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一致關(guān)系

句子的各個(gè)成分之間或詞語之間在人稱、數(shù)、性別等方面保持一致,稱為一致關(guān)系。通常必須遵循語法一致、意義一致和毗鄰一致三個(gè)原則。最主要的一致關(guān)系是主謂一致。1.主謂一致1)根據(jù)語法一致的原則,作主語的名詞或代詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和謂語動(dòng)詞一致。Thestyleofthenewcomicbooksisfarsuperiortotheoldstyle.①單數(shù)名詞+with(alongwith,togetherwith,combinedwith,aswellas,ratherthan)+名詞或代詞作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)形式。Mary,withheryoungersister,istoleavethisevening.John,ratherthanyou,isresponsiblefortheaccident.②and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語時(shí),指同一人或物,用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞(通常and后的名詞前沒有冠詞);指不同的人或物時(shí),用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞(通常and后的名詞前有冠詞)。Hiscoachandfriendwaspresentthatday.Thecoachandthefriendwerepresentthatday.③由both...and連接的兩個(gè)名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。BothmybrotherandIarecollegestudents.④由eitherof或neitherof+名詞或代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Neitherofthemhaslearnedhowtowriteabusinessletter.⑤在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,定語從句修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞,從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但在“theonlyoneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句的謂語用單數(shù)形式。Tomisoneoftheboyswhoarefascinatedinplayingcomputergames.Tomistheonlyoneoftheboyswhoisnotinterestedinplayingfootball.⑥由“manya,morethanone等+名詞”做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Manyaboylikestoplaypingpanginhissparetime.Morethanonestudenthassaidso.但morethanone做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單、復(fù)數(shù)均可。Morethanonehas/havetriedtodissuadeherfrommarryingaforeigner.2)意義一致是指謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)不是取決于主語的單復(fù)數(shù),而是根據(jù)其所表達(dá)的意思而決定。①集合名詞army,class,committee,couple,group,family,team,government等作主語,表示具體成員時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;表示一個(gè)整體概念時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Hisfamilyarealltall.(此句中family指familymembers)Hisfamilyisverylarge.②集合名詞police,folk,people,cattle,youth等作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞總是用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Thepolicearesearchingforthecriminal.③表示時(shí)間、度量、重量、溫度、金錢的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),其意義是一個(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。Threeyearsatcollegeseemsquiteshortforthestudents.Fiftydollarsisenoughformetobuythatbook.3)毗鄰一致指的是謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于其最鄰近的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。①由or,either...or,neither...nor,notonly...butalso等連接的名詞或代詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)要與鄰近的主語一致。NeithermybrothersnorTomiscomingtotheparty.②如果主語是and連接的兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞,且前面有every,each,manya,no等修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Everyboyandeverygirlisinterestedinthestory.2.名詞和代詞的一致除主謂一致外,名詞和代詞的一致也是英語中相當(dāng)重要的。所謂名詞和代詞一致,是指代詞與其所代替或修飾的名詞必須在數(shù)、人稱和性別上保持一致。由everyone,everybody,noone,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等代詞,或由everything,anything,something,nothing等不定代詞作句子主語時(shí),按語法一致的原則,其代詞一般用單數(shù)形式。Doyouknowanyonewholosthiswatchyesterday?虛擬語氣

1.用于If引出的條件句中虛擬語氣用于if引出的與現(xiàn)在、過去及將來事實(shí)相反的條件句中。1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式,系動(dòng)詞用were,主句的謂語用“should(would,could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形”。Ifhewerehere,hewouldbegreatlysurprised.Thespaceshipwouldburnupifitwenttooclosetothestars.2)與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”,主句用“should(would,could,might)+have+過去分詞”。IfIhadbeenmorecareful,Iwouldn'thavemadesomanysillymistakes.3)對將來發(fā)生的事實(shí)的假設(shè)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“should(wereto)+動(dòng)詞原形”,主句用“should(would,could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形”。主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞也可和“與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)”的謂語相同。Ifyoushouldmissthechance,youwouldfeelsorryforit.Ifyoumissedthechance,youwouldfeelsorryforit.4)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句主句和從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致,動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)所表示的時(shí)間做出調(diào)整。IfIwereyou,Iwouldhaveattendedthelecture.(從句表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間,主句表示過去時(shí)間)5)連詞if的省略條件句中的連詞if可省略,但從句要倒裝,即將were,had,should等置于主語前。Wereheherethisafternoon,Iwouldgowithhim.

