論文-Abstract-conclusion-開題報告課件

Abstract

conclusion

開題報告1.

HowtoWrite

Abstract？DefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwriting2.

AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion.AsHoughton(1975)putsit,“Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.”

美國《化學文摘》、《生物文摘》和英聯(lián)邦農業(yè)局的文摘系統(tǒng)對文摘的定義是“對原文獻內容準確、扼要的表達。不加補充解釋和評論”。

I.Definition3.The

Abstractshould

(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeofthe

investigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.4.WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.Payattention！5.informativeabstract

信息性/報道性/資料性摘要

-theprimaryresearchobjectiveorpurpose

-methodemployedinsolvingtheproblems

-principalfindingsorresults

-majorconclusionsandservesasasubstituteforthefullpaperdescriptiveabstract

指示性/說明性/描述性摘要

outlinesthetopicscoveredinthepaperandislikeatableofcontentsinparagraphform.Structureofabstract|

Classificationofabstracts6.Structureofabstract|

Structureof

aninformativeabstractBackground

–whydoyouwanttodotheresearch?Researchquestion

–whatquestion

areyoutryingtoanswerandwhatistheresearchtopicofyourpaper?Method

–how(whatmaterial,whatmethod,andwhatprocedures)doyougetanswerstoyourresearchquestion?Results–whatisyouranswertothequestion?Conclusions–whatimplications

doestheanswerimply?7.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDEFINEthebackgroundandargumentofthepresentstudyAlthough(theresearchsubject)…,(therelatedproblem)…isasyetundetermined.(Theresearchsubject)…,however,(therelatedproblem)…remainsunsolved.(Previousstudies)haveexamined…,(therelatedproblem)isthat…,despite…(Problemsincertainresearcharea)are…,yet(thepresentsolution)hasfrequentlybeenquestionedbecause…Thispaperdescribes/presents…(theargument)within…(atheoreticalcontext)While(thedebateoncertainresearchsubject)seemsto…,(thepresentagreement)isstillproblematic.8.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToSTATEthepurposeofthepresentstudyThispaperadvancestheviewthat…Thearticleadvocates/discusses/develops/focuseson/givesdetailedexplanationfor/investigatesinto/proposes/holdsthat/…Thepurpose/intentionofthispaperis…Theprimarygoal/aimofthisresearchis…Theoverallobjectiveofthisstudyis…Inthispaper/study,weaimat…Thework/investigationpresentedinthispaperfocuseson…Thisresearchisdesignedtodetermine/measure/evaluate…Theauthorintends/attemptsooutlinetheframeworkof/obtainsomeknowledgeof…9.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDESCRIBEtheangleofobservingissues…fromtheangleof……inthelightofthecontextthat…Toviewsomethingatadifferentangle/fromvariousangles…Fromthepointofviewof…Fromtheperspectiveof…10.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDESCRIBEresearchmethodandproceduresDetailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing..Severalsetsofexperimentshavebeenperformedtotestthevalidityof…Thetechniquetheauthoradoptedisreferredtoas…Theexperimentsconsistedoffoursteps,whicharedescribedin…Themethod/approachusedinthepresentstudyis…Theexperiment/investigationinthepaperisconductedbyadopting…Theprocedurethepresentstudyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedas…Theexperiment/studyconsistedofthefollowingsteps:…Includedintheexperimentwere…Basedontheideathat…,weconductedthepresentstudy,categorized…,andevaluated…11.

SAMPLE

Abstracts

12.UsefulEXPRESSIONSTheSampleofABSTRACTTheperformanceonthethreeindexesonthethreeindexesoftheacrossforyearsandthenativespeakersformaconyinuum./However,YearFourstudentsweresignificantlylowerinfluencyandwordvariationsthannativespeakers,butsimilartothenativespeakersinlexicalfrequencyprofile./TheperiodbetweenYearTwoandYearThreesawthemostnoticeableprogress./Thestudentswithdifferentstartinglevelsofthethreeindexesvariedintermsoftheirchanges./Thelow-levelgroupmadgreaterprogressthanthemiddle-levelgroupwhichproducedslightlyfasterprogressthanthehigh-levelgroup.13.UsefulEXPRESSIONSTheTranslationoftheSAMPLE摘要:本研究采用英語專業(yè)學生四年的口語跟蹤語料，用流利度、詞匯多樣性與詞頻廣度三個指標分析詞匯的使用，并與美國大學生的語料進行比較，旨在揭示其變化的趨勢與特點。學習者語料來源于2001年入學的56名英語專業(yè)學生，他們每天在語言實驗室里完成一篇議論文文體的口頭作文。本民族語語料源于15名美國大學生，其口頭作文的要求同于中國大學生，研究結果表明，學習者總體樣本在流利度、詞匯多樣性和詞頻廣度上的發(fā)展呈上升趨勢，與本族語大學生的表現(xiàn)形成連續(xù)體。四年級學生在流利度和詞匯多樣性方面顯著低于本族語大學生，但在詞頻廣度上的差別與本族語大學生的差異不具有統(tǒng)計意義。2-3年紀是三個指標變化的最佳時段。三個指標起點不同的組別，進行軌跡不完全相同。低起點組明顯進步顯著大于中起點組，中起點組稍高于高起點組。14.How

to

Write

the

Conclusion？15.TheConclusionContentWhatisconclusionHowtowriteconclusionExamples16.DefinitionAconclusionisananswercreatedfromthehypothesis,andsumsupthehypothesis.Conclusionsalwaysareputattheendofawritingpiece.Theystatewhathasbeenprovenandwhathasbeenlearned.TheConclusion17.PurposesofaConclusionwrapthingsupandendyouressay,evaluatesthesignificanceofthepaper,reemphasizesthemainpoints,predictsanoutcome,offersasolution,orsuggestsafurtherstudy.TheConclusion18.Aconclusionshouldback? stresstheimportanceofthethesisstatement,? givetheessayasenseofcompleteness,? leaveafinalimpressiononthereader.TheConclusion19.

ChecklistforConclusion

1．“結論”部分的信息結構是從具體到普遍：作者從討論具體的研究及研究成果出發(fā)，解釋結果，設法總結出帶有普遍性的結論。

2．一篇典型的“結論”通常包含六個信息要點：復述研究目的或假設；評述主要的研究成果；解釋研究成果；指出研究的局限性;探析研究成果的普遍意義和啟示；提出進一步研究或成果運用的建議。3．重述研究目的或假設，重述研究成果用動詞的過去時；解釋研究成果、討論成果局限性用動詞的現(xiàn)在時、過去時和情態(tài)動詞；討論研究成果帶來的啟示、提出進一步研究的建議，用動詞的現(xiàn)在時、情態(tài)動詞或表示探測性的動詞或動詞詞組。20.Aconclusionismorethanasummary.Weneedto1.Confirmthethesissentenceandthecentralmissionofyourstudy.Ifappropriate,giveastatementinsupportornonsupportofanoriginalenthymemeorhypothesis.2.Discussandinterpretthefindings.Giveanswers.Nowisthetimetodrawinferencesandtoemphasizeatheory,andtofindrelevanceinthedetailsoftheresults.3.Offersuggestionsforactionandfornewresearchbasedonthetheoreticalimplicationsofthestudy.TheConclusion21.Strategiesforwritinganeffectiveconclusion? Returntothethemeorthemesintheintroduction.? Synthesize,don'tsummarize.? Includeaprovocativeinsightorquotationfromtheresearchorreading.? Proposeacourseofaction,asolutiontoanissue,orquestionsforfurtherstudy.? Pointtobroaderimplications.TheConclusion22.Strategiestoavoid? Statingthethesisfortheveryfirsttimeintheconclusion.? Introducinganewideaorsubtopicinyourconclusion.? Endingwitharephrasedthesisstatementwithoutanysubstantivechanges.? Makingsentimental,emotionalappealsthatareoutofcharacterwiththerestofananalyticalpaper.? Includingevidence(quotations,statistics,etc.)thatshouldbeinthebodyofthepaper.TheConclusion23.Somepopularwaysofconcludingapaper:1.RestatingthethesisstatementProvidesaretrospectiveviewthatsummarizesthemajorpointsinthepaperandexplainstheirsignificanceThemostcommontypeofconclusionThemainideaissaidagainbutindifferentwordsReinforcesthemainpointsthewritertriestomakeinthepaper.

TheConclusion24.2.OfferingasolutionForapaperwhichfocusesonaproblemorseveralproblems,itisagoodwaytoenditbyofferingsomepossiblesolutions.3.ProvidingevaluationsThepapercanconcludewithanevaluationofsignificanteffects,adescriptionandanalysisoftheresults.Hencedrivehomethekeypointsofthepaper.4.LookingtothefutureThepapercanconcludewithsomepredictions.TheConclusion25.UsefulTransitionsback

Itissometimeshelpfultohaveatransitionatthebeginningofyourconclusiontosignaltheendofyouressay.Somecommontransitionsusedinconclusionsarelistedbelow.Remembertouseacommaafteryourtransitions.Inconclusion,Insummary,Thus,Therefore,Toconclude,Inshort,TheConclusion26.TheConclusion☆Thispaperhaveshown…☆Thispaperhaveexamined…,andhaveproposed…☆Thisstudyshowedthat…☆Ithasbeenshownthat…☆Takingintoaccountthefactthat…☆Thispaperhassuccessfullydemonstratedthat…☆Thispaperhasdefined…andstudied…☆Itwasalsonotablethat…27.Example1Conclusion:①

Overall,ourstudyhasrevealedavarietyofpatternsatthecommunityandpopulationlevels,noneofwhichseemtoindicateobviousdeclineinsoutheasternOhio\'soak-hickory(橡樹與山核桃科樹木)forests.②Clearly,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands(樹林).③Somestandsexhibitedmortalityashighas40%.④However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.⑤Likewise,certainspecieswereinanobviousstateofdecline,butthesegenerallyhadaclearpathogenicexplanation.⑥Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon(Castelloetal.1995).⑦Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallersizeclassesmightprovideadditionalusefulinfo