發(fā)育生物學(xué)(含實(shí)驗(yàn))學(xué)習(xí)通超星期末考試答案章節(jié)答案2024年

發(fā)育生物學(xué)(含實(shí)驗(yàn))學(xué)習(xí)通超星期末考試章節(jié)答案2024年Brieflydescribethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenovum卵子andsperm精子.

答案:相同點(diǎn):均具有增殖期、生長(zhǎng)期和成熟期;發(fā)生過(guò)程都受到激素和基因的雙重調(diào)控。不同點(diǎn):?精子發(fā)生:單倍體;一個(gè)“能運(yùn)動(dòng)的細(xì)胞核”;兩次減數(shù)分裂為均等分裂;同源群現(xiàn)象。?卵子發(fā)生:成熟的卵子所處的細(xì)胞周期時(shí)相與物種有關(guān)，卵子可能處于初級(jí)卵母細(xì)胞前間期、第一次減數(shù)分裂中期(四倍體)、第二次減數(shù)分裂中期(二倍體)或者完成減數(shù)分裂(單倍體);含有啟動(dòng)發(fā)育和維持代謝所需要的全部元件;需建立由酶、mRNA、細(xì)胞器和代謝產(chǎn)物等組成的細(xì)胞質(zhì)庫(kù)，十分復(fù)雜;卵母細(xì)胞有很長(zhǎng)的減數(shù)分裂前期，充分生長(zhǎng);兩次減數(shù)分裂為不均等分裂。等等Amongdifferenttypesofeggsshowingbelow,whicharedividedaccordingtotheamountanddistributionofyolk(

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答案:isolecithalegg均黃卵;telolecithalegg端黃卵;centrolecithalegg中黃卵;centrolecithalegg中央卵黃Whichofthefollowingsbelongtotheeggmembrane卵膜ofbirds(

)

答案:Vitellinemembrane卵黃膜;eggwhite卵白;eggshellmembrane蛋殼膜;eggshell蛋殼Whatkindsoffolliclesorcellsarepresentinhumanovaries(卵巢)duringpuberty(青春期)(

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答案:Primordialfollicle原始濾泡;Primaryfollicle初級(jí)濾泡;Secondfollicle次級(jí)濾泡Spermatogenesisreferstotheprocessbywhichspermundergoaseriesofchangestoformsperm.Whatarethechangesthatoccurinspermformation?(

)

答案:Chromatin染色質(zhì)thickensandthenucleusbecomesstreamlined流線型;Acrosome頂體formation;Formingaxialfilaments軸絲andmitochondrialsheaths粒體鞘;DiscardmostofthecytoplasmThehomologousgroupinspermformationbeginsinwhichofthefollowingcells(

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答案:TypeA1spermatogonium(A1型精原細(xì)胞)WhichofthefollowingstatementisFALSE?(

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答案:Inmammals(哺乳動(dòng)物)andamphibians(兩棲動(dòng)物),theoocyteproliferationphasestopsattheembryonicstage胚胎階段Insperm,whichofthefollowingstructurehasamitochondrialsheath(

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答案:Midpiece中段Whichofthefollowingcellsisacellwiththeabilitytoself-renew(stemcells)(

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答案:TypeA1spermatogonium(A1型精原細(xì)胞)Whichofthefollowingistheearliestgermcellformedduringdevelopment(

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答案:Primordialgermcell(原生殖細(xì)胞)Brieflylistthesignificanceofgastrulaformation.

答案:(1)建立三個(gè)胚層，為以后分化為復(fù)雜的組織、器官打下基礎(chǔ)。(5分)(2)使未來(lái)器官在胚胎內(nèi)部位于正確位置。(5分)(3)使一些原來(lái)不相鄰的細(xì)胞發(fā)生接觸,為胚胎誘導(dǎo)做準(zhǔn)備。(5分)(4)原腸胚在動(dòng)物發(fā)生過(guò)程中有重要意義。海綿、腔腸動(dòng)物是比較低級(jí)的多細(xì)胞動(dòng)物，相當(dāng)于二胚層的胎;從扁形動(dòng)物開始有中胚層，更高等的動(dòng)物都是由三個(gè)胚層的胚胎發(fā)育而來(lái)的。(5分)DuringtheformationofgastrulainC.elegans,therearesomecellmovementssuchasinvaginationandinvolution

答案:對(duì)Inamphibiangastrulaformation,thepresumptivenotodermofthemarginalzoneisinvolutionandlocatedonthebackofthegutcavity.

答案:對(duì)Intheformationofgastrulainseaurchins,thefirstcellstomigrateintotheblastocoelaresecondarymesenchymalcells.

答案:錯(cuò)Intheformationofgastrulaofseaurchins,theinvaginationofplantplateisrelatedtothechangeofhyalinelayer.

答案:對(duì)Ininsectgastrulaformation,theposteriormidgutinvaginationbrieflymovestothebackoftheembryoduetotheextensionoftheembryonicband.()

答案:對(duì)Thepresumptivenotochordmesodermenters()afterrollingfromtheprimitivepit.

答案:blastocoel囊胚腔Howdoestheendodermentertheembryoduringgastrulaformationofseaurchins?

答案:Invagination內(nèi)陷Theprimitivestreakofbirdsareformedin().

答案:epigdermTheblastomere卵裂球ofthefishembryoisconcentratedtowardstheedgeoftheblastodisc胚盤andformsaringstructureontheedgeoftheblastodisc.Thisstructureiscalled().

答案:Germring胚環(huán)Intheformationofgastrulainseaurchins,primarymesenchymalcells()entertheembryo.

答案:ingression內(nèi)移whatisthemechanismofdorso-ventralaxisdifferentiationinDrosophilaembryo?

答案:gurkenmRNA隨細(xì)胞核移動(dòng)，最終定位于卵子背部，Gurken蛋白聚集于卵子背側(cè)(3分)。Gurken蛋白擴(kuò)散能力有限，只有靠近卵子細(xì)胞核的背側(cè)濾泡細(xì)胞才能捕獲Gurken。背側(cè)濾泡細(xì)胞更呈柱狀，pipe基因關(guān)閉(3分)。dpp和zen基因在背側(cè)表達(dá)，指導(dǎo)背部結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)育。(3分)腹側(cè)濾泡細(xì)胞表達(dá)Pipe蛋白(3分)。腹側(cè)卵周隙三種蛋白水解酶原:GD蛋白、Snake和Easter(3分)。Pipe蛋白激活卵黃膜蛋白(3分)→激活GD蛋白→激活Snake→Easter→Sp?tzle→Toll→dorsal蛋白進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核(3分)，激活twist和snake基因表達(dá)。促進(jìn)腹部結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)育(3分)。Whatbodyaxesdobilaterallysymmetricalanimalshave?Whatisthemechanismoftheestablishmentanddifferentiationoftheantero-posterioraxisofDrosophilaembryo?

答案:(1)影響前后軸建立的母體基因有:Bicoid(BCD);Nanos(NOS);Hunchback(HB)和Caudal(CDL);Torso等。(共5分)(2)影響前后軸分化的合子基因有:裂隙基因、配對(duì)規(guī)則基因、體節(jié)極性基因和同源異型基因。(共4分)(3)母體基因主要編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄因子，其產(chǎn)物形成一種濃度梯度并產(chǎn)生特異的位置信息，進(jìn)一步激活一系列合子基因的表達(dá)。(4分)首先表達(dá)的合子基因，為裂隙基因(即缺口基因)。(4分)不同濃度缺口基因的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物引起配對(duì)規(guī)則基因(成對(duì)控制基因)的表達(dá)，形成與前后軸垂直的7條表達(dá)帶。(4分)配對(duì)規(guī)則基因蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物激活體節(jié)極性的轉(zhuǎn)錄，進(jìn)一步將胚胎劃分為14個(gè)副體節(jié)。(4分)裂隙基因、配對(duì)規(guī)則基因以及體節(jié)極性基因共同調(diào)節(jié)同源異型基因(homeoticgene)的表達(dá)，決定每個(gè)體節(jié)的發(fā)育命運(yùn)。(5分)Theproductionof14parasegmentininsectsisrelatedtotheexpressionofwhichgenes?

答案:pair-rulegeneTheproductofthehunchbackgeneisatranscriptionfactorthatregulatestheexpressionof().

答案:Partofgapgene(crackgene)Theexpressionofthezygoticgenehunchbackisregulatedby().

答案:nanosgeneTheproductofthetorsogene,thetorsoprotein,is().

答案:receptortyrosinekinaseIntheunfertilizedeggsofinsects,themRNAdistributionofthematernalgenehunchbackis().

答案:UniformBicoidproteinsareaclassoftranscriptionfactorsthatpromotedifferencesinembryonic()development.

答案:Anterior-PosterioraxisDorsalproteinsareaclassoftranscriptionfactorsthatenterthe()nucleusoftheinsectembryoandcausetheexpressionofcertaingenes.

答案:Ventral()Distributedinthefrontoftheunfertilizedeggoftheinsect.

答案:bicoidmRNABrieflydescribedthetwoformsofneuraltubeformation

答案:初級(jí)神經(jīng)胚形成和次級(jí)神經(jīng)胚形成。初級(jí)神經(jīng)胚形成的形成過(guò)程:神經(jīng)板形成;神經(jīng)板隆起，形成神經(jīng)褶;神經(jīng)板彎曲,形成神經(jīng)溝;神經(jīng)褶靠近融合，神經(jīng)溝閉合成神經(jīng)管;神經(jīng)管形成，神經(jīng)嵴細(xì)胞遷移。次級(jí)神經(jīng)胚形成的形成過(guò)程:脊索中胚層誘導(dǎo)覆蓋于上面的外胚層細(xì)胞分裂、內(nèi)陷，與表皮脫離形成中空的神經(jīng)管。Brieflydescribethedevelopmentalfateofthethreegermlayers。

答案:外胚層分化成三個(gè)部分:表皮外胚層(參與皮膚的形成)、神經(jīng)外胚層(形成中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))和神經(jīng)嵴(主要參與周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)形成)。內(nèi)胚層:形成呼吸系統(tǒng)和消化管的上皮;中胚層:形成結(jié)締組織、血細(xì)胞、心臟、泌尿系統(tǒng)以及大部分內(nèi)臟器官等。Thestructuralchangesofneuroblastdifferentiationintoneuronsare()

答案:Shorterdendrites樹突thatgrow;Theaxon軸突extendsfromthecellbodyand