高中定語從句語法精講

學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載TheRelativeClause(定語從句)一．定語的概念：用來修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。例如：1.Mr.Smithisakindman.（形容詞作定語）2.Mr.Smithisamanlovedbymanypeople.（過去分詞作后置定語）3.Mr.Smithisamanwhoiskind.（從句作定語）4.Mr.Smithisamanwhoislovedbymanypeople.（從句作定語）二．定語從句的概念：如果用來修飾名詞或代詞的成分是一句句子（如上述例句3,4），那么該句子就是定語從句，也就是說，定語從句是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。三．先行詞的概念:被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞.四．定語從句的位置：大多數(shù)情況下，定語從句都緊跟在被修飾詞后面。五．定語從句的種類：限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句六．限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞的修飾是限定性的，缺少了這種修飾，主句的意思就會(huì)模糊不清。七．非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間用逗號(hào)隔開，其對(duì)先行詞的修飾只是補(bǔ)充性的，不是必須的，如果去掉非限制性定語從句，主句的意思仍然是通順完整的。八．定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有兩類：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞九．關(guān)系代詞用法：1指代被修飾詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，且在定語從句中充當(dāng)主要成分（主語,賓語,表語）。2.常用關(guān)系代詞的用法特性如下:指人指物主語賓語that√√√√which×√√√who√×√√whom√××√例如:Teachersareprofessionalswho/thathelpstudentsobtainnewknowledge.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語)Theman(whom/who/that)Imetyesterdayisoneofmyoldfriends.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作動(dòng)詞賓語)Theman(whom/who/that)Iwasspeakingtoisourgeneralmanager.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語)ThemantowhomIwasspeakingisourgeneralmanager.(介詞前置)TheladywhosehairisfairisMr.Smith’ssecretary.(關(guān)系代詞WHOSE表示所屬關(guān)系)Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.(關(guān)系代詞WHOSE表示所屬關(guān)系)Thebookwhich/thatcostme$200isquitehelpfultome.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語)Thebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweekisquitehelpfultome.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作動(dòng)詞賓語)Thisisthefactorywhich/thatmakesDVDplayers.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語)Thisisthefactory(which/that)wevisitedlastmonth.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作動(dòng)詞賓語)Thisisthefactory(which/that)Tomworksin.(關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語)ThisisthefactoryinwhichTomworks.(介詞前置)ThisisthefactorywhereTomworks.3.若關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語,關(guān)系代詞可以省略。4.若關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語,通?？梢园呀樵~前置(即放在關(guān)系代詞前),但此時(shí),指人的關(guān)系代詞只能用WHOM,指物的關(guān)系代詞只能用WHICH,且都不能省略.5.另外，我們也經(jīng)常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來引導(dǎo)定語從句：all/both/few/most/several/some/neitheretc.+of+whom/whichHersons,bothofwhomworkinLondon,ringherupeveryweek.Hewenttherewithagroupofpeople,fewofwhomhadbeenthere.(Hewenttherewithagroupofpeople;fewofthemhadbeenthere.)錯(cuò)Imetsomefruit-pickersinthegarden,severalofwhomwereuniversitystudents.(Imetsomefruit-pickersinthegarden;severalofthemwereuniversitystudents)錯(cuò)Theseyoungmen,mostofwhomareunder20,comefromBeijing.Thehousewasfullofchildren,twoofwhomwerehisowngrandchildren.(Thehousewasfullofchildren;twoofthemwerehisowngrandchildren.)錯(cuò)Iboughttwopensyesterday,neitherofwhichwriteswell.(Iboughttwopensyesterday;neitherofthemwriteswell.)6.關(guān)系代詞WHOSE可以用來表示所屬格關(guān)系，它在從句中作定語。ofwhich僅可以表示物的所屬關(guān)系。7.以下情況關(guān)系代詞只能用THAT:(1)當(dāng)先行詞被最高級(jí),序數(shù)詞，thefirst,thelast修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用THAT.(2)當(dāng)先行詞被限定詞（theonly,thesame,thevery,little,few,no,some，all,every,any）修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用THAT.HeistheverypersonthatIwanttosee.ProfessorZhangistheonlypersonthatcanspeakfivelanguagesinourschool.Mr.SmithisthemostinterestingmanthatIhaveeverseen.Thereisnodifficultythatcannotbeovercome.That’sthesamemanthattheyaskedforhelpthedaybeforeyesterday.Youcantakeanybookthatinterestsyoubest.(3)先行詞本身是不定代詞(如all,much,little,few,anything,nothing,everything,something等)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用THAT.Thereisnothing/littlethatIdoforyou.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Everythingthathetoldmewasnottrue.(4)當(dāng)先行詞是并列先行詞（即既包括人又包括物）時(shí),關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用THAT.Whentheymetagaintenyearslater,theytalkedofpersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedinthehighschool.（5）當(dāng)主句是以WHO或WHICH開頭的特殊疑問句，定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般用THAT：Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?Whichofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesn’tknowthis?(6)當(dāng)先行詞是WAY時(shí)，并且在從句中作狀語時(shí)，可以用關(guān)系代詞INWHICH或THAT引導(dǎo)定語從句，或者可以省略。Idon’tliketheway(that)/(inwhich)hespoketoMissGreen.（7）當(dāng)表示人的先行詞在從句中做表語時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用THATHeisn’tthemanthatheusedtobe.8.that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句9.當(dāng)先行詞是He，anyone，those時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞通常用who。10.which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句是，其指代關(guān)系比較靈活，可以指代主句中的一部分，也可以指代整個(gè)主句。11.定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要與先行詞保持人稱與數(shù)的一致:例如:He,whoisastudent,studiesveryhard.注意oneof…和theonlyoneof…短語結(jié)構(gòu)其后的定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式:例如:Sheisoneofthefewwriterswhomainlywriteforthechildren.Sheistheonlyoneofthefewwriterswhomainlywritesforthechildren.十關(guān)系副詞的作用:(1)引導(dǎo)定語從句(2)在定語從句中作狀語,表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因等常用的關(guān)系副詞有:when(表示時(shí)間),where(表示地點(diǎn)),why(表示原因)Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwelivedinthecountryside.ThisisthefactorywhereTomworks.十一.用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞并不是疑問詞,沒有任何疑問語氣.十二：判斷定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的解題核心規(guī)則：理解句子語境，區(qū)分主句和從句；劃出主句的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞，用括號(hào)把從句括起來。判斷并劃出出先行詞。分析從句成分，觀察先行詞在從句中從當(dāng)什么成分：如果先行詞本身能在從句中直接做主要成分（主語，賓語或表語），則用相應(yīng)的關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句。如果先行詞必須與一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~連用后，方能在從句中充當(dāng)狀語成分，則用介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句；介詞+關(guān)系代詞若表示時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因，則可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞。

十三除了以上提到的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞外，AS也可以用作為關(guān)系代詞，其用法如下:1.as用于限制性定語從句中，通常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，并且從句常采用省略形式.thesame….as..例如Ihavethesamefeelingasyouhad.such….asDon’ttalkaboutsuchthingsasyoudon’tunderstand.as…asThereareasmanybooksinthislibraryasinthatone.So…as…Itissointerestingabookaswealllike.notas/so…asThereisn’tsomuchnoiseinthecountryasinbigcities.Moreexamples:IboughtthesamebikeasJackbought/did. Don’treadsuchbooksasisharmfultoyou.KathyboughtasniceadressasMarybought/did.Therearenotas/somanypeopleinthestreetonweekdaysas(thereare)atweekends.區(qū)分 Thesame…as…ThisisthesamebookasIlost.Thesame…that…ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.Heisthesamemanthatrobbedmeofmywallettheotherday.區(qū)分 Such…that…:Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.Such…as…Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，通常用于一些固定短語中，且as通常解釋為“正如”，assb.know asisknowntosb.assbbelieve asisbelievedassbexpect asisexpectedaswecansee ascanbeseen例如:Asisexpected,allthestudentsinourclasshavepassedtheexam.Asweknownow,batscomeoutonlyatnight.Asisknowntousall,theNileisthelongestriverintheworld.Asisbelieved,sportshelppeoplekeepyoung.區(qū)分句