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考點17定語從句(核心考點精講精練)1.高考真題考點分布考點題型定語從句年份試卷類型考點考向語法填空20242024·新課標(biāo)I卷which/that限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2024·新課標(biāo)II卷who非限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2024·全國甲卷which限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2024·北京卷who非限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2024·浙江1月which/that限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞20232023·新課標(biāo)I卷//2023·新課標(biāo)II卷//2023·全國乙卷which/that限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2023·全國甲卷where;as非限制性定語從句--關(guān)系副詞非限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2023·北京卷where非限制性定語從句--關(guān)系副詞2023·浙江1月//20222022·新課標(biāo)I卷that限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2022·新課標(biāo)II卷//2022·全國乙卷//2022·全國甲卷who非限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2022·北京卷which非限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2022·浙江1月that/who限制性定語從句--關(guān)系代詞2.命題規(guī)律及備考策略【命題規(guī)律】近3年新高考卷對于定語從句的考查共計13次,主要考查:1.定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞;2.定語從句中關(guān)系副詞;3.定語從句中的主謂一致;4.定語從句中的時態(tài)?!緜淇疾呗浴苛私舛ㄕZ從句的基本用法;區(qū)分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句;熟知關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法并能正確判斷使用哪種關(guān)系詞;掌握"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引導(dǎo)的定語從句及as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句的區(qū)別?!久}預(yù)測】預(yù)測2025年定語從句仍會是高考考查的重點和熱點之一,預(yù)測高考對該考點的考查集中在關(guān)系代詞(that,which,who,as等)及關(guān)系副詞(when,where等)的選用上。必備基礎(chǔ)知識:定語從句的概念在復(fù)合句中,修飾限定某一名詞(或代詞)的句子,叫定語從句。定語從句在復(fù)合句中相當(dāng)于形容詞,故又稱為形容詞性從句。定語從句的位置定語從句常置于被修飾詞之后;as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可置于主句前、句中,也可置于主句之后。定語從句的功能相當(dāng)于形容詞,修飾名詞或代詞,在句中作定語。定語從句的類別定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩類。先行詞定語從句修飾的名詞和代詞叫先行詞。6)關(guān)系詞的三大作用替代作用:在定語從句中替代先行詞。成分作用:在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。連接作用:連接主句和定語從句。關(guān)系代詞/副詞先行詞在從句中的作用who人主語、賓語whom人賓語which物主語、賓語that人或物主語、賓語、表語、狀語whose人或物定語as人或物主語、賓語、表語when時間名詞時間狀語where地點名詞或抽象名詞(situation,point,activity,case,stage等)地點狀語whythereason原因狀語01關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句一、常見關(guān)系代詞的基本用法1.that可指人或物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語,表語。指人時,相當(dāng)于who或whom;指物時,相當(dāng)于which。不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;不可置于介詞后作賓語。2.which指物;在定語從句中作主語,賓語。如:Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主語)3.who,whom,whose(1)who:主格,在從句中作主語,只可指人(2)whom:賓格,在從句中只能作賓語;只可指人(3)whose:表所屬關(guān)系,在從句中作定語。譯為:某人的,某物的(4)whose+名詞=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的)=he+n.+ofwhom(某人的)注意:①關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(在定語從句中,介詞提前時,介詞后:表人用whom;表物用which)②關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時,介詞可放于從句之首,也可放于從句之末.但以放于句首較為正式.(介詞前置,必須注意不影響動詞詞組的含義。關(guān)系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時,介詞必須放在句末。)Thereare30studentsinthisclass,whoarefromthenorthofChina.這個班里有30名學(xué)生,他們來自中國北方。Doyouknowtheboywhosehandwritingisverybeautiful?你認(rèn)識那個書法非常漂亮的男孩嗎?I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.→I'dlikearoom,thewindowofwhichlooksoutoverthesea.→I'dlikearoom,ofwhichthewindowlooksoutoverthesea.我想要一個窗戶朝向大海的房間。4.asa:as作為關(guān)系代詞,常常用于固定句型中。thesame...as,as,such....as,so....asTheycouldonlyreadsuchstoriesashadbeenrewritteninsimpleEnglish.(as作主語)他們只能讀類似這樣的一些用簡易英語改寫的故事。Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.(as作賓語)這些房子以人們期望的低價出售。ThisisthesameknifeasIlost.(as作賓語)這把小刀和我丟的那把很相似。b:such...as...與such...that...的區(qū)別such...as...中的as引導(dǎo)的是定語從句,而such...that...中的that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句。