壓軸題05-閱讀理解D(航天與科技類)(解析版)(江蘇專用)

壓軸題05閱讀理解D綜合近幾年高考對于閱讀理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考對于科普說明文的考查仍然是重點。科普說明文一直都是命題人提高閱讀能力的重要考點，因此在近幾年的高考命題中科普說明文一直都是以壓軸題的形式存在，其中包括研究報告、科學技術、社會心理、宇宙探索、醫(yī)學報告、語言學、社會生活等多種領域，體現(xiàn)了閱讀題材的多樣性。EQ\o\ac(○,熱)EQ\o\ac(○,點)EQ\o\ac(○,題)EQ\o\ac(○,型)五科技與航天類1.基本規(guī)律：閱讀理解D篇閱讀文章一般難度都比較大，但命題者設題的難度并不大。2．實用解題方法：①某人說的話，或者是帶引號的，一定要高度重視。很有可能就是某個問題的同義替換。②有時候每段的第一句話，僅僅是一個表述。而在第2或3句以后，會出現(xiàn)對比或者轉折。一般來說，轉折后面的是作者的態(tài)度。要注意的是：作者對什么進行了轉折。③每一個問題，在原文中，都要有一個定位。然后精讀，找出那個中心句或者關鍵詞。要抓文章的中心主旨和各段落的大意，閱讀理解考的就是這個“中心句”。④某人說過的話，有時并不是題眼，但可以從側面或某個角度來反映作者的觀點，也就是作者想表達的，正確答案都是和這樣的觀點相一致的。要把握關鍵詞，有感情色彩的詞。⑤注意中心句（即題眼）和前后句子之間的關系，是接著說的，還是轉折關系。要把握和前后句子之間的關系。是并列關系的，可以從這些句子里找同義詞；是轉折關系的，就通過轉折關系句子里的關鍵詞的相反意思來判斷。⑥注意幾個詞，yet表轉折，hardly表否定。while有時是比較，有時也表轉折。比較的時候，注意比較的對象，要弄清楚。轉折的時候，你要知道作者對什么進行了轉折。押題速練1.【2019·新課標Ⅱ】Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解決方案).“Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA．’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影響)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.1．WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A．Theyarehardtogetridof. B．Theyleadtoairpollution.C．Theyappearindifferentforms. D．Theydamagetheinstruments.2．WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A．Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B．Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C．Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D．Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation.3．WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A．Checktheirproduct. B．Guideprojectdesigns.C．Adjustworkschedules. D．Gradetheirhomework.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．NASA:TheHomeofAstronautsB．Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontierC．Nature:AnOutdoorClassroomD．HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform【答案】1．A

2．D

3．A

4．B【解析】本文為說明文。本文介紹了美國國家航空航天局的HUNCH計劃。參與這個計劃的高中生制作供美國國家航空航天局使用的產(chǎn)品，此計劃的目的是把航天技術與學校教育結合起來，把空間技術與帶進課堂，與學校教育相結合，這項計劃實施結果顯示會影響到學生的生活和大學錄取。1．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的Bacteriaareannoyingproblemforastronauts.ThemicroorganismsformourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.可知，細菌對宇航員來說是個令人討厭的問題。這種來自我們身體的微生物在國際空間站的表面不受控制地生長，宇航員每周要花幾個小時來清理它們。也就是說它們很難去掉。其中的“themicroorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知，A項正確。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解決方案).可知，HUNCH旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程師聯(lián)系起來。Gordon的學生一直在研究如何在零重力下殺死細菌；結合最后一段中的GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.可知，學生每天都給NASA的工程師發(fā)郵件一起探討（如何殺死空間站的細菌這一空間技術）這個問題。由此可推斷出HUNCHprogram的目的把空間技術與學校教育相結合。故D項正確。3．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA的工程師會親自審核學生們所做的產(chǎn)品。故A項正確。4．主旨大意題。文章以國際空間站里的微生物很難清除開頭，引出宇航員們解決此問題的途徑——借助美國國家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此計劃的目的是把航天技術與學校教育結合起來。在這項計劃里，學生們通過homework（制作供美國國家航空航天局使用的產(chǎn)品）探索無疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功課疆域”最適合做文章的標題。故選B。押題速練2Thespacecommunityistakingtheorbitaldebris(碎片)threatincreasinglyseriouslythesedays.Multiplesatellite“mega-constellations(巨型星座)”areintheworks,makingspacetrafficmanagementandspace-junkremovalmorepressingissuesthanthey’veeverbeen.Forinstance,SpaceXhasalreadylaunchedmorethan1,700satellitesforitsStarlinkbroadbandconstellation.Thecompanyultimatelywantstolauncharound30,000Starlinksatellitesintoorbit.OneWebhaslaunchedmorethanhalfofthesatellitesforitsplanned648-memberconstellation,whichmayalsogrowbeyondthatinitialnumberastimegoeson.Inaddition,satelliteconstructioncostscontinuetofall,allowingmoreandmorepeopletogetsatellitesupandoperatethem—includingfolkswithverylittleexperienceinthefield.Thisopeningofthefinalfrontierisgenerallyagoodthing,butitfurtherhighlightstheneedforresponsibleactionwhenitcomestosatelliteoperation.In2019,forexample,theSpaceSafetyCoalition(SSC)laidoutasetofproposedvoluntaryguidelinesdesignedtocontrolspacejunkoverthecomingyears.Onerecommendationisthatallsatellitesoperatingabove250milesbeequippedwithpropulsion(推進)systems,allowingthemtogetawayfrompossiblecollisions(碰撞).TheSSCalsorecommendsoperatorswhocontrolsatellitesinlowEarthorbitshouldincludeintheirlaunchcontractsarequirementthatrocketupperstagesshouldbegotridofintheatmosphereshortlyafterliftoff.Moreactivedebris-fightingstrategiescouldalsobepartofthesolution.Removingjustahandfulofrocketbodiesordeadsatelliteseveryyearcouldhelpuskeepourspace-junkproblemundercontrol,accordingtosomestudies.Andresearchersaroundtheworldaredevelopingandtestingwaystodojustthat,usingnets,harpoons(魚叉)andothermethods.Thespace-junkissueisaglobalone,sogovernmentsaroundtheworldshouldhaveconversationsabouthowtodealwithit.Let’shopethetalks,thedecisionsandthetechendupoutpacingtheproblem.1．WhatdothetwoexamplesinParagraph2illustrate?A．Orbitaldebrisensuresatellitesafety.B．Constellationsconsistofmanysatellites.C．Spaceisbecomingincreasinglycrowded.D．SpaceXhashighercapacitytoexplorespace.2．Whycanmorepeoplesendsatellitesintoorbit?A．Experienceinthisareaisrich.B．Satellitesarecheapertomake.C．Satelliteoperationsrequirelittleskills.D．Spaceisaccessibletocommonpeople.3．Whatisaneffectivewaytocontrolspacejunk?A．Removedeadsatellitesfromorbit.B．Cooperateinmonitoringsatellites.C．Operatesatellitesatafixedheight.D．Recyclearocketshortlyafterliftoff.4．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．SpacejunkcleanupB．TherisksofspacejunkC．SpacedebrisandsatellitesD．Guidelinesforspacesafety【答案】1．C

2．B

3．A

4．A【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章講的是太空垃圾越來越多，空間越來越擁擠以及造成這個問題的原因和解決方案。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Thespacecommunityistakingtheorbitaldebris(碎片)threatincreasinglyseriouslythesedays.Multiplesatellite“mega-constellations(巨型星座)”areintheworks,makingspacetrafficmanagementandspace-junkremovalmorepressingissuesthanthey’veeverbeen.(最近，太空界越來越重視軌道碎片的威脅。多個衛(wèi)星“巨型星座”正在建造中，這使得太空交通管理和太空垃圾清除問題比以往任何時候都更加緊迫。)”和下文的“Forinstance”可知是通過這兩個例子說明太空空間越來越擁擠，故選C。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Inaddition,satelliteconstructioncostscontinuetofall,allowingmoreandmorepeopletogetsatellitesupandoperatethem—includingfolkswithverylittleexperienceinthefield.(此外，衛(wèi)星建造成本持續(xù)下降，這使得越來越多的人能夠安裝和操作衛(wèi)星——包括那些在這一領域缺乏經(jīng)驗的人。)”可知，更多的人可以將衛(wèi)星送入軌道是因為制造衛(wèi)星更便宜，故選B。3．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Moreactivedebris-fightingstrategiescouldalsobepartofthesolution.Removingjustahandfulofrocketbodiesordeadsatelliteseveryyearcouldhelpuskeepourspace-junkproblemundercontrol,accordingtosomestudies.(更積極的碎片處理策略也可能是解決方案的一部分。一些研究表明，每年只移除少量火箭體或報廢衛(wèi)星就能幫助我們控制太空垃圾問題。)”可知，控制太空垃圾的有效方法是將報廢衛(wèi)星從軌道上移除。故選A。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Thespacecommunityistakingtheorbitaldebris(碎片)threatincreasinglyseriouslythesedays.Multiplesatellite“mega-constellations(巨型星座)”areintheworks,makingspacetrafficmanagementandspace-junkremovalmorepressingissuesthanthey’veeverbeen.(最近，太空界越來越重視軌道碎片的威脅。多個衛(wèi)星“巨型星座”正在建造中，這使得太空交通管理和太空垃圾清除問題比以往任何時候都更加緊迫。)”可知，文章主要介紹太空垃圾越來越多，空間越來越擁擠以及造成這個問題的原因和解決方案。所以A選項“太空垃圾清理”符合文章主旨，適合做標題，故選A。押題速練3IfMarswerethepopularkidinschool,Venus（金星）wouldbetheunwelcomeonesittinginthecorner,largelyignored.VenushasnearlythesamemassandsizeasEarth,butbeingclosertothesun,itgetsnearlytwiceasmuchheatfromthesun.However,insteadofhavingaclimatethatisjustawarmerversionofEarