親的付出是感激的。綜上，故選A。27．主旨大意題。通讀全文，并根據(jù)第二段中“DeterminedtoshowJohnnythathecouldpursuehisdreamofbeinganathlete,Jeffhelpedhimengageinrunning.Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.Everymorning,theydrovethemselvestorunincreasinglylongerdistances.(為了讓約翰尼知道他可以追求成為運動員的夢想，杰夫幫助他參加跑步。他們開始在凌晨4點起床，這樣杰夫就可以一邊跑步，一邊推著他坐在一種叫做比賽椅的特殊輪椅上的兒子。每天早上，他們迫使自己跑得越來越快)”和最后一段“AsthecrowdcheeredonanoverwhelmedJohnny,awearyJeffkeptalowprofle.“Myfatherdidn’twanthisfinishlinemoment,”saysJohnny,tearsineyes.“Hewantedittobemine.”(當人群為開心的約翰尼歡呼時，疲憊的杰夫卻保持著低調?！拔腋赣H不想要他的終點線時刻，”約翰尼說，眼里含著淚水?！八Ｍ俏业??！?”可知，文章主要講述了父親杰夫為了實現(xiàn)患腦癱的兒子約翰尼成為跑步運動員的夢想，每天陪著約翰尼練習，并一起參加比賽，在通過終點線時，杰夫默默站在一邊，因為他希望這一刻的榮譽只屬于兒子約翰尼。文章體現(xiàn)了以為父親無私的愛。C項“Thevalueofalovingfatherhasnoprice.(慈愛的父親的價值是無價的)”可以概括本文主要內容。故選C。Timeisoneofhumanity’sgreatestblindspots.Weexperienceitasdays,monthsoryears.Butnaturefunctionsonmuchgranderscales,measuredincenturies,andevenlongerphasesoftengroupedas“deeptime.”Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.Astheclimateandbiodiversitycrisesaccelerate,weareurgentlyworkingtoprotectandregenerateecosystemswithoutunderstandinghowtheyfunctionedwhentheyweretrulydoingwell.Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.Takeforestmanagement.Fordecades,ourpracticescalledforall-outpreventionofeventhemildestforestfires,believingthatfirewasbadforbothpeopleandnonhumannature.Untilrecentlyweignoredtheforestmanagementstrategiesindigenous(土著的)communitieshadsuccessfullyusedforcenturies,inparticulartheapplicationofsmall-scalecontrolledburns.Fire,itturnsout,hasalwaysbeenanintegralingredientinhealthyforestecosystems,promotingnewgrowthbythinningtheunderstory.Today,we’rebeginningtoseewidespreadapplicationofindigenousknowledgetoforestmanagement,tappingintothisancientwisdom.Buthowcanweknowwhatanecosystemlookedlikecenturiesago?Onepathwayisthroughmodernmathematicalmodeling.Wehavemarrieditwithstreamsoflong-termdataanddiscoveredapossiblewaytopreservetheecosystemofCalifornia’skelpforest.ByexamininghowNorthPacifickelpforestsexistedlongbeforethe19thcentury,wefoundthatwe’veignoredthepresenceofakeystonespecies—theSteller’sseacow,anditsroleinmaintainingtheharmonyofthisecosystem.Ourmodeldescribedtheinteractionsbetweengiantkelpandunderstoryalgaecompetingforlightandspaceontheseafloor.Thenweranthemodelagain,butthistimewiththeSteller’sseacowaddedin.Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.Inre-creatingthatvanishedhistoricalsystemthatincludedtheSteller’sseacow,wecouldseeamorediverseforestwheretheunderstorycompetedbetterwithkelpInshort,whatweassumeweknowaboutanecosystembasedontherecentpastmayimpedeourabilitytofullyunderstandandprotectit.Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.28．Accordingtothepassage,whatgetsinthewayofhuman’sconservationefforts?A．Lackofinsightsintodeeptime B．TheworseningofbiodiversitycrisesC．Theblindnesstomanagementstrategies. D．Resistancetotakingadeeptimeperspective.29．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．IgnoringtheSteller’sseacowledtoecologicalimbalance.B．Peoplenowprioritizefirepreventionovercontrolledburns.C．MathematicalmodelingmattersmorethanindigenousknowledgeD．Harvestingupperkelpleavesencouragesfreshgrowthintheunderstory.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“impede”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A．Bringforth. B．Boostup. C．Shutdown. D．Holdback.【答案】28．A29．D30．D【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章指出人類應該以世紀為單位，從遙遠的過去尋求保護生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方法。28．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.(人類對時間的短視造成了現(xiàn)代保護的重大限制。)”可知，缺乏對深層時間的洞察阻礙了人類的保護努力。故選A。29．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.(這些哺乳動物以上層海藻層的葉子為食。這使得光線能夠到達海底，這反過來不僅刺激了海帶的生長，還刺激了其他生物的生長。)”可知，食用上層的葉子，可以使光線到達海底，這能刺激海帶和其他物種的生長。由此推知，收獲上部海帶的葉子可以促進林下植被的生長。故選D。30．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第一段中“Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.(深入的時間視角可以幫助改變這一點。)”和最后一段中“Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.(為了確保我們最大膽的保護努力取得成功，我們必須開始把時間視為一個必不可少的工具。)”可知，人類基于最近生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的假設可能阻礙我們理解和保護它的能力，因此我們應該以世紀為單位，從遙遠的過去尋求保護生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方法。由此猜測impede意為“阻礙”，與holdback同義。故選D。SeveraldozengraduatestudentsinLondonwererecentlytaskedwithoutwittingalargelanguagemodel(LLM),atypeofAIdesignedtoholdusefulconversations.LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailsdesignedtostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,say,ortheconfidentstatementof

“facts”thatarenotactuallytrue.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Forexample,oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitles,publicationdatesandhostjournalsofnon-existentacademicarticles.AIhasthepotentialtobeabigbenefittoscience.Optimiststalkofmachinesproducingreadablesummariesofcomplicatedareasofresearch;tirelesslyanalysingoceansofdatatosuggestnewdrugsandeven,oneday,comingupwithhypothesesoftheirown.ButAIcomeswithdownsides,too.Startwiththesimplestproblem:academicmisconduct.SomejournalsallowresearcherstouseLLMstohelpwritepapers.Butnoteverybodyiswillingtoadmittoit.Sometimes,thefactthatLLMshavebeenusedisobvious.GuillaumeCabanac,acomputerscientist,hasuncovereddozensofpapersthatcontainphrasessuchas“regenerateresponse”—thetextofabuttoninsomeversionsofChatGPTthatcommandstheprogramtorewriteitsmostrecentanswer,probablycopiedintothemanuscript(原稿)bymistake.AnotherproblemariseswhenAImodelsaretrainedonAI-generateddata.LLMsaretrainedontextfromtheInternet.Astheychurnout(大量炮制)moresuchtext,theriskofLLMstakingintheirownoutputsgrows.Thatcancause“modelcollaps”.In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessillegible.After20iterations(迭代),itcouldproduceonlyroughcirclesorblurrylines.Someworrythatcomputer-generatedinsightsmightcomefrommodelswhoseinnerworkingsarenotunderstood.Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAI-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.Thatisperhapslessunnervingthanitsounds.Checkingmodelsagainstrealityiswhatscienceissupposedtobeabout,afterall.Fornow,atleast,questionsoutnumberanswers.Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.AstheRoyalSocietyhasit,nulliusinverba:takenobody’swordforit.Nothing’s,either.31．TheresultofthetaskconductedinLondonshowsthat________.A．LLMsgiveawayusefulinformation B．theguardrailsturnouttobeineffectiveC．AI’sinfluencewillpotentiallybedecreased D．theeffortputintothestudyofAIhardlypaysoff32．Whatdoes“modelcollapse”indicate?A．Thereadabilityofthemodels’outputisunderestimated.B．Thediversesourcesofinformationconfusethemodels.C．Trainingonregenerateddatastopsmodelsworkingwell.D．Thedatawillbecomereliable

aftercontinuousiterations.33．Accordingtothepassage,people’sworryovertheinexplainablemodelsis__________.A．impractical B．unjustified C．groundless D．unsettling34．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrongB．ImperfectModels:HowWillAIMakeAdvances?C．TheRiseofLLMs:AICouldStillBePromisingD．BiggerThreats:AIWillBeUncontrollable【答案】31．B32．C33．B34．A【導語】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了人工智能也可能出錯。31．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailsdesignedtostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,say,ortheconfidentstatementof“facts”thatarenotactuallytrue.”（LLM通常被編程為帶有護欄，旨在阻止他們做出有害的回復：比如說，關于在浴缸里制造炸彈的說明，或者對事實并非真實的“事實”的自信陳述。）以及第二段“Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Forexample,oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitles,publicationdatesandhostjournalsofnon-existentacademicarticles.”（這項任務的目的是打破那些護欄。有些結果很愚蠢。例如，一名參與者讓聊天機器人聲稱鴨子可以作為空氣質量的指標。但最成功的努力是讓機器生成不存在的學術文章的標題、出版日期和主辦期刊。）可知，在倫敦進行的這項任務的結果表明，LLM這些護欄是無效的，并沒有能夠阻止非真實的信息的生成。故選B項。32．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中“‘modelcollapse’”下文“In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessillegible.After20iterations(迭代),itcouldproduceonlyroughcirclesorblurrylines.”（2023年，計算機科學家lliaShumailov與人合著了一篇論文，在論文中，一個模型被輸入手寫數(shù)字，并被要求生成自己的數(shù)字，這些數(shù)字依次被反饋給它。幾個周期后，計算機的數(shù)字變得或多或少難以辨認。經(jīng)過20次迭代，它只能生成粗糙的圓圈或模糊的線條。）可知，一個模型被輸入手寫數(shù)字并被要求生成自己的數(shù)字，這些數(shù)字依次被反饋給它，經(jīng)過20次迭代后，只能生成粗糙的圓圈或模糊的線條，而不是數(shù)字，由此可知，再生數(shù)據(jù)的訓練使這個模型崩潰，無法正常工作，由此可知，“modelcollapse(模型崩潰)”表明對再生數(shù)據(jù)的訓練使模型無法正常工作。故選C項。33．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段“Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAI-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.Thatisperhapslessunnervingthanitsounds.Checkingmodelsagainstrealityiswhatscienceissupposedtobeabout,afterall.”（倫敦一家人工智能研究機構的DavidLeslie表示，無法解釋的模型并非毫無用處，但它們的結果需要在現(xiàn)實世界中進行嚴格的測試。這也許沒有聽起來那么令人不安。畢竟，根據(jù)現(xiàn)實檢驗模型才是科學應該做的事情。）可知，根據(jù)文章，人們對無法解釋的模型的擔憂是不合理的，因為它們的結果需要在現(xiàn)實世界中進行嚴格的測試。故選B項。34．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第三段“ButAIcomeswithdownsides,too.”（但人工智能也有缺點.）以及根據(jù)最后一段“AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.”（人工智能可以加速廢話的產(chǎn)生，就像它可以加速好的科學一樣。）可知，文章主要闡述人工智能也會出錯，生成虛假信息，所設置的“護欄”并不能起到作用；因此，短文的最佳標題為“更快的廢話：人工智能也可能出錯”。故選A項。“Findyourpassion!”Whendiscussingfuturecareeroptionsorselectingamajorincollege,yourparentsoftensaythis.Theveryexpressionismeanttoinspire.Butisitgoodadvice?“Finding”apassionimpliesthatitalreadyexistsandissimplywaitingtobediscovered.Unfortunately,thisideaisnotwhatsciencetellsus.35Tostudythis,researchersuseaframeworkof

“fixed”and“growth”mindsets.Theyarguethatencouragingpeopleto“find”theirpassionmaycausethemtoeventuallybelievethatinterestsandpassionsareinbornandrelativelyunchangeable.36Incontrast,peoplewhoviewinterestsandpassionsasdevelopedhaveagrowthmindsetofinterest.Researchershaverevealedthatafixedmindsetofinterestcandecreasecreativity.Ifpeoplebelievetheyarelimitedtoonlyafewinborninterestsand,inconsequence,donotexploreotherareas,theymaymissseeingimportantconnectionsacrossdomains.37Evidently,peoplecandoalottoembraceagrowthmindsetofinterest.First,realizethatyourinterestsandpassionsaren’tpre-existing.Takeanactiveroleindevelopingyourpassions.Second,practisepositiveself-talk.Whenyoulackinterestinanewtask,payattentiontoyourinnerdialogue.38Forexample,change“I’mnotinterestedinthis”to“I’mnotinterestedinthisyet,butIknowthatinterestcandevelopwithtimeandengagement.”39Butagrowthmindsetofinterestwillhelpyouremainopenandcurious.Thesciencetellsusweshouldworktowardlovingwhatwedo.Wemightbecomemorecreativeandresilientasaresult.A．Socanagrowthmindsetofinterestbetaught?B．Insteadpassions,likeinterests