海文學(xué)校2001碩士入學(xué)考試英語模擬試題（一）

海文學(xué)校2001碩士入學(xué)考試英語模擬試題（一）SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,BCandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(5points)1.Theresearchscientistsoftenmeetwithproblems________newtypesofinstrumentfortheirsolution.A.requiringB.requiredC.torequireD.beingrequired2.Somespeculatorswere_______cashandsotheysoldtheirsharesatanyprice.A.badlyneededB.inbadlyneedofC.badlyneedyD.badlyinneedof3.Stampcollectionhaslongbeenrecognizedashavinganeducationalvalue.Thereiseveryreasontoencourageyoungpeopletotakeaninterestinthem,thereby______totheirknowledgeofgeographyandhistory.A.toaddB.addingC.addedD.adds4.Somewomen_______agoodsalaryinsteadofstayingathome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.A.mustmakeB.shouldhavemadeC.wouldmakeD.couldhavemade5._______allthepossibledisastersmentioned,theonepromotingmostdiscussionswasamajorreleaseofradioactivityfromanuclearpowerstation.A.AmongB.OfC.ForD.About6.Havingspenttwodaysononesubjectand______twodaysontheothersubject,Iamnowreadyfortheexam.A.otherB.nextC.thoseD.another7.Iwishthathehadn’thadsuchabadcoldbecauseIamsurethathe_______theperformance.A.wouldenjoyB.musthaveenjoyedC.wouldhaveenjoyedD.willenjoy8.Theenvironmentalgrouphopes_______theforesttoitsoriginalconditionbytheendofthedecade.A.havingrestoredB.tohaverestoredC.toberestoredD.tohavebeenrestored9.ShipstravelingintheNorthAtlanticduringthewintermustbeconstantlywatchfultoavoidicebergs,largemassesofice_______onlyone-ninthisvisibleabovewater.A.sothatB.inthatC.whichD.ofwhich10.Theoldalwaysassumethattheyknowbestforthesimplereason_______theyhavebeenaroundabitlonger.A.whyB.thatC.sinceD.afterPartBDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethaibestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)11.Ihavenodoubtthatifthestudents’interestinthesubjectisaroused,theywillfaceuptothechallengeand________moreoftheirtimeandenergytotheirstudies.A.donateB.commitC.grantD.render12.Fromdiary_______andotherpersonalaccountsfromthe18thand19thcenturies,sleepscientistshavededucedthattheaveragepersonusedtosleepabout9hoursanight.A.narrativesB.entriesC.accountsD.description13.Howeverweakyourmemorymaybe,youcan_______byattendingcloselytowhatyouwanttoremember,andrepeatingitoverandoveragain.A.backitupB.makeupforitC.turnitforhelpD.bearitinmind14.Scientificdiscoveriesandinventionsdonotalwaysinfluencethelanguage_______theirimportance.A.incaseofB.insupportofC.inproportiontoD.inviewof15.Ofallthesensesthathelpasmallbabytodistinguishhismother------thesoundofhervoice,hissenseofsmell,hissight,the_______wayshehandleshim,sightispredominant.A.distinctiveB.intensiveC.intuitiveD.gracious16.Thenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours’sleep______withsome16-17hours’wakefulness.Broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.A.rotatingB.alternatingC.varyingD.following17.Formalschoolingandforeignlanguageextra-curricularactivities_______eachothersothattheyarebothveryimportant.A.complementB.complimentC.interactD.interchange18.Duringthebigfireintheschool,Manfred_______intogroupsandaskedeachgrouptocarrybucketsofwatertothrowontotheflame.A.dispersedB.organizedC.scatteredD.ordered19.Yourfriendshipwillsoon______becauseyourfriendswillrecognizeinsincerity.A.backoutB.breakupC.fallthroughD.dieout20.With51institutionsofhigherlearningandmorethan1000researchinstitutes,Shanghaihasagoodbasisforlaunchingtechnology-_______enterprises.A.intenseB.progressiveC.advancedD.intensive21.Nowadays,akindof_______grainthatistwiceasexpensiveasregulargrainisbecomingpopularinChina.A.purifiedB.clarifiedC.whitenedD.refined22.Maryacquiredacertain_______modeofbehavioratherexpensiveschoolinSwitzerland,buthercharacterstillremainsunreliable.A.intelligentB.polishedC.well-bredD.well-behaved23.Theunpleasantmemoryofthedespairingshriekoftheprincessatthetrial______inmymindfordays.A.prolongedB.insistedC.restedD.lingered24.ThefamilywerewatchingTVinthesittingroomasthefootballmatchwas______livefromShanghaiStadium.A.broadcastB.transferredC.transmittedD.communicated25.Atthefootballmatch,the_______werethoroughlyarousedbytheflexibilityoftheplayers.A.spectatorsB.audiencesC.crowdsD.bystanders26.Ascouldbeexpected,thejurygaveaunanimous_______of“NotGuilty”.A.judgementB.assertionC.resolutionD.verdict27.Theyoungmanfirst________hiseyesroundthearenatoseewhethertheprincesswaspresent.A.turnedB.tossedC.threwD.cast28.Therewasagreatdealof______aboutthedecisionofthatsemi-barbaricking’sdaughter.A.predictionB.contemplationC.speculationD.hesitation29.WinstonChurchillthoughtthatthepoliticianortheprofessionalorbusinessmanshouldtakeupgolfor_______somehobbiestoprovidethemselveswithsomerelaxation.A.fallintoB.cultivateC.slipintoD.alter30.Ofthevariouspurposesmoneyserves,someessentiallydependuponthe______thatitsvalueisreallyconstantoveraperiodoftime.A.assumptionB.resumptionC.confirmationD.liabilitySectionIIClozeDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)HereIwanttotrytogiveyouananswertothequestion:Whatpersonalqualitiesare___31___inateacher?Probablynotwopeoplewould___32___exactlysimilarlists,butIthinkthefollowingwouldbegenerally___33___.First,theteacher’spersonalityshouldbepleasantly___34___andattractive.Thisdoesnotruleoutpeoplewhoarephysically___35___,orevenugly,becausemanysuchhavegreatpersonal___36___.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe___37___,melancholy,frigid,sarcastic,frustrated,andoverbearing:Iwouldsaytoo,thatit___38___allofdullorpurelynegativepersonality.Secondly,itisnotmerelydesirable___39___essentialforateachertohaveagenuine___40___forsympathy-----acapacitytotune___41___tothemindsandfeelingsofotherpeople,especially,tothemindsandfeelingsofchildren.___42___relatedwiththisisthecapacitytobe___43___----not,indeed,ofwhatiswrong,butofthefrailty(意志薄弱)andimmaturityofhumannaturewhich___44___people,andagainespeciallychildren,tomakemistakes.Thirdly,I___45___itessentialforateachertobebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.Thisdoesnotmeanbeingasaint.Itmeansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectualstrength,and___46___,andwillhavethoughtaboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesbywhichhislifeshallbe___47___.Thereisnocontradictioninmygoingontosaythatateachershouldbea___48___ofanactor.Thatispartofthetechniqueofteaching,whichdemandsthateverynowandthenateachershouldbeableto___49___anact----toenlivenalesson,correctafault,or___50___praise.Children,especiallyyoungchildren,liveinaworldthatisratherlargerthanlife.31.A.substantialB.adorableC.desirableD.valuable32.A.drawupB.putdownC.makeoutD.handin33.A.agreedB.approvedC.recognizedD.accepted34.A.liveB.livingC.lifelikeD.alive35.A.strongB.plainC.simpleD.sound36.A.appreciationB.enjoymentC.charmD.identity37.A.over-excitingB.over-excitableC.over-irritableD.over-sensitive38.A.includesB.eraseC.involvesD.excludes39.A.yetB.neverthelessC.butD.or40.A.capacityB.strengthC.powerD.ability41.A.outB.aboutC.inD.up42.A.SignificantlyB.CloselyC.ConsequentlyD.Particularly43.A.tolerableB.patientC.popularD.tolerant44.A.helpB.induceC.arouseD.agitate45.A.regardB.estimateC.holdD.perceive46.A.shortcomingsB.limitationsC.defectsD.drawbacks47.A.presidedB.managedC.orientedD.guided48.A.bitB.littleC.lotD.couple49.A.putacrossB.putonC.putupD.putinfor50.A.allotB.assignC.awardD.rewardSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.Passage1EveryschoolchildistaughtthatRobertFultonwasthefirstAmericantobuildandoperateasteamboatonNewYorkwaters.WhenhisClermontsailedfourmilesperhourupstreamontheHudsonRiverin1807,Fultonopenedupnewpossibilitiesintransportation,marketing,andcitybuilding.WhatisnotoftentaughtaboutFultonisthathehadamonopolyenforcedbythestate.TheNewYorklegislaturegaveFultontheprivilegeofcarryingallsteamboattrafficinNewYorkforthirtyyears.ItwasthismonopolythatThomasGibbons,aNewJerseysteamboatman,triedtocrackwhenhehiredyoungCorneliusVanderbiltin1817torunsteamboatsinNewYorkbycharginglessthanthemonopolyrates.Vanderbiltwasaclassicmarketentrepreneur,andhewasintriguedbythechallengeofbreakingtheFultonmonopoly.HebecameapopularfigureontheAtlanticasheloweredthefaresandeludedthelaw.Finally,in1824,inthelandmarkcaseofGibbonsvs.Ogden,theSupremeCourtstruckdowntheFultonmonopoly.ChiefJusticeJohnMarshallruledthatonlythefederalgovernment,notthestates,couldregulateinterstatecommerce.ThisextremelypopulardecisionopenedthewatersofAmericatocompletecompetition.Thetriumphofmarketentrepreneursinsteamboatingledtoimprovementsintechnology.Asonemanobserved,“Theboatbuilders,freedfromthedominationoftheFulton-Livingstoninterests,werequicktodevelopnewideasthatbeforehadnoencouragementfromcapital.”ThesenewideasincludedtubularboilerstoreplacetheheavyandexpensivecopperboilersFultonused.CordwoodforfuelwasalsoamajorcostforFulton,butinnovatorssoonfoundthatanthracitecoalworkedwellunderthenewtubularboilers,so“theexpenseoffuelwasdownone-half.”TherealvalueofremovingtheFultonmonopolywasthatthecostsofsteamboatingdropped.Passengertraffic,forexample,fromNewYorkCitytoAlbanyimmediatelydroppedfromseventothreedollarsafterGibbonsvs.Ogden.Fulton'sgroupcouldn'tmeetthenewratesandsoonwentbankrupt.GibbonsandVanderbilt,meanwhile,adoptedthenewtechnology,cuttheircosts,andearned$40,000profiteachyearduringthelate1820s.Withsuchanopenenvironmentformarketentrepreneurs,VanderbiltdecidedtoquithispleasantassociationwithGibbons,buythetwosteamboats,andgointobusinessforhimself.Duringthe1830s,VanderbiltwouldestablishtraderoutesallovertheNortheast.Heofferedfastandreliableserviceatlowrates.HefirsttriedtheNewYorktoPhiladelphiarouteandforcedthe“standard”three-dollarfaredowntoonedollar.OntheNewBrunswicktoNewYorkCityrun,Vanderbiltchargedsixcentsatripandprovidedfreemeals.AsNiles'Registersaid,the“timesmustbehardindeedwhenatravellerwhowishestosavemoneycannotaffordtowalk.”51.Accordingtothepassage,Vanderbiltwasa“marketentrepreneur”(Para.2)becausehe________.[A]broketheFultonmonopoly[B]ranasuccessfulsteamshipcompany[C]operatedthecheapeststeamshiplineontheHudson[D]believedinthefreemarketasopposedtoastateenforcedmonopoly.52.TheSupremeCourt'sdecisioninGibbonsvs.OgdenhadallofthefollowingeffectsEXCEPT_______.[A]itstruckdowntheFultonmonopoly[B]itledtocheaperfares[C]itenabledFultontoexpand[D]itopenedAmerica'swaterwaystocompetition.53.ItcanbeinferredthatFulton'sbusinessfalteredwhileGibbons'sandVanderbilt'sbusinessflourishedbecause______.[A]Fultondidn'tadoptthenewtechnology[B]GibbonsandVanderbilttookoverFulton'sstateenforcedmonopoly[C]FultonwaslesspopularthanVanderbilt[D]steamshiptravelontheHudson,Fulton'sprimaryroute,decreased.54.Theauthor'stonetowardsVanderbiltisoneof_______.[A]admiration[B]glorification[C]understanding[D]indifferencePassage2Governmentsofdevelopingcountriesoccasionallyenterintoeconomicdevelopmentagreementswithforeigninvestorswhoprovidecapitalandtechnologicalexpertisethatmaynotbereadilyavailableinsuchcountries.Besidesthenormaleconomicriskthataccompaniessuchenterprises,investorsfacetheadditionalriskthatthehostgovernmentmayattempt,onitsownside,tochangeinitsfavorthetermsoftheagreementoreventoterminatetheagreementaltogetherandappropriatetheprojectforitself.Inordertomakeeconomicdevelopmentagreementsmoreattractivetoinvestors,somedevelopingcountrieshaveattemptedtostrengthenthesecurityofsuchagreements,specifyingthattheagreementswillbegovernedby"generalprinciplesoflawrecognizedbycivilizednations"—asetoflegalprinciplesorrulessharedbytheworld'smajorlegalsystems.However,advocatesofgovernments’freedomtomodifyorterminatesuchagreementsarguethattheseagreementsfallwithinaspecialclassofcontractsknownasadministrativecontracts,aconceptthatoriginatedinFrenchlaw.Theyassertthatunderthetheoryofadministrativecontracts,agovernmentenjoysinherentpowertomodifyorterminateitsowncontract,andthatthispowerindeedconstitutesageneralprincipleoflaw.However,theirargumentiswrongonatleasttwogrounds.First,inFrenchlawnotallgovernmentcontractsaretreatedasadministrativecontracts.Somecontractsareclassedasadministrativebyspecificlegislation,inwhichcasethecontractorismadeawareoftheapplicablelegalrulesuponenteringintoagreementwiththegovernment.Alternatively,thecontractinggovernmentagencycanitselfmakeacontractasanadministrativeonebyincludingcertaintermsnotfoundinprivatecivilcontracts.Moreover,eveninthecaseofadministrativecontracts,Frenchlawrequiresthatintheeventthatthegovernmentmodifiesthetermsofthecontractonitsownside,itmustcompensatethecontractorforanyincreasedburdenresultingfromthegovernment'saction.Ineffect,thegovernmentisthuspreventedfrommodifyingthosecontractualtermsthatdefinethefinancialbalanceofthecontract.Second,theFrenchlawofadministrativecontracts,althoughadoptedbyseveralcountries,isnotsouniversallyacceptedthatitcanbeembracedasageneralprincipleoflaw.InboththeUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,governmentcontractsaregovernedbytheordinarylawofcontracts,withtheresultthatthegovernmentcanreservethepowertomodifyorterminateacontractonitsownsideonlybywritingsuchpowerintothecontract.55.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_______.[A]pointingoutflawsinanargumentprovidedinsupportofaposition[B]providingevidenceinsupportofanewexplanationofaphenomenon[C]analyzingtherisksinherentinadoptingacertaincourseofaction[D]advocatinganewapproachtoaproblemthathasnotbeensolvedbytraditionalmeans56.Whichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagreewithregardingthe"generalprinciplesoflaw"?[A]Theyfailtotakeintoaccountthespecialneedsandinterestsofdevelopingcountries.[B]Theymakeforeigninvestorshesitatetoenterintoanycontractwithdevelopingcountries.[C]TheymakeunacceptablethetermsofthelawsoftheU.S.andthoseoftheU.K.[D]Theydonotguaranteeagovernmenttherighttomodifyanagreementwithforeigninvestors.57.Underthe"ordinarylawofcontracts",agovernmenthastherighttomodifythetermsofacontractonitsownsidewhen______.[A]itundertakesagreatereconomicriskthantheforeigninvestor[B]thecostsexceedstheoriginalestimatesasmadeinthecontract[C]themodificationofthecontractdidnotresultinanyincreasedfinancialburdenfortheinvestor[D]thecontractcontainstermsallowingthegovernmenttomodifythecontract.58.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor'smainconclusioninthepassage?[A]Developingcountriesshouldguaranteethelegalsecurityofinternationalagreements[B]FrenchlawregardingcontractsissignificantlydifferentfromthatintheU.S.andtheU.K.[C]Contractsbetweengovernmentsandprivateinvestorsinmostnationsaregovernedbyordinarycontractlaw.[D]Thepowerofagovernmenttomodifyacontractcannotbeconsideredageneralprincipleoflaw.Passage3In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.Books,compactdiscs,andevenstockswereavailableformWorldWideWebsitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearlier,somepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumers,however,shoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore.Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternet,doublethe1997total.Findingabargainwasgettingeasier,owingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal.Foralltheconsumerinterest,retailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusiness,however.InternetpioneerA,whichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideos,postedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarter,upfrom$37.9millioninthesameperiodsof1997.Overall,however,thecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6million,andanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.Despitethegreatloss,hadastockmarketvalueofmanybillions,reflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry.Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownrisks,however.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attention,pricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.Onevideoretailersoldthehitmovies“Titanicfor$9.99,undercuttingthe19.99suggestedretailinitsinitialstage,companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition.59.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothewriter?[A]ConsumersarereluctanttobuythingsontheInternet.[B]ConsumersaretoobusytobuythingsontheInternet.[C]Internetretailingisaprofitablebusiness.[D]MoreandmoreconsumerspreferInternetshopping.60.FindingabargainontheInternetwasgettingeasierpartlybecause______.[A]thereweremoreandmoreInternetusers[B]thereweremoreandmoreonlineauctions[C]theconsumershadmoremoneytospend[D]thereweremoregoodsavailableontheInternet61.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatA________.[A]willprobablymakeaprofitin2001[B]ismakingaprofitnow[C]isacompanythatsellsbooksonly[D]suffersagreatlossonthestockmarket62.InvestorsareinterestedinInternetretailingbecause________.[A]sellingonlineinvolveslittlerisk[B]Internetretailingisinitsinitialstage[C]itcaneasilyreachmillionsofconsumers[D]theycanmakehugeprofitsfromitPassage4Theyearsofuniversityexpansionandtheemergenceofaresearchculturewerethesameyearsthatsawincreasesinthenumberofwomenenteringtheuniversitybothasstudentsandasfaculty.ThenumberofwomenundergraduatesinNorthAmericanuniversitiesincreasedanddiversified.Non-traditionalstudents,overwhelminglyfemale,begantostudyonapart-timebasis,thenumbersofwomengoingtograduateschoolincreased,andwomensoughtentrytothenon-traditionalpositionofuniversityfacultymember.Nonetheless,whilethenumberofwomenstudentsexpandeddramaticallyoverthedecadesofthe1960s,1970sand1980s,thesamehasnotbeentrueforfaculty.A1980reportbyStatisticsCanadaindicatesthatUniversityfacultypositionshadlongbeenthepreserveofmenandlittlehaschangedsincethen.Between1960and1980,femalefacultygrewfrom11.4to20%andby1994hadincreasedto25%importantlythoughwomenarenotequallydistributedacrossdisciplineareas.In1980-90,inthefivebroadlydefinedareasusedbyStatisticsCanada,womenaccountedfor29%ofthefacultyinEducation,26%ofthoseinFineandAppliedArts,25%ofHumanitiesfaculty,19%ofthoseintheSocialSciences,and17%ofthoseinAgriculturalandBiologicalSciences.Themostrecentstatisticsrecordwomenbysubjectstaught,ratherthanfaculty,anddonotsuggestmuchchange.In1994,womentaught33.5%ofeducationcourses,30.8%ofthecoursesinFineArts,28.7%ofhumanitiescourses,23.4%ofcoursesinSocialSciences,20.7%ofthecoursesinagricultureandbiologicalsciences,and5.4%ofcourseofferingsinengineeringandappliedsciencesThesamephenomenonexistsintheUnitedStates,wheretheproportionofwomenfacultywashigherbeforeWorldWarIIthanafter.Womenwere20%offacultyoncampusesattheturnofthecenturyandtheirpercentageincreasedtoahighof25%in1940.Afterthewar,proportionsdeclinedthroughoutthe1950sand1960stoalowof12%anddidnotincreasetopre-warlevelsuntilthe1970s.Thisdeclineoccurredinbothcoeducationalandwomen’scollegeswherewomenfacultydeclinedfrom72%in1940to50%in1955anddroppedtoalowof45%in1978.By1991,womenwerereportedasaccountingfor49.7%ofthoseemployedinacademicpositions.However,women’spositionsintheUnitedStatesarecomparabletoCanadianfiguresandhavechangedlittleoverthelast25years.22.3%offull-timeuniversityfacultywerewomenin1972,thishadincreasedto26.9%by1982andto30%in1992.63.Bothwomenstudentsandwomenfacultystartedtoincreasewhen________.[A]thenumberofmalestudentsandfacultywasgoingup[B]universitiesenteredthe20thcentury[C]femalestudentscouldstudyonapart-timebasis[D]universitybegantoexpand64.InwhichdisciplinedidwomenfacultytakeupthehighestpercentageinCanadain1980-90?[A]Humanities.[B]FineandAppliedArts.[C]Education.[D]SocialSciences.65.InwhichofthefollowingsubjectstaughtdidfemalefacultyoccupythelowestpercentageinCanadain1994?[A]FineArts.[B]Engineeringandappliedsciences.[C]Educationcourses.[D]Agricultureandbiologicalsciences.66.ThispassagetellsusthatintheU.S.andCanadianuniversities________.[A]womenfacultyhaveincreasedslowly[B]thereisgreatexpansioninthenumberoffemalefaculty[C]femalefacultyaremorethanmalefaculty[D]femalefacultyaremorethanfemalestudentsPassage5Theexistenceofbothracialandsexualdiscriminationinemploymentiswelldocumented,andpolicymakersandresponsibleemployersareparticularlysensitivetotheplightoftheblackfemaleemployeeonthetheorythatsheisdoublythevictimofdiscrimination.Thatthereexistdifferencesinincomebetweenwhitesandblacksisclear,butitisnotsoclearthatthesedifferencesaresolelytheresultofracialdiscriminationinemployment.Thetwogroupsdifferinproductivity,sobasiceconomicsdictatesthattheirincomeswilldiffer.Toobtainatruemeasureoftheeffectofracialdiscriminationinemploymentitisnecessarytoadjustthegrossblack/whiteincomeratiofortheseproductivityfactors.Whitewomeninurbanareashaveahighereducationallevelthanblackwomenandcanbeexpectedtoreceivelargerincomes.Moreover,StatedistributionofresidenceisimportantbecauseblacksareoverrepresentedintheSouth,wherewageratesaretypicallylowerthanelsewhereandwhereracialdifferentialsinincomearegreater.Also,blacksareoverrepresentedinlargecities,andincomesofblackswouldbegreaterifblacksweredistributedamongcitiesofdifferentsizesinthesamemanneraswhites.Afterstandardizationfortheproductivityfactors,theincomeofblackurbanwomenisestimatedtobebetween108and125percentoftheincomeofwhitewomen.Thisindicatesthatproductivityfactorsmorethanaccountfortheactualwhite/blackincomedifferentialforwomen.Despitetheirgreatereducation,whitewomen’sactualaverageincomeisonly2to5percenthigherthanthatofblackwomenintheNorth.Unlikethesituationofmen,theevidenceindicatesthatthemoneyincomeofblackurbanwomenwasasgreatas,orgreaterthan,thatofwhitesofsimilarproductivityintheNorth,andprobablyintheUnitedStatesasawhole.Atleasttwopossiblehypothesesmayexplainwhytheadjustmentforproductivitymorethanaccountsfortheobservedincomedifferentialforwomen.First,theremaybemorediscriminationagainstblackmenthanagainstblackwomen.Thedifferentoccupationalstructuresformenandwomengivesomeindicationwhythiscouldbethecase.Second,thedataareconsistentwiththehypothesisthattheintensityofdiscriminationagainstwomendifferslittlebetweenwhitesandblacks.Therefore,racialdiscriminationaddslittletoeffectsofexistingsexdiscrimination.Thesefindingssuggestthatablackwomandoesnotnecessarilysufferrelativelymorediscriminationinthelabormarketthandoesawhitewoman.Rather,forwomen,theeffectsofsexualdiscriminationaresopervasivethattheeffectsofracialdiscriminationarenegligible.67.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto________.[A]explainthereasonsfortheexistenceofincomedifferentialsbetweenmenandwomen[B]showthatracialdiscriminationagainstblackwomeninemploymentislessimportantthanse