2.用于wish后的賓語從句中虛擬語氣用于wish后的賓語從句中,表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)聿惶赡軐?shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。1)表示現(xiàn)在的愿望謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式,系動(dòng)詞用were。IwishIknewhisaddress.Iwishhewereateacher.2)表示過去的愿望謂語動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”。IwishIhadnottoldhimthenews.3)表示將來的愿望謂語動(dòng)詞用“would(could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形”。IwishIcouldreadthenovelinEnglish.

3.用于asif等引起的從句中虛擬語氣用于asif(asthough)引起的狀語從句或表語從句中,表示與現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)淼那闆r不符,其謂語動(dòng)詞形式與wish后賓語從句的形式相同。HeoftentreatsmeasifIwereachild.Petertalkedasifhehadreallybeenthere.Heactsasifhewouldbeafootballstar.Shelooksasifshewereill.4.用于特定詞語后的賓、主、表及同位語從句中虛擬語氣用于表示要求、建議、命令等意義的動(dòng)詞、名詞及形容詞后的賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句及同位語從句中。其形式都是“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可省略。1)用于賓語從句中常用的動(dòng)詞:ask,advise,command,decide,demand,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等。Heinsistedthatweall(should)beinhisofficeatsix.Thedoctorsuggestedthatshe(should)takeatrip.2)用于主語從句中常用的結(jié)構(gòu):Itis+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句(用虛擬語氣)。常見的形容詞及分詞:essential,urgent,necessary,important,advisable,natural,desired,demanded,ordered,required,suggested等。Itisnecessarythatthismachine(should)heoiledeveryday.Itisrequiredthatthemachinebetested.3)用于表語從句和同位語從句中常用的名詞:advice,command,demand,desire,idea,order,proposal,request,requirement等。HissuggestionisthatwegooutonapicnicnextSunday.(表語從句)HissuggestionthatwegooutonapicnicnextSundayiswonderful.(同位語從句)5.用于“Itistime+從句”中虛擬語氣用于“Itis(high/about)time+從句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí),表示早該做而仍未做的事。Itishightimewewentbacktocollege.6.用于wouldrather等引起的從句中虛擬語氣用于would/hadrather(wouldprefer,wouldsooner)引起的從句中,其謂語動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí),表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)淼那闆r;其謂語動(dòng)詞用“had+過去分詞”,表示過去的情況。Iwouldratheryoudidn'ttellhimanythingaboutit.Shewouldpreferthatshehadnotstayedathomelastnight.7.用于lest等引起的狀語從句中虛擬語氣用于lest或incase引起的狀語從句中,其謂語動(dòng)詞為“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should一般不可省。Hetookhisumbrellawithhimincaseitshouldrain.8.其他情況without,butfor,butthat等引出的短語可表示虛擬條件意義,主句用虛擬語氣。Withoutacomputer,theywouldnothavefinishedtheircalculationsoquickly.形容詞和副詞

