坂茂的紙建筑

1/1坂茂的紙建筑坂茂的紙建筑日本建筑師坂茂（ShigeruBan）催生了世界首例的「紙的建築」，坂茂還將其應(yīng)用在阪神地震后搭建的臨時(shí)建筑及恆久建築物上。

一九八六年，從美國(guó)留學(xué)歸國(guó)的坂茂，在AlvarAalto特展的會(huì)場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)，因?yàn)榻?jīng)費(fèi)有限，無(wú)法使用芬蘭最具代表性的建筑師Aalto愛(ài)用的木材，他以紙管作為展館的內(nèi)墻、天花板及展示臺(tái)，這次的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，讓坂茂意外發(fā)現(xiàn)紙管的強(qiáng)度遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)想像，進(jìn)而孕育「紙建筑」的創(chuàng)作原點(diǎn)。

一九八九年，名古屋設(shè)計(jì)博覽會(huì)館，展館雖不大，但卻讓坂茂首次實(shí)現(xiàn)紙建筑的夢(mèng)想，他以四十八支外徑三十三公分、厚度十五公厘、長(zhǎng)度四公尺，表面經(jīng)過(guò)蠟紙防水加工的紙管，重現(xiàn)江戶(hù)時(shí)代造園名家所設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)欣賞水琴窟的東屋。

這座紙建筑，白天里，一束束屋外的光線(xiàn)透過(guò)紙管間的空隙照射屋內(nèi)，入夜之后，建筑物本身就像一座大型燈具，朝向四面八方射出四十八條燦爛的光束。

二○○○年德國(guó)漢諾威萬(wàn)國(guó)博覽會(huì)占地五千平方公尺的日本館，坂茂采用紙建筑，讓世人重新評(píng)價(jià)我們身旁熟悉的素材，發(fā)揮紙柔軟的特性，創(chuàng)造出美觀、堅(jiān)固而低環(huán)境負(fù)擔(dān)的新可能性。

坂茂不僅在建筑上有杰出的表現(xiàn)，也是一位人道主義者，曾任聯(lián)合國(guó)難民高等委員會(huì)(UNHCR)顧問(wèn)的他曾說(shuō)過(guò)：

「二十世紀(jì)的建筑大師為大眾建造公共建筑，而冷戰(zhàn)后一代的建筑師應(yīng)該為少數(shù)人服務(wù)，例如種族沖突的受害者和無(wú)家可歸的人。

」表現(xiàn)在行動(dòng)上，他運(yùn)用紙建材輕巧、組裝迅速的特質(zhì)，為阪神大地震的災(zāi)民設(shè)計(jì)紙教堂及臨時(shí)房屋，也為非洲廬安達(dá)難民搭蓋避難所及住家；「紙建筑」在他的理念中，已不單純是一種結(jié)合高科技的創(chuàng)作，更深含對(duì)人類(lèi)社會(huì)的關(guān)懷與責(zé)任。

PAPERARBOR-Nagoya,Japan,1989Thiswasthefirstinaseriesofpapertubeconstructions.Manufacturedasform.workforcircularconcretecolumns,thetubesareusedstructurallyhere.Forty-eightofthesetubes(325mmindiameter,15mmthickand4mhigh)aretreatedwithparaffinwater-proofingandfittedontoaprecastconcretebaseinacircle.總共有48根紙管（直徑325，15厚，4米高）被插入混凝土現(xiàn)澆的圓形基礎(chǔ)中。

Thesewerestiffenedwithagluecompound膠合物andjoinedattheirheadsbyawoodencompressionring.Theroofconsistedoftentingfabrichungfromtensionwirearrangedinaspoke-likeconfiguration.Afterthestructurewasdismantled,thestrengthofthepapertubeswasanalyzed.Despitebeingsubjecttosixmonthsofwindandrain,thehardeningoftheglueandmoderateexposuretoultravioletrays紫外線(xiàn)actuallyresultedinincreasingthecompressivestrengthofthetubes.ODAWARAHALLANDEASTGATE-Odawara,Kanagawa,Japan,1990TocommemoratethefiftiethanniversaryoftheOdawaramunicipality,thelocalgovernmentcommissionedatemporarymulti-purposehall.Themayorwantedawoodenbuildingatfirst,but,inlightofthebudgetandtimelimit,itwassuggestedthatthehallbeconstructedofpapertubesandthetubesthemselvesbeviewedasanevolvedwood.進(jìn)化的木。

SincethescaleofthebuildingfarexceedsthatofthePaperArborwhichwasbuiltayearearlier,aspecialbuildingpermitwasrequiredbeforeconstructioncouldbegin.However,theconstructionperioddidnotallowenoughtimeforpermitprocess,sothepapertubesareusedintheself-standingexteriorandinteriorwalls(andcouldwithstandwindpressureonly)通過(guò)紙管來(lái)充當(dāng)外墻和內(nèi)墻并抵擋風(fēng)壓andcolumnsofsteelwereusedtosupporttheroof由鋼柱支撐屋頂.Theinteriorspaceofabout1300squaremeterswascomposedof330papertubes(525mmindiameter,15mmthick,and8mlong).Thespacesbetweenthetubeswerefilledwithclearvinyltubingtofilternaturallight.紙管間填充透光的乙烯基管狀材料。

Onelargepapertubewithadiameterof1.2masarestroom.一個(gè)巨大的直徑為1.2米的紙管充當(dāng)休息室。

LIBRARYOFAPOET-Zushi,Kanagawa,Japan,1991ThislibrarywasbuiltasanannextoahouseIhadpreviouslyexpandedpreviouslyexpandedandimproved.TheprojectwasinfluencedbytheOdawaraPavilion,whichtheownerhadseen.Hefeltthatapaperlibrarywouldbebestsuitedtohousepaperbooks.Avariationofthepapertubetruss紙管束usedintheEastGateatOdawarawasusedhere.Thetubesusedinthelibrarywere100mmindiameterand12mmthick,用于書(shū)房的紙管直徑為100，12厚。

slightlysmallerthanthoseusedatOdawara,butsimilarly,post-tensionedsteelwires承擔(dān)后張力的鐵絲wereusedforthespanningsections.Wheresteelangleswereusedtoform.thejointsatOdawara,38squaremmtimberpieceswereemployedforthelibrary.Thefourfloortoceilingbookshelvesalongthesidesoftheroomarestructurallyindependentofthepapertubesandarecantileveredoffthefloor,書(shū)架與主結(jié)構(gòu)桁架系統(tǒng)是獨(dú)立的，absorbingthehorizontalload.Thebookshelves,whichcontaininsulatingmaterialandhaveanexteriorfinish,werefabricatedseparatelyatafactory.MIYAKEDESIGNSTUDIOGALLERY-Shibuya,Tokyo,Japan,1994Zoninglawsnecessitatedafire-resistantexternalwallinordertousepapertubesastheprimarystructure.將紙管作為主要結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)防火區(qū)的劃定是重要的。

Thepapertubestaketheverticalloads.Thustheintersectionofthepapertubesandthefloorhasbeendesignedverysimplytoavoidslippage.紙管承擔(dān)豎向荷載，因此在紙管交叉處以及在與地面的連接處被特殊處理以避免滑移。

Thebuilding’splan,a16.5by5.2mrectangle,isbasedupontheGrecianagora希臘的集會(huì)市場(chǎng)-aspacecreatedsimplybycolumnsandshade.Theouterrowofpapertubescaststripedshadowsacrossthefloor,whichchangeduringtheday,andprovideasenseofanimation.Theceilingcastsacurvedshadowonthepapertubeandchairswerecreatedspecificallyforthisspace.PAPERHOUSE-LakeYamanaka,Yamanashi,Japan,1995AnS-shapeconfigurationcomprisedof110papertubes(2.7mhigh,275mmindiameterand148mmthick)definestheinteriorandexteriorareasofthepaperhouse.Thiswasthefirstprojectinwhichpapertubeswereauthorizedforuseasastructuralbasisinapermanentbuilding.這是第一例將紙管結(jié)構(gòu)用于永久性的建筑。

Tenpapertubessupporttheverticalloadandtheeightyinteriortubesbearthelateralforces.10根紙管支撐豎向的荷載80根室內(nèi)紙管承擔(dān)側(cè)向力。

Thecruciform.woodenjointsinthebasesofthecolumnsareanchoredtothefoundationbylugscrewsandcantileveredfromthefloor.在基礎(chǔ)部分的木制十字接頭通過(guò)螺絲釘鉚固在地基上。

Thelargecircleformedbytheinteriortubesformsabigarea.Afreestandingpapertubescolumnwitha1.2mdiameterinthesurroundinggallerycontainsatoilet.Theexteriorpapertubessurroundingthecourtyardstandapartfromthestructureandserveasascreen.Thelivingareainthelargecircleiswithoutfurnishingordetailotherthananisolatedkitchencounter,slidingdoors,andmovableclosets.Whentheperimetersashesareopened,theroof,supportedbythecolonnadeofpapertubes,isvisuallyemphasizedandaspatialcontinuityiscreatedbetweenthesurroundinggalleryspaceandtheoutdoorterrace.PAPERCHURCH-Nagata-ku,Kobe,Japan,1995-2005(disassembled)ThiscommunitycenterwasbuiltbychurchvolunteerswhosehouseofworshipwasdestroyedbyKobeearthquakein1995.Materialsweredonatedbyanumberofcompanies,andconstructionwascompletedinonlyfiveweeksbythe160volunteers.Theplan(10x15m)isenclosedwithinaskinofcorrugated,polycarbonatesheeting聚碳酸酯護(hù)墻板.Withinthis,58papertubes(325mmindiameter,14.8mmthick,and5mhigh),wereplacedinanellipticalpattern.TheeclipseisbasedonthoseinBerninischurchdesigns,andthespacebetweentheeclipseandtheouteredgeofrectangular-shapedsiteformedacorridorandprovidedlateralsupport.Attheentrancetotheeclipse,thespacingofthepapertubeswaswidened,andthefacadefullyglazedtoform.acontinuous,unifiedspacebetweentheinteriorandexterior.JAPANPAVILLION,EXPO2000HANNOVER-Germany,2000Despiteconstructionproblems,theabruptreplacementoftheengineer,monthslongconstructiondelays,andthenecessaryadditionofaPVCmembraneoverthepapermembraneforfiresafetyissues在紙膜上加PVC膜以做防火的需要,thePavilionshasbeenagreatleapforwardinthefieldofpaperarchitecture.ThemainthemeoftheHanoverExpowastheenvironmentandthebasicconceptbehindtheJapanPavilionwastocreateastructurethatwouldproduceaslittleindustrialwasteaspossiblewhenitwasdismantled.創(chuàng)造一種結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)它被拆除時(shí)產(chǎn)生最小的工業(yè)浪費(fèi)。

Thegoalwaseithertorecycleorreuse再循環(huán)利用almostallofthematerialsthatwentintothebuilding.Thefirststructuralideawasforatunnelarchofpapertubes,similartothePaperDome.However,thePaperDomewaslimitedbythehighcostofwoodenjoints.紙圓頂因?yàn)榘嘿F的木節(jié)點(diǎn)而受限制Iproposedagridshellusinglengthypapertubing長(zhǎng)型的紙管格柵andwithoutjointstomycollaborator,FreiOtto.Thetunnelarchwouldbeabout73.8mlong,25mwide,and15.9mhigh.Themostcriticalfactor臨界因子waslateralstrainalongthelongside長(zhǎng)型方向上的橫向張力,soinsteadofasimplearchIchoseagridshellofthree-dimensionalcurvedlineswithindentationsintheheightandwidthdirections,whicharestrongerwhenitcomestolateralstrain.PAPERTHEATER-Amsterdam,Holland,2003PAPERTEMPORARYSTUDIO-Paris,France,2004Thetemporarystructureisatubularspaceof34.5minlengthand4.4minwidth.Thecircularvaultspaceisentirelycoveredinitslengthbyawaterproofmembraneandpanelsystemthatissupportedonasystemofcylindricalribs圓柱肋骨.Thesearemadeof29semi-circulararches,由29個(gè)半圓弓形結(jié)構(gòu)組成equalinlength,andanetworkoftransversalwind-bracingelements橫向的抗風(fēng)支撐原理.Thearchesareat1.2mintervals.弓形肋骨間距1.2米。

Theribsaremadeofpapertubes,inside120mmdiameter,760mmexternaldiameter.Thewholestructure,vaultandbase,iscoveredbyasystemofexternalmembraneinPTFE(PolyTetraFluoroEthyleneinstrictaccordancewithcurrentfireregulations)thatprovidesthewater-proofing.整個(gè)拱頂結(jié)構(gòu)和基礎(chǔ)覆蓋了一層聚四氟乙烯膜。

Thetwolateralfacadesandgablesareintimberstructureandinfillpanels.Thetemporarystructureisconceivedasonewholecontinuousspace.Thedifferentzonesarecreatedbypartialpartitioningformedbytallshelvingunits.Thespaceissub-dividedintosuccessiveareas:receptionhall,conferenceroom,workspace,restzoneandmodelworkshop.CENTRED’INTERPRETATIONDUCANALDEBOURGOGNE-Pouilly-en-Auxois,France,2005Theboathouseisthe1stphaseofalargeculturalcomplexdedicatedtothehistoryoftheCanaldeBourgognethatalsoincludesasmallmuseum.Ithasbeenconceivedasapapertubestructureandwillshelteranoldboattopresentittothepublic.Thesmallmuseumisaplaceforviewingexhibitionsandholdingpedagogicalactivities教育活動(dòng).Itsbuildingisatransparentglassbox,opentothesurroundinglandscape.Itsstructurereliesonlightmetallicshelfangles輕質(zhì)的角鋼usedthroughoutthebuilding,thusprovidingflexiblepartitionsanddisplayintheexhibitionarea.Theboathouseandthemuseumarelocatedneareachotherinaruralarea,ontheborderofthecanalwhereitformsapool.NAKEDHOUSE-Saitama,Japan,2000Theexternalwallsmadeoftwosheetsofcorrugatedfiber-reinforcedplasticsandtheinnerwallsmadeofanylonfabricarebothmountedonwoodenstudframesandsitinparallel.外墻由兩層纖維增強(qiáng)塑料板組成內(nèi)墻采用尼龍纖維，并固定在木框架上。

Inbetweenareattachedclearplasticbags,carefullystuffedwithstringsoffoamedpolyethyleneforinsulationpurpose.中間是塞滿(mǎn)聚乙烯泡沫的塑料袋，用于絕緣。

Throughthesebagsasoftdiffusedlightfillsintheinteriorofthehouse.Thehouseconsistsofoneuniquelargespaceoftwo-storyhighinwhichfourpersonalroomsoncasterscanbemovedfreely.Toreduceweightandoptimizemobility靈活性,theseroomsarenotverylargeandholdaminimumofbelongingsandfittings.Theycanbemovedaccordinglytotheneedsoftheiruse.Placedagainstthewallsofthehouse,infrontoftheheatingorair-conditioningunits,warmairoracoolingbreezecanflowintoit.Theycanalsobeputsidebysideandcreatealargerroom,whentheirslidingdoorsareremoved.Theycanbetakenoutside,ontheterrace,forthefulluseofthespaceinside.Theycanalsoworkasasupplementaryfloorforthechildrentoplayontop.NomadicMuseumLA,2006首爾