當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)定語從句時,as在從句中一般作主語或賓語,而that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時,that在從句中不作任何成分。Thisissuchadifficultproblemasmostofuscan'tworkout.這是一個我們大多數(shù)人都不能解決的難題。(從句中的workout缺少賓語,前面的as是關(guān)系代詞,用作workout的賓語。)Sheissuchakindgirlthatmanystudentslikeher.她是個善良的女孩所以很多學(xué)生喜歡她。(狀語從句是完整的句子,前面的that只起引導(dǎo)從句的作用,在從句中不作成分。)二、that、which的辨析1.只能用that,不能用which的情況(1)先行詞是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代詞或先行詞被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等詞修飾。?Allthepeoplethatcomefromthecountryworkmuchharder.所有來自農(nóng)村的人工作都更努力得多。(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級、theonly,thevery,thelast等修飾時,關(guān)系代詞通常只用that,不用which.如:?ThefirstEnglishnovelthatIreadwasCities.我讀的第一本英文小說是《城市》。?ThisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgamesthatIhaveeverseen.這是我見過的最激動人心的足球比賽之一。?Thisistheonlythingthatwecandonow.這是我們現(xiàn)在惟一能做的事情。(3)先行詞既有人又有物時,關(guān)系代詞只用that,不用which.如:?Thescientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.我們所有人都?xì)J佩你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就。?TheforeignvisitorsspokehighlyofthepioneersandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.外國游客高度贊揚了他們在少年宮所看到的少先隊員以及他們的表演。(4)關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作表語并帶有類比含義時,通常只用that,不用which.如:?Heisnolongerthestarthathewas.他不再是過去的那位明星了。?Ourschoolisnolongertheschoolthatitusedtobe.我們的學(xué)校不再是以前的那所學(xué)校了。(5)句中其他位置已出現(xiàn)which,為避免重復(fù),不用which而用that引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。如:?Whichisthecarthathasovertakenus?超過我們的是哪輛車?2.只用which,不能用that的情況(1)在介詞提前到關(guān)系代詞之前形成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)來修飾表事物的先行詞時,關(guān)系代詞必須用which.如:?Thehouseinwhichweliveisverylarge.我們住的房子非常大。?Thisisthereferencebookofwhichtheteacherisspeaking.這就是老師正在談及的那本參考書。注意:如果介詞不放在修飾事物的限定性定語從句的句首,which就可換為that,如:?Thisisthequestionwhich/thatwe’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.=Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過的問題。(2)先行詞為“those+表事物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時,關(guān)系代詞通常只用which而不用that.例如:?Studentsshouldkeepinmindthoseregulationswhichrestricttheirbehavior.學(xué)生應(yīng)牢記那些規(guī)范自己的行為準(zhǔn)則。?Abookshopshoulddealwithavarietyofthosebestsellerswhicharenewlypublished.書店應(yīng)該經(jīng)營新出版的各種暢銷書。(3)當(dāng)先行詞指物,關(guān)系詞在句中作主語或賓語,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that。三、as,which的辨析一、相同點兩者引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時,可指代主句中的部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語,位于主句之后有時可互換。Themeetingwasputoff,as/whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.會議被推遲了,這正是我們想要的。Hewasadoctor,as/whichIknewfromhismanner.他是一名醫(yī)生,我是從他的舉止中知道的。二、不同點1.as可以放在主句前后,也可插入主句之中;而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句之后。Asisknowntoall,fishcan’tlivewithoutwater.眾所周知,魚離開水無法生存。Air,asweknow,isgas.正如我們所知,空氣是氣體。2.在非限制性定語從句中,which后的be動詞不可?。欢鴄s后的be動詞可以省略。Shetoldmeshewonthematch,whichwasalie.她告訴我們她贏得了比賽,這是一個謊言。Thematerialiselastic,as(was)showninthefigure.這種材料是有彈性的,正如圖中所示。3.which在非限制性定語從句中作主語時可用各類動詞作謂語;而as作主語時,謂語常用系動詞,如be,seem,become等,一般不用其他行為動詞。Hesawthegirl,whichdelightedhim.他看見了那個女孩,這讓他很高興。Hedidn’tsayanythingatthemeeting,as/whichseemedverystrange.他在會議上一言未發(fā),這看起來非常奇怪。as常用"正如"含義,常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有asweknow(眾所周知);asoftenhappens(正如常發(fā)生的那樣);asisoftenthecase(情況常常如此);asweallcansee(正如我們看到的);beannounced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported等。這些結(jié)構(gòu)常放句首,偶爾也可以放句中或句末。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.眾所周知,中國是一個發(fā)展中國家。Katewaslateforschool,asoftenhappened.凱特上學(xué)遲到了,正如常發(fā)生的那樣。5.在非限制性定語從句中,which可指代主句中的某一個單詞,as不可以。Mybrotherenjoyedplayingbasketball,whichhereallyplayswell.我哥哥喜歡打籃球,他打得非常好。Beijing,whichhewasbornin,isourcapital.北京,他出生的地方,是我們的首都。6."介詞+關(guān)系代詞(介賓代物)"中關(guān)系代詞只能用which。TheTravelAgency,withwhichourcompanyhasbeendealingforseveralyears,hasopenedfornewbranches.那家與我們交易了好幾年的旅行社又開了新的分店。Airisamixtureofgases,ofwhichoxygenforms21percent.空氣是一種氣體的綜合體,其中氧氣占了21%。7.從句中的謂語動詞是否定形式時,常用which。HecanwritealetterinEnglish,whichIcannot.他可以用英語寫信,我不能。Metalwillbearbeatingwithahammer,whichastonewillnot.金屬能承受得住用錘子敲打,但是石頭則不能。8.非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞代表前面主句中的賓語從句時,常用which。Hesaidhehadpassedtheexam,whichwasuntrue.他說他通過了考試,這是假的。【2024全國甲卷】Yellowstonewasthe____49largest____(large)UnitedStatesnationalpark—2.2millionacres—untilWrangell-SaintEliasinsouthernAlaska,_____50_____becameanationalmonumentin1978,tookthehonorsasanationalparkin1980with12.3millionacres.1.(2024·廣東省高三開學(xué)大聯(lián)考)ThetypicalChinesealcoholicbeverageisbaijiu,________ismadefromvariousgrains.2.(2024·內(nèi)蒙古包頭市高三調(diào)研)PabloPicassoisoneofthemostfamousartistsintheworld,_______fullnameisreallyalongone,infactamixtureofmanynames.3.(2024·江蘇省四所名校高三期中聯(lián)考)Hisreplyto“CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”wasadetermined“Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethings_______otherpeoplemake.”02關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句當(dāng)定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語、定語和表語時,要選用關(guān)系副詞。其中when,where,why是常見的三個關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系副詞先行詞作用when時間名詞時間狀語表時間的介詞(如:in,on,at,during等)+which;where地點名詞或抽象名詞(situation,point,activity,case,stage等)地點狀語表地點的介詞(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;whythereason原因狀語表原因的介詞(如:for)+which。Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,whentheweathermaybebetter.我們將把在公園里的野餐推遲到下個星期,那時候天氣可能會更好。Doyouknowthereasonwhyhedidn'tattendthemeetingyesterday?你知道他昨天為什么沒有出席會議的原因嗎?1.when的用法when修飾時間名詞,在從句中作時間狀語。其先行詞通常為time,day,year,week等。I'llneverforgetthedaywhenmysonwasborn.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我兒子出生的那一天。易錯點:當(dāng)表示時間的先行詞在從句中作主語或賓語時,關(guān)系詞不用when而用that或which。Theseasonwhich/thattheyweretalkingaboutwasautumn.他們正在談?wù)摰募竟?jié)是秋天。2.where的用法where用于修飾地點名詞如place,park,factory,house等。在從句中作地點狀語,相當(dāng)于介詞+which。Nowadayspeoplearemoreconcernedabouttheenvironmentwheretheylive.現(xiàn)在人們更加關(guān)心他們居住的環(huán)境。b.當(dāng)先行詞為一些表示抽象地點的名詞,如:point,situation,case,stage,family等時,如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語,常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句;如果不作狀語,則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitieswheretheycangainexperienceforgrowth.學(xué)生應(yīng)該參與社區(qū)活動,在那里他們可以獲得成長的經(jīng)驗。Rememberthatthereisstillonepointthat/whichwemustmakeclearattheconferencetomorrow.記住在明天的會議上我們還有一點必須弄清楚。She'sinahopelesssituation,wherewewillkeepaverycloseeyeonher.她處于無望的處境中,在這種情況下我們將密切注意她。c.先行詞occasion當(dāng)“時刻”講時,用關(guān)系副詞when;當(dāng)“場合”講時,用關(guān)系副詞where。Pleasedescribeanoccasionwhereyoumetrealdifficulties.請描述你遇到真正困境的場景。OccasionsarerarewhenIhavethetimetospendadaywithmykids.我有時間和孩子們度過一天的時機很少。3.why的用法why相當(dāng)于forwhich,在從句中作原因狀語,但若關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時,定語從句要用that或which引導(dǎo)。Canyoutellmethereasonwhy(=forwhich)youarelateagain?你能告訴我你再次遲到的原因嗎?Thebossdoesn’twanttohearanyreason(that/which)youmightgive.老板不想聽你所提出的任何理由。1.【2023年全國甲卷】“TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmerica,___44___alllifeseemedtoenjoypeacefulexistencewithitssurroundings,”herfablebegins,___45borrowing___(borrow)somefamiliarwordsfrommanyage-oldfables.【方法指導(dǎo)】1.先行詞是表示時間、地點或原因(一般為reason)的名詞,從句中缺少狀語時用關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。有時可用“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)替換。2.當(dāng)定語從句中缺少主語或賓語時,即使先行詞是表示時間、地點和原因的詞仍用which/that。3.當(dāng)先行詞為一些表示抽象地點的名詞,如point,situation,case,stage等,如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語,常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句;如果作主語、賓語或表語,則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。2.【2023年北京卷】Ninarecentlyfinishedheryear-longseriesofrunsinChicago,____18____thousandswereattendingawaterconference.1.(2024·粵湘鄂名校聯(lián)盟高三第一次聯(lián)考)TheseeventshavetransformedJingdezhenintoanincredibleplatformfordiversifiedcooperationandcommunication,________youngartistictalentsaredrawntoitsflamelikemoths.2.(2024·江蘇省徐州市第七中學(xué)學(xué)情調(diào)研)However,hecouldnotforgetaboutanearliertime________hisvillagehadbeenstrugglingwithaseriousairqualityproblem.03“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)1關(guān)系代詞的確定在介詞后作賓語的關(guān)系代詞只有which和whom。如果先行詞是物,引導(dǎo)詞用which;如果先行詞是人,則引導(dǎo)詞用whom。ThisisthetrainonwhichIwenttoShanghai.這就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火車。ThisisthestudentforwhomIboughtthedictionary.這就是我為他買詞典的那個學(xué)生。介詞一般放在關(guān)系代詞which和whom之前,如果介詞和句中動詞組成固定詞組時,這個介詞一般不前置。Myyoungestbrother,whomIhavetolookafter,isdemanding.我得照看我最小的弟弟,他真是讓人費神。2關(guān)系代詞前介詞的確定依據(jù)定語從句中動詞或形容詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。ThefellowtowhomIspokemadenoansweratfirst.我與之說話的那個人起初沒有回答。(speakto)TheWestLake,forwhichHangzhouisfamous,isabeautifulplace.西湖是一個美麗的地方,杭州因此而聞名。(befamousfor)根據(jù)先行詞來確定。I'llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我在鄉(xiāng)村度過的童年時光。(duringthetime)Air,withoutwhichmancan'tlive,isreallyimportant.空氣真的很重要,沒有它人類就不能生存。(withoutair)3“名詞/代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)此類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有“some/many/most/all/none+of+which/whom”等。Herearethequestions,someofwhichIthinkaredifficultforyou.問題都在這兒,其中一些我認(rèn)為對你來說很難。Hehasthreesons,noneofwhomaredoctors.他有三個兒子,沒有一個是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。4“復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞which”從句部分常與先行詞用逗號隔開,且從句部分常用倒裝語序。Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵大樹。5“介詞+which/whom+不定式”Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.→Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.→Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.那個窮人沒房子住。有時為表達(dá)清楚,也可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from/to等,平時也應(yīng)掌握,但非高考重點。Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekiteflyingspreadstoJapan,Thailand,Indiaandsoon.中國是風(fēng)箏的發(fā)源地,從這里,放風(fēng)箏傳到了日本、泰國、印度等國家。1.【2022年天津卷第二次】Guidebooksarepreparedtosuittheconvenienceofthetraveler,________routesroundacityorasiteareoftensuggested.A.forwhich B.withwhichC.forwhom D.withwhom2.【2021年天津卷第一次】WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakes________wecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.A.fromwhich B.inwhich C.withwhom D.forwhom【方法指導(dǎo)】1.若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前,關(guān)系代詞指人時常用whom,指物時常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介詞后,即“介詞+whose+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。2.該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用(1)一般來說,確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞,可以從以下三方面入手:①先行詞的意義;②從句中的動詞或形容詞與先行詞的固定搭配;③句子的意思。(2)表示“整體和部分關(guān)系”,介詞常用of。常見結(jié)構(gòu):①在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代詞或數(shù)詞的前、后可以用ofwhich/whom。②the+比較級或最高級前、后用ofwhich/whom等。(3)有時“介詞+where”可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,此時要和“介詞+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句從意思上加以區(qū)別。1.(2023·湖南省部分校教育聯(lián)盟摸底測)InthemainculturalvenueofJiaxingcity’sXiuzhouDistrict,ZhejiangProvince,afewelderlywomenareusingtheirimaginationandsomebrightcolorstopaintthewonderfulscenesoflifeinJiangnan,or“southoftheYangtzeRiver”.Theyaremembersofafarmer-paintergroupknownasthe“TenSisters”,formedin2009.Thegrouphas12ruralresidents,theoldestof____58____is76yearsoldandtheyoungest61.2.(2024·天津濱海新區(qū)·高三三模)TheZhuangisanethnicgroup________thepopulationisthelargestofallethnicgroupsinChina.A.ofwhom B.ofwhich C.ofwho D.ofthat3.(2024·天津河北區(qū)·高三二模)Humanfacialexpressionsdifferfromthoseofanimalsinthedegree______theycanbecontrolled.A.onwhich B.bywhich C.towhich D.fromwhich04定語從句中的其它問題一、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別二、定語從句中的主謂一致1)在定語從句中,謂語動詞的單數(shù),復(fù)數(shù)依據(jù)它所修飾的先行詞。I,whoamyourteacher,willhelpyouwitheverything.Hewhobreakstheschoolrulesshouldbepunished.Thosewhobreaktheschoolrulesshouldbepunished.Anyonewhobreakstheschoolrulesshouldbepunished.2).Oneof+the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù),theonlyoneof+the復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Heisoneoftheteachersinourschoolwhoteachwell.Heistheonlyoneoftheteachersinourschoolwhoteacheswell.三、theway后接定語從句的情況。1.在定語從句中,theway在從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語時,其后的關(guān)系詞可以是inwhich,that或省略;但是當(dāng)它在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等成分時,其后的關(guān)系詞就用that或which。2.先行詞time作“次數(shù)”講時,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句,that可省略;當(dāng)先行詞time作“一段時間,時代”講且作狀語時,應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或“介詞at/during+which”引導(dǎo)定語從句。①Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbutthewayeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(inwhich,that,不填))hesaidit.讓我吃驚的不是他說的話,而是他說話的方式。②Thewayeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(that,which,不填))heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡單。③It'snotthefirsttime(that)you'vefoundyourselfinthissituation.你陷入這種狀況已經(jīng)不是第一次了。④Therewasatimewhen/duringwhicheachteacherspentanhour,onedayaweek,testingpupilsineverysubject.曾經(jīng),每個老師每周都有一天花上一小時對學(xué)生的每門功課進(jìn)行測試。四、time后接定語從句的情況。先行詞是time時,若time作“次數(shù)”講,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句,that可省略;若time作“一段時間,時代”講,應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或“介詞at/during+which”引導(dǎo)定語從句。Thisisthefirsttime(that)Ihavetalkedwithaforeignerfacetoface.這是我第一次和一個外國人面對面交流。TherewasatimewhenIhatedgoingtoschool.曾經(jīng)有一段時間我討厭上學(xué)。五、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的辨析用法依據(jù)根據(jù)從句謂語動詞若是及物動詞,后面若無賓語,用關(guān)系代詞;若是不及物動詞則用關(guān)系副詞。根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中作的成分把關(guān)系詞放進(jìn)定語從句中,若作主語或賓語用關(guān)系代詞;作狀語則用關(guān)系副詞。先行詞是表示時間或地點等的名詞時,如果先行詞一樣,但是關(guān)系詞在從句中所作的成分不同,那么所用關(guān)系詞也不同。具體分為以下幾點:1.先行詞是表示時間或地點的名詞若關(guān)系詞在從句中作時間狀語或地點狀語,則用when或where;若作主語、賓語等,則用that或which。?Thedate(that/which)I'llalwaysrememberisOct.28,1968.我會一直記得的日子是1968年10月28日。(that/which在從句中作賓語)?ThedatewhenIwasbornisOct.28,1968.我出生的日子是1968年10月28日。(when在從句中作時間狀語)?Afteraboutanhour'sdrive,wereachedthesmalltownwhereIwasbroughtupandwhich/thatislocatedatthefootofthemountain.大約一個小時的車程之后,我們抵達(dá)這個小鎮(zhèn)。我就是在這個小鎮(zhèn)長大的,它坐落在山腳下。(where在從句中作地點狀語;which/that在從句中作主語)2.先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason若關(guān)系詞在從句中作原因狀語,則用why;若作主語、賓語等,則用that或which。?Thereason(which/that)hetoldmeforhisbeinglateisthathegotuplate.他告訴我他遲到的原因是他起床晚了。(which/that在從句中作賓語)特別提醒遇到類似的題目,考生應(yīng)特別注意從句中動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞。及物動詞后應(yīng)接賓語;不及物動詞后如有介詞,可加賓語,如無介詞,則應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞。?Thereasonwhyhewaslateisthathegotuplate.他遲到的原因是他起床晚了。(why在從句中作原因狀語)六、定語從句與其它句型的辨析1)限制性定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系詞有跟他們含義相應(yīng)的先行詞,而引導(dǎo)同位語從句時則沒有與他們含義相應(yīng)的先行詞。?Sorry,I’veforgotthedaywhenwemetforthefirsttime.抱歉,我記不起我們第一次見面的日子了。(定語從句,先行詞theday與when含義相應(yīng))?I’venoideawhenwemetforthefirsttime.我不知道我們第一次是什么時候見面的。(同位語從句,idea與when沒有任何聯(lián)系)2)定語從句與時間狀語從句的區(qū)別當(dāng)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞與時間狀語從句的連接詞都是when時,定語從句修飾、限制、說明時間名詞,只能放在先行詞的后面;而時間狀語從句說明動作發(fā)生的情況,并且可以放在主句的前面。?Doyouknowthetimewhentheclassisover?你知道下課的時間嗎?(定語從句)?Itwasalreadyfiveo’clockwhentheclasswasover.=Whentheclasswasover,itwasalreadyfiveo’clock.當(dāng)課結(jié)束時,已經(jīng)是五點鐘了。(時間狀語從句)3)定語從句與地點狀語從句的區(qū)別當(dāng)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞與地點狀語從句的連接詞都是where時,定語從句修飾、限制、說明地點名詞;而狀語從句則說明動作發(fā)生的地點,where沒有對應(yīng)的地點名詞或代詞。?Thisistheplacewhereweusedtoliveafewyearsago.這就是幾年前我們常居住的地方。(定語從句)?Let’sgowherewecanfindabetterjob.我們到我們能找到更好工作的地方去吧。(地點狀語從句)4)定語從句與強調(diào)句型的區(qū)別定語從句對名詞或代詞的修飾和限制,關(guān)系詞可能是that,which,as,who,but,另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而強調(diào)句型是對某部分加強語氣,強調(diào)語氣的連接詞只能是that,who,并且句子中的It沒有任何意義;一般比較明顯,而有時就難以區(qū)別,還需要根據(jù)上下文的語境來判斷。Itisabookthathewants.它究竟是強調(diào)句型還是定語從句,就要從語境上來考察。如果它是用來回答Whatisthis/that?這樣的問題,意思是:它是一本他想要的書。句子顯然是定語從句。如果是用來回答Whatdoeshewant?這樣的問題,那么意思是:他想要的是一本書。顯然,句子是強調(diào)句型。5)定語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別定語從句中的關(guān)系詞在從句中還要作某種成分,因而從句成分不完整;而結(jié)果狀語從句中的連接詞不作任何句子成分,因此句子成分完整。?Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.它是我們大家都喜歡的如此有趣的書。(定語從句)?比較:Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllike.強調(diào)句型。意思是:我們大家都喜歡的是一本如此有趣的書。6)定語從句與獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別定語從句一般有關(guān)系詞、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整;而獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有關(guān)系詞、也沒有謂語動詞。?Thebookbeingveryinteresting,wealllikeit.由于這本書有趣,我們大家都喜歡它。?Thebookwhich/thatisveryinterestingwaspublishedlastyear.這本有趣的書是去年出版的?!?022新高考I卷】Theplanwillextendprotectiontoasignificantnumberofareasthat__________(be)previouslyunprotected....Afterathree-yearpilotperiod,theGPNPwillbeofficiallysetupnextyear.2.【2024北京卷】Whenweslowdown,wecreatespacetoreflectonourthoughtsandemotions,whichhelpsusidentifyimportantareasofourlivesand___13___(give)ustheopportunitytomakerightchoices.(河北省石家莊市二中2023年高三試題)However,after2012thenumberofmid-lakeislands_________thegullsmadetheirnestskeptdecreasing,leadingtothenumberofthebabygullsdroppingto2,000.05書面表達(dá)中定語從句易錯點聚焦(一)定語從句意識缺失1.關(guān)系代詞被普通代詞取代(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps,some_of_themaremyfavorite.(正)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps,some_of_whicharemyfavorite.2.關(guān)系代詞遺漏(誤)Thelastoneleavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.(正)Thelastonewho_leavestheclassroompleaseclosethewindows.第一句從漢語意思角度是對的,但是漢語的干擾破壞了英語句式結(jié)構(gòu)。(二)假冒偽劣的定語從句1.有從無主式(誤)MyfriendJane,whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJaneisveryfriendlytousclassmates.(正)MyfriendJane,whoisveryfriendlytousclassmates,has_a_variety_of_hobbies.笫一句虎頭蛇尾,屬于有從無主式的句子,即有從句但沒有主句。2.從句成分殘缺式(誤)Thosewho_againstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.(正)Thosewho_are_againstitthinkthatitisunnecessarytomovethezoosoutofthecity.第一句定語從句的謂語不完整。介詞against不能單獨作謂語。3.畫蛇添足式(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture,thatasadboystandsbetweenhisangryparents.(誤)Ascanbeseenfromthepicture,amanwhoistalkinghappily.(誤)Ihavemanycollectionsofstamps,andsomeofwhicharemyfavorite.第一句中關(guān)系代詞as代替逗號后面的整個主句,因此主句是不需要連接詞來引導(dǎo)的。所以,應(yīng)去掉that。第二句中同樣as代替逗號后面的整個主句,主句中的who是多余的。第三句中如果要滿足定語從句的話,顯然并列連詞and是多余的。(最新模擬試題演練)1.【2024屆河南省三門峽部分名校高三下學(xué)期模擬考試】Eachdancercarriesabamboostick,4isstruckagainstthegroundtothemusic.Thisdanceistypicallyperformed5(celebrate)theendoftheharvestseason.2.【安徽省蚌埠市皖北私立聯(lián)考2023-2024學(xué)年高三下學(xué)期期中】Inaunanimousresolution,theUNGeneralAssemblyrecognizedthesignificanceoftheLunarNewYear,12iscelebratedinnumerousUNmemberstates.3.【2024屆內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特市高三下學(xué)期二??荚嚒縃arare’sEastgateCentreisasuperbexampleofbiomimicry.ItwascreatedbyMickPearcewhowasinspiredwhilewatchinganaturedocumentary25termites(白蟻)wereconstructingtheirnests.4.【2024屆河南省濮陽市高三下學(xué)期二?!縎hetoldChinaDailythathanfuisgainingappealand35(recognize)inHongKongamongpeopleofdifferentagegroups,andthatherassociationisgrowingdaybyday.“Atfirst,weonlyhadadozenorsopiecesofhanfu,36wouldbekeptathomeandtakenoutwhentheywereneeded.Now,wehaveover100piecesandneedtorentawarehouseforstorage,”shesaid.5.【2024屆廣東省惠州市高三下學(xué)期一模擬考試】Inadditionto“HappyLoong”,theGansuProvincialMuseumoffersstuffedtoysinspired47theflyingapsaras(飛天)oftheMogaoGrottoesandthebronzegallopinghorsefromtheEasterHanDynasty(25-220),allof48combinerichhistorywithGen-Zappeal.6.【2024屆貴州省遵義市高三下學(xué)期第二次模擬測試】WalkingthroughhisneighborhoodsupermarketinAustralia,1packsofChinesesauerkraut(酸菜)linetheshelves,HuangXiqingfeelslikehe’sshoppinginhishometownofShenyanginLiaoningprovince.7.【2024屆貴州省遵義市高三下學(xué)期第二次模擬測試】Chinesesauerkraut,apicklewhich3(make)ofChinesecabbage,isatraditionalspecialtyofthenortheasternregionandisnowsoldaroundthecountry4exportedoverseas.8.【2024屆山東省聊城市高三下學(xué)期二模】Acrobatscanactlikefishswimming7(smooth)inthewater,birdsflyingthroughtreesandbutterfliesdancingamongflowers,showcasingwonderfulskills8requireyearsofhardtraining.9.【2024屆四川省眉山市仁壽縣四川省仁壽第一中學(xué)校模擬】TheDongfengLandingSitehasasearchzoneoftensofthousandsofsquarekilometers,which5contains(contain)desert,saltflats,aswellaswetlandsthatmakeitchallengingtofindout6thereentrymodulemightland.10.【2024屆四川省瀘州市高三下學(xué)期三?!縄nancienttimes,needleworkwasamust-learnskillforwomen,26hadtomakeclothesfortheirfamilies.11.【2024屆河南省開封市高三下學(xué)期三?!縄nadditiontotheshipwrecks,avarietyofartifacts,includingpottery,porcelainandironware,havebeenunearthed,mostof35weremadeinkilns(窯爐)inJingdezhen,Jiangxiprovince,knownasChina’s“porcelaincapital.”12.【2024屆四川省綿陽市高三下學(xué)期第三次診斷性考試】LocatednearthearchaeologicalsiteoftheYinRuins,54isalsothelocationofthelastcapitaloftheShangDynasty(1600-1046B.C.),theexpandedYinxuMuseumisthefirstmuseum55(present)theShangcivilizationcomprehensively.13.【2024屆廣東省佛山市禪城區(qū)高三下學(xué)期統(tǒng)一調(diào)研測試】Itnotonlyoffersawayforyoungpeopletointeractwithacityinameaningfulwaybutalsoprovidesthemwithanewsocialscene9individualswithsimilarinterestscanconnectandformfriendship.14.【2024屆湖北省高三下學(xué)期新高考三?!縏hisyear,theirmodesthomeweredecoratedwithpinkcherryblossoms,5Wongsaidcouldbringgoodluck.15.【2024屆安徽省合肥市高三下學(xué)期二?!縏heopportunitycamein2008,5Chinalaunchedanationalprogramforglobaltoptalent.16.【2024屆江西省景德鎮(zhèn)市高三下學(xué)期第三次質(zhì)量檢測】Qiangembroidery(羌繡)isapeculiarflowerinChina’sfolkhandicraftsandreflectthewisdomoftheQiangpeople.ItdatesbacktotheHanDynasty11itwasadoptedforuseonclothing.TheQiangpeopleadorenature,12flowers,grasses,fruits,vegetables,andanimalsareusedasinspirationfortheembroidery’smostcommonpatterns.17.【2024屆福建省南平市建陽區(qū)福建省南平市建陽區(qū)高三預(yù)測絕密卷模擬】“I25(live)inMarylandforfouryearswhenIwasyoung.SoIwantedtocombinemypast,26ismyfilling,withmypresenthome,”Houstonsaid.18.【四川省成都市成實外教育聯(lián)盟2023-2024學(xué)年高三下學(xué)期聯(lián)考】TaoismisChina’snativereligion.34isevidentinitsbest-knownsymbol,thecircleofyinandyang,it’salsoareligionofunityandopposites.19.【2024屆江西省新余市高三下學(xué)期二?!緼sspringcomes,itissensibletoopenthewindows49(air)outstuffyhomes,removedirt,andrepairanydamages50occurredduringthewintermonths.Inventionssuchasvacuumcleaners,washingmachines,andcleaningagentshavemadetheprocessmoreefficientandconvenient.20.【2024屆河南省通義大聯(lián)考高三下學(xué)期最后一卷】ThoughCitywouldbepetrifiedof54(lose)DeBruyneduetoalackofEuropeanfootball,hedidhavebetternewsfortheclub.21.(2024·粵湘鄂名校聯(lián)盟高三第一次聯(lián)考)TheseeventshavetransformedJingdezhenintoanincredibleplatformfordiversifiedcooperationandcommunication,________youngartistictalentsaredrawntoitsflamelikemoths.22.(2024·廣東省高三開學(xué)大聯(lián)考)ThetypicalChinesealcoholicbeverageisbaijiu,________ismadefromvariousgrains.23.(2024·河南省安陽市TOP二十名校摸底)Accordingtothelegend,theJadeEmperor(rulerofheaven)wouldliketomeasuretimebytwelvedifferentanimals.Hetoldanimalsthathewouldholdagreatraceonhisbirthday,theprizeof________wastwelvepositionsontheChinesezodiaccalendar.24.(2024·江蘇省高郵市第一中學(xué)月考)Despiteitbeingabusyworkday,thousandsofpeoplewearingblackcametotheMingyangshanMortuaryHouseinthecity,____59____thememorialservicewasheldat10am,topresentbouquets(花束)andbunchesofriceandpaytribute(頌詞)toYuan.25.(2024·湖南省益陽市質(zhì)量檢測)LegendshavebeenpassedonaboutZhengHeinthecountriesandregions____41____hesetfoot.26.(2024·內(nèi)蒙古包頭市高三調(diào)研)PabloPicassoisoneofthemostfamousartistsintheworld,_______fullnameisreallyalongone,infactamixtureofmanynames.27.(2024·江蘇省四所名校高三期中聯(lián)考)Hisreplyto“CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”wasadetermined“Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethings_______otherpeoplemake.”28.(2024·江蘇省蘇州市常熟市階段性抽測二)Helearnedcarpentryinhisteens,after________hetaughthimselftheartsofpainting,poetry,calligraphyandsealcutting.29.(2024·山西省高三1月適應(yīng)性調(diào)研考試(一模))Inadditiontothenewrocketformannedmission,Chinaisalsodevelopinganewcrewedcapsuleandalunarlander,_______willbeabletosendthreeastronautstothelunarorbitandallowtwoofthemtolandonthemoon.30.(2024·湖北省騰云聯(lián)盟八月聯(lián)考)ThePLANavycurrentlyoperatestwocarriersCNSLiaoningandCNSShandong,bothof________haveadisplacementofaround50,000tonsanduseaskijumpmodeforlaunchingfixedwingaircraft.31.【2024屆山東省日照市高三下學(xué)期二?!緼ftershemovedtoChinaover12yearsago,shebecameevenmorecrazyaboutChinesemedicine.Livinginacommunitywithadrugstore3Chinesetraditionalherbsandmedicineweresold,Halpyarovichmetanexperienceddoctor.32.【2024屆湖南省永州市高三下學(xué)期第三次模擬】Thehighesttier(層)hasmorethan1,100levels,6(wind)fromthefootofthemountaintothetop,creatingamagnificentlandscape7resemblesastaircasetotheclouds.(2024·山東日照·三模)閱讀下面短文,在空白處填入1個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。JilisilkisatypeofsilkproducedinJiliVillage,HuzhouCityZhejiangProvince.JiliVillagehasproducedsilk51thevillagewasestablishedinthelateYuanDynasty.Jilisilkissoftandfinewith52eventhicknessandshinywhitecolor.Withthesefeatures,JilisilkiswidelyrecognizedinChinaandacrosstheworld.Inthemid-MingDynastythissilkbecamewell-knownfor53(be)oneofthematerialsusedtomaketheemperor’srobes.IntheQingDynasty,thegovernmentusedtopurchasealargeamountofJilisilkeachyear.In1851,ShanghaimerchantXuRongcuntookJilisilktothefirstWorldExpoheldinLondon,54thefabricwontwotopawards.In2011,Jilisilk55(include)inthelistofChina’snationalintangibleculturalheritageitems.Thesilkworm(蠶)56(raise)forJilisilkiscalledtheLianxin,literallymeaninglotusseed.InJiliVillage,woodenreelingtoolsweredesigned57(specific)forJilisilk.Thesilkmakingtechniquewastraditionallypasseddownbyfemalemembersofafamily.Inadditiontobeingusedforclothes,qualityJilisilkcanalsobemadeintostringsforChineseguqin,orusedasmaterials58(restore)ancientsilkscrolls(卷軸).Today,throughgeneticscreeningtechnology,inheritorsofJilisilkmakingcanmakesilkwithnaturalcolors.Theste
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