形容詞和副詞及其原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意下列問題。1)前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞稱為表語或補(bǔ)語形容詞,在句中作表語或補(bǔ)語。如:Ishestillalive?(表語)Hewasburiedalive.(主語補(bǔ)足語)如果這類形容詞作定語,需放在所修飾詞后面。如:Thepassengersalivefeltverylucky.2)形容詞作主語補(bǔ)足語和賓語補(bǔ)足語的情況應(yīng)區(qū)別于副詞作狀語修飾動(dòng)詞的情況。如:“Howabouthim?”“Hecamehomesafe.”(safe作he的補(bǔ)語,此時(shí)不用safely;safely作狀語,修飾謂語動(dòng)詞)比較:Theshipcamesafelyintotheharbour.Allmenarecreatedequal.(而不是equally)比較:Themoneywasdividedequallyamongthem.3)形容詞及形容詞短語做后置定語時(shí),其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。如:Isthereanything(thatis)interesting?Anartistisaperson(whois)sensitivetobeauty.Itisaproblem(whichis)difficulttosolve.Lincolnisaperson(whois)asfamousasGeorgeWashington.Hecanliftabox(whichis)heavierthanthisone.4)形容詞短語做狀語,其作用相當(dāng)一個(gè)“being+形容詞”的分詞短語做狀語。Awarethatastormwascoming,wedrovethehorsesintothestable.5)區(qū)分“too+adj.+toV”和“adj.+enough+toV”兩種結(jié)構(gòu)“too+adj.+toV”通常表否定意義,意為“太……以致于不能……”。當(dāng)此結(jié)構(gòu)之前出現(xiàn)否定詞時(shí),表肯定意義。如:Heistooyoungtogotoschool.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.“adj.+enough+toV”通常表肯定意義,意為“足夠……以致于能……”。當(dāng)此結(jié)構(gòu)之前出現(xiàn)否定詞時(shí),表否定意義。如:Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Heisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.當(dāng)“too...to”結(jié)構(gòu)前有only,all,but等詞時(shí)無否定意義。如:Heisonlytoogladtohelpus.6)由分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的形容詞、形容詞+ly構(gòu)成的副詞需加more和most構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。如:morerelaxed/boring,mostrelaxed/boring;morefriendly/lovely,mostfriendly/lovely等。7)使用比較級(jí)時(shí),要注意比較級(jí)的邏輯性,即比較對象的對等性。不同類的事物不能構(gòu)成比較。如:TheKoreanclimateismorepleasantthanthatofJapan.(比較對象:climate)ThephotographsofMarstakenfromsatelliteareclearerthanthosetakenfromtheEarth.(比較對象:photographs)Nightfallsfasterinthetropicsthaninotherlatitudes.(狀語比較)8)區(qū)分易混淆的一些比較結(jié)構(gòu)的意義及用法。如:①“more...than...”作“與其說……不如說……”解時(shí)不同于其比較級(jí)用法。試比較:Sheismorelovelythananyothergirl.她比任何一個(gè)女孩子都可愛。(此句morelovely為比較級(jí))Sheismorelovelythanbeautiful.與其說她漂亮,不如說她可愛。(此句lovely為原級(jí))②not與比較級(jí)連用屬普通比較結(jié)構(gòu)。如:Thisproblemisnotmorecomplicatedthanthatone.(notmore=less)③no與比較級(jí)連用含有形容詞或副詞的相反意義。如:Thisproblemisnomorecomplicatedthanthatone.(nomorecomplicated=aseasyas)如此句中more改為less,則nolesscomplicatedthan=ascomplicatedas。9)區(qū)分一些常用的、形式上和意義上相近的形容詞和副詞。如:economic,economical;sleepy,asleep;late,lately等。10)注意superior,inferior等原級(jí)形容詞表示比較級(jí)意義以及原級(jí)形容詞perfect表示最高級(jí)意義的用法。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的基本用法為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形”共同構(gòu)成謂語。其中動(dòng)詞原形通常為一般式,如:Wemuststudyhard.也可以是進(jìn)行體(bedoing)或完成體(havedone),如:Hemustbereadingnow.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.也可以是主動(dòng)態(tài)或被動(dòng)態(tài),如:Youmustfinishtheworkontime.Theworkmustbefinishedontime.2.使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題l)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式和過去式不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志I'mnotsure.Youmightberight.(表現(xiàn)在)HemayhavegonetoParislastweek.(表過去)2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測性用法與非推測性用法情態(tài)動(dòng)詞指客觀事實(shí)或現(xiàn)實(shí),是非推測性用法。如:ShecanspeakEnglish.Wemustbecareful.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞指說話人的看法、設(shè)想或猜測,是推測性用法。如;Shecan'thavefinishedthework.Smithmustbeverycareless.大多數(shù)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞均有上述兩種用法,使用時(shí)應(yīng)尤其注意其推測性用法。推測性用法有三種結(jié)構(gòu):①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+表語。表示對現(xiàn)在情況進(jìn)行推測,意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)/一定/可能……”。如:Itcan'tbetrue.那不可能是真的。Hemustbeaprofessor.他肯定是位教授。Theyshouldbebackbynow.他們這會(huì)兒該回來了。②情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行體。表示對現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行的情況進(jìn)行推測,意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)/一定/可能正在……”。如:Youshouldn'tbeworkinglikethat.你不應(yīng)當(dāng)那么工作。Let'shurryup.Theymustbewaitingforus.我們快點(diǎn)吧。他們一定在等著我們呢。Hecan'tbetellingthetruth.他不可能是在說真話。③情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成體。表示對過去某種行為的推測,意為“應(yīng)當(dāng)/想必/可能已經(jīng)……”。如:Shemighthavereadthebookbefore.她想必以前看過這本書。Shecouldn'thaveheardthenewsasitwasreleasedonlyafewminutesago.這消息幾分鐘前才發(fā)布,她不可能聽說過。Youneedn'thavecomesoearly.你不必這么早來的。在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中,can/could主要用于否定句和疑問句;may/might主要用于肯定句,間或用于否定句,但不用于疑問句;must只用于肯定句;should/oughtto可用于肯定句和否定句,但不用于疑問句;need只用于否定句。介詞1.介詞短語介詞及其賓語構(gòu)成介詞短語,可在句中充當(dāng)定語、狀語、表語及補(bǔ)語等句子成分。介詞賓語一般是名詞,或與之相應(yīng)的詞(代詞[賓格]、動(dòng)名詞等),也可以是一個(gè)由what,when,how,whether等疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句或“疑問詞+不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu)。Youshouldturnleftatthenextcorner.Heisalwaysathisdesk,playingcomputergames.Heisconsideredasoneofthetopstudentsinhisclass.Wehaven'tmadethedecisionastowhenwewouldsetoff.2.介詞與其他詞的固定搭配介詞能與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞等構(gòu)成各種搭配,應(yīng)牢記這些固定搭配及其表示意思。如:resultin,thereasonfor,(be)similarto等。3.注意區(qū)分易混淆的介詞注意區(qū)分一些容易混淆的介詞,如beside,besides,except,exceptfor;between,among等。非謂語動(dòng)詞

1.不定式不定式在句中可擔(dān)任除謂語以外的所有成分,即主語、賓語、賓補(bǔ)、表語、定語和狀語。1)作主語如果作主語的不定式較長而謂語較短時(shí),常用it作形式主語。Tofinishtheworkwithinthreedaysisimpossible.Itisimpossibletofinishtheworkwithinthreedays.2)作賓語和賓補(bǔ)Wehavedecidedtoleavenextweek.Shecalledmetogobackhomeatonce.①有些動(dòng)詞只能以不定式作賓語,主要有:afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,dare,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seek,tend,volunteer,want,wish等。Icannotaffordtobuysuchanexpensivecar.②不定式作賓語其后又接賓補(bǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式賓語,而將不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后面。Ifounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.③不帶to的不定式:在let,make,have,see,hear,listento,lookat,feel,observe,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞后,作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to。但是,在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,不定式要帶to(此時(shí)不定式作主補(bǔ))。Hemadehissonreadthetextloudly.Hissonwasmadetoreadthetextloudly.

2.動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞主要起名詞作用,可在句中作主語、賓語和表語,也可作介詞賓語。1)作主語在“Itisnouse(good)doing...”句型中,常用it作形式主語,而將作主語用的動(dòng)名詞短語放在后面。Itisnogoodleavingtoday'sworkfortomorrow.2)作賓語①有些動(dòng)詞只能以動(dòng)名詞作賓語,常見的有:admit,avoid,consider,deny,enjoy,endure,fancy,finish,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practice,require,risk,stop,suggest等。Thehostesswouldcertainlyenjoyreceivingtheitemasagift.②有些動(dòng)詞短語也要求動(dòng)名詞作賓語,常見的有:can'thelp,feellike,giveup,keepon,objectto,putoff等。Icouldn'thelpwonderingwhatthiswasallabout.3)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語。動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致時(shí),應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語,其形式是:人稱代詞或名詞的所有格+動(dòng)名詞。Hewasannoyedatmyinterruptinghim.Mary'ssayingthismadehimangry.4)動(dòng)名詞的完成形式和被動(dòng)形式①動(dòng)名詞的完成形式:having+過去分詞,表示動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。Heregrettednothavingtakenthedoctor'sadvice.②動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式:being+過去分詞,表示動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的。Theywereafraidofbeingrejectedbecauseoftheircondition.5)動(dòng)名詞與不定式作賓語的區(qū)別有些動(dòng)詞既可以動(dòng)名詞又可以不定式作賓語,且意思差別不大,但有些動(dòng)詞以動(dòng)名詞或不定式作賓語時(shí),意思有較大差別。如:①remembertodo記得要做(某事)rememberdoing記得曾做過(某事)②forgettodo忘記要做(某事)forgetdoing忘記曾做過(某事)③goontodo(做完某事后)繼續(xù)做(另一事)goondoing繼續(xù)做(某事)④regrettodo對要做(某事)感到遺憾regretdoing對已做過(某事)感到后悔⑤needtodo需要做(某事)needdoing需要(被動(dòng))

3.分詞分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種?,F(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行的意義;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成的意義。如:boilingwater(waterwhichisboiling),沸水;boiledwater(waterwhichhasbeenboiled),開水。分詞主要起形容詞和副詞作用,在句中作表語、定語、賓補(bǔ)(主補(bǔ))和狀語等。1)作定語分詞作定語時(shí)與被修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂意義。分詞短語作定語時(shí),置于被修飾的詞之后。Mostofthecomputersaresmallmachinessittingon(=whichsiton)thedesks.Thereareallsortsofcomputersconnectedto(=whichareconnectedto)theInternet.2)作賓補(bǔ)(主補(bǔ))賓語與賓補(bǔ)有邏輯上的主謂意義。常以分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:catch,have,keep,get,see,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set等。Thepolicemancaughttheyoungmanstealingfromtheshop.LibrariesoftenhavecomputersconnectedtotheInternetformembersofthepublictouse.3)作狀語①分詞表示的動(dòng)作是主語動(dòng)作的一部分,兩者存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。分詞(短語)作狀語表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨、結(jié)果等。Lookinguptothatredflagwithstars,Ifeltthatallthebloodrushedtomyhead.②分詞作時(shí)間狀語時(shí),相當(dāng)于when引導(dǎo)的從句,若強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,可在分詞前加when或while。Shestaredathim,notknowingwhattosay.Comparedwithothers,itisquitecheap.Whenlookingback,hesawacarcrashingintothewall.③分詞帶有自己的主語作狀語時(shí),稱為分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為:名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在(過去)分詞,該結(jié)構(gòu)前有時(shí)也可加with。Weatherpermitting,wewillgosightseeingtomorrow.Withariverrunningthroughit,acitylooksmorebeautiful4)現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動(dòng)形式①現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式:having+過去分詞,表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。Havingbeentheremanytimes,sheisquitefamiliarwiththecity.②現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式:being+過去分詞,表示分詞的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,或與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,但與主語的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)的,作狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于過去分詞。Thepersonbeinginterviewedismyformerclassmate.(Being)botheredbythenoise,hecouldnotconcentratehimselfonhiswork.③現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)形式:having+been+過去分詞。Havingbeenrebuilt,thepalacelooksmoresplendid.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

1.容易混淆的幾種時(shí)態(tài)1.1.一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可表示過去的動(dòng)作,一般過去時(shí)只表示過去某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示過去動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在的影響。Marylostherdictionarylastweek.瑪麗上周丟了字典。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在上周)Maryhaslostherdictionary.瑪麗丟了字典。(強(qiáng)調(diào)瑪麗現(xiàn)在沒有字典)2)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都可表示過去開始并持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,一般過去時(shí)表明該動(dòng)作已結(jié)束,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)。Heworkedasacomputerprogrammerinthecompanyforthreeyears.他在那家公司任計(jì)算機(jī)程序員三年。(他現(xiàn)在不在那兒工作了)Hehasworkedasacomputerprogrammerinthecompanyforthreeyears.他在那家公司任程序員已三年了。(他現(xiàn)在仍在那兒工作)1.2.一般過去時(shí),過去完成時(shí)與過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)三種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去的動(dòng)作,一般過去時(shí)表示的過去動(dòng)作是相對于現(xiàn)在而言的;過去完成時(shí)表示的過去動(dòng)作是相對于過去的某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作而言的,即過去的過去;過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去的某一時(shí)刻之前一直繼續(xù)著的歷時(shí)較長的動(dòng)作。Hebegantolearncomputersciencefouryearsago.他四年前開始學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。Hehadlearnedcomputerscienceforfouryearsbeforehecamehere.他在來這兒前已學(xué)了四年計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。Herealizedthathehadbeenoverworking,sohedecidedtotakeacoupleofdays'holidays。他認(rèn)識(shí)到自己一直工作過度,所以就決定休息兩天。l.3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)l)兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去某一時(shí)間開始并一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,常可換用,但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性。IhavebeenteachingEnglishinthiscollegeforsixyears.IhavetaughtEnglishinthiscollegeforsixyears.2)在沒有時(shí)間狀語的句子中,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作已結(jié)束。Thestudentshavebeencleaningtheirdormitories.學(xué)生們一直在打掃宿舍。(還在進(jìn)行)Thestudentshavecleanedtheirdormitories.學(xué)生們已經(jīng)打掃了宿舍。(已經(jīng)結(jié)束)

2.時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)英語從句(尤其是賓語從句)謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)常受主句謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的制約,因此從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句時(shí)態(tài)相呼應(yīng)。1)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài),從句可根據(jù)意思的需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。Sheoftenwritesdownwhatshesees(saw,willsee)intoherdiary.2)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài),從句應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文的意思選用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。①從句的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。Herfathersaidthatshewaspreparingherlessonsyesterdayevening.②從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,從句用過去完成時(shí)。ThehospitalreportedthatitsX-raymachinehadfailed.③從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后,從句用過去將來時(shí)。Hethoughtthathissonwouldphonehimassoonashegotthere.3)當(dāng)從句表示客觀事實(shí)或真理時(shí),其時(shí)態(tài)不受主句謂語時(shí)態(tài)的影響,總是用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Theteachertoldthechildrenthattheearthalwaysmovesaroundthesun.4)在if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中以及when,as,after,before,until等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí)。IwillreturnthebookafterIfinishreadingit.Theywillnotgoswimmingifitrainstomorrow.Shewouldnotreturnthebookuntilshefinishedreadingit.

3.語態(tài)確定主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系是正確應(yīng)用語態(tài)的關(guān)鍵。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的承受者。不及物動(dòng)詞及表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。因此只有SVO,SVOC,SVOiOd三種基本句型可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。TheymustfinishalltheworkbeforeMarch.(SVO)——>Alltheworkmustbefinished(bythem)beforeMarch.Electricitymakesmachinesrun.(SVOC)——>Machinesaremadetorunbyelectricity.Myparentsboughtmeacomputerlastweek.(SVOiOd)——>Acomputerwasboughtforme(bymyparents)lastweek.1)主動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中,如賓補(bǔ)是不帶to的不定式,當(dāng)句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后,由賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)橹餮a(bǔ)的不定式必須帶to。TheteachermadeuswritebusinesslettersinEnglish.——>WeweremadetowritebusinesslettersinEnglish.2)帶有主語從句的被動(dòng)語態(tài),常用形式主語it,將主語從句后置。Itissaidthat...Itisreportedthat...Ithasbeenprovedthat...倒裝和強(qiáng)調(diào)

1.倒裝根據(jù)主語和謂語在句中的位置,倒裝句可分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。完全倒裝指整個(gè)謂語置于主語之前。部分倒裝指謂語的一部分置于主語之前,通常是將助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前。1)當(dāng)句首為here,there,up,down,away,now等副詞,謂語動(dòng)詞為be,go,come,fly等時(shí),主謂要完全倒裝,但主語若是人稱代詞,則主謂不用倒裝。Theregoesthebell.Nowcomesyourturn.Herehecomes.2)否定詞或帶有否定意義的短語位于句首時(shí),要倒裝,如hardly,never,rarely,seldom,notonly...butalso,innoway,atnotime,innocase,bynomeans,nosooner...than,neither...nor,hardly...when,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount等。Rarelywouldanyofusstandupandshowtheworldwhoweare.Littledidherealizethathehadmadeaseriousmistakeintheexperiment.Nosoonerhadhecomeintotheroomthanthetelephonerang.3)“only+狀語”位于句首時(shí),要倒裝。Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.4)在so/such...that結(jié)構(gòu)中,so/such位于句首時(shí),要倒裝。Soclearwasthestatementthatitcouldn'tbemisunderstood.SuchwashiskindnessthatIwillneverforgethim.5)as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句可用倒裝表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。[參見Ⅸ.6.4(2)]

2.強(qiáng)調(diào)1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本句型:Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)的句子成分+that/who+句子的其他成分。ItwasDoctorSmiththat(who)gaveusalecturelastweek.Itwaslastsummerthatmydaughterlearnedtoswim.2)在肯定句中,可用“do(does,did)+原形動(dòng)詞”來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞。MillionsofAmericansdogetsomeenjoymentfromwatchingtelevision.3)有些單詞和詞組在句中起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,常見的有only,even,just,ever及反身代詞等。Iwasthefirstoneeverinmyfamilytogotocollege.Thestudentsthemselvescontributedalargecollectionofculturalitemstoputonthedisplay.4)注意區(qū)分it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型和it作形式主語替代主語從句:在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中,it不替代任何句子成分,如果將強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)“Itis...that/who...”去掉,句子可還原,而在主語從句中,it替代主語從句,只要將it去掉,句子就可還原。ItwasinmybagthatIfoundthebook.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)→Ifoundthebookinmybag.Itwasquiteobviousthathedidmuchbetterthanyou.(it引導(dǎo)主語從句)→Thathedidmuchbetterthanyouwasquiteobvious.從句

1.主語從句1)主語從句可直接位于主語的位置,如果從句較長,謂語又較短,可用it作形式主語,而將從句放在句末。常見的句型有:●Itisafact/apity/aquestion/goodnewsthat...●Itseems/appears/happened/hasturnedoutthat...●Itisclear/important/likely/possiblethat...●Itissaid/reported/estimated/hasbeenprovedthat...Itissaidthatcomicbookscreateaconnectionbetweenpeopleofthesamegeneration.Itseemsthattheperformanceisverysuccessful.2)what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“……的東西”時(shí),一般不用it作形式主語。Whatwelackisexperience.3)what,who,when,why,whether等詞含有各自的疑問意義,但它們引導(dǎo)的主語從句(包括其他從句),都用陳述語序。Howtheplanistobecarriedoutshouldbediscussedagain.IdidknowwhyIfeltlikecrying.2.賓語從句1)賓語從句可位于及物動(dòng)詞、介詞和某些形容詞后。連詞that??墒÷浴=樵~后一般接疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。inthat(因?yàn)?,exceptthat(除了),butthat(只是)已構(gòu)成固定搭配,其他介詞后一般不接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。Ipromised(that)Iwouldchangethesituation.AllthisisdifferentfromwhatAmericanyoungpeoplewouldsayaboutfriendship.Heiscertainthatwatchingsomuchtelevisionisnotgoodforchildren.Thearticleiswell-writtenexceptthatitisabittoolong.2)賓語從句后如有賓補(bǔ),要用形式賓語it來代替,而把賓語從句移至賓補(bǔ)之后。Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldnotchangehismind.3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中,如果謂語是否定的,一般將否定詞移至主句謂語上,賓語從句則變?yōu)榭隙ㄐ问健edidn'tthinkthatthemoneywaswellspent.3.表語從句表語從句出現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語從句”的句子中。表語從句除可由that,what,when,why,whether,how等引導(dǎo)外,還可由asif(though),because等引導(dǎo)。that??墒÷?。如主句主語為reason,只能用that引導(dǎo)表語從句,不可用because。PerhapsthemostimportantthingtorememberisthatthereisnoonecommontypeoflifeinAmerica.Thereasonwhysomanypeoplediedthereisthattherewerenotenoughfoodsupplies.Itlooksasifsuccessfulinternationalculturalcommunicationwillmaketheworldsmaller.4.同位語從句同位語從句用于對前面出現(xiàn)的名詞作進(jìn)一步說明,一般用連詞that引導(dǎo),由于先行名詞的意義不同,也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引導(dǎo)。常見的先行名詞有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision等。有時(shí)由于謂語較短,將同位語從句置于謂語之后。Shefinallymadethedecisionthatshewouldjointhefashionshow.IhadnoideahowmanybooksIcouldborrowatatime.Thenewscamethattheirteamhadwonthechampionship.

5.定語從句定語從句所修飾的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是一個(gè)句子。定語從句通常位于先行詞之后,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。5.1.限制性定語從句限制性定語從句修飾先行詞,對先行詞起限制作用,緊接先行詞之后,無逗號(hào),若省去,原句意思不完整。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人,whose有時(shí)也可指物,相當(dāng)于ofwhich;which用于指物;that既可指人,也可指物,但只用于限制性定語從句中。關(guān)系代詞除了引導(dǎo)定語從句,替代先行詞外,還在從句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、定語等。ThecomputersandcableswhichmakeuptheInternetareownedbypeopleandorganizations.Thosewholivealoneorwhoaresickmayhavetroubleingettingclosetootherpeople.Thegirlwhoseparentsdiedinanaccidentislivingwithhergrandmother.1)當(dāng)先行詞是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代詞,或先行詞前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),只能用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句。ThatisallthatIhaveheardfromhim.HeisthefirstpersonthatI'mgoingtointerviewthisafternoon.2)關(guān)系代詞的省略:在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞??墒÷?。關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞,作介詞賓語時(shí)不可用that,只可用which或whom引導(dǎo)從句,并且不可省略,但當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句句末時(shí),作為介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞仍可用that,也可省略。Thisisoneofthosethingswithwhichwehavetoputup.Thisisoneofthosethings(which/that)wehavetoputupwith.3)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語,意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。Evenincomicbookswhere(=inwhich)therearenowords,thestoriesarefullyexpressedthroughthedrawings.Nooneknowsthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewassoangrythatday.

5.2.非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞,也可修飾整個(gè)主句,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,與主句之間有逗號(hào)隔開,若省去,原句意思不受影響。不可用that引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。關(guān)系詞不可省略。Everyobjecthasagravitationalpull,whichisratherlikemagnetism.5.3.“介詞+which/whom/whose”引導(dǎo)的定語從句“介詞+which/whom/whose”可引導(dǎo)限制性的定語從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,該結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選擇取決于從句謂語動(dòng)詞的固定搭配,或先行詞的習(xí)慣搭配。Thisisthecomputeronwhichhespentallhissavings.Itiswrittenbyapersonwithwhomweareallfamiliar.5.4.as引導(dǎo)的定語從句as引導(dǎo)的定語從句主要用于“such...as”及“thesame...as”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),代替整個(gè)主句,從句可位于主句之前、之后或中間。Thesearenotsuchproblemsascanbeeasilysolved.(as代替先行詞problems)Asismentionedabove,nosinglecompanyorgroupcancontrolwhathappensontheInternet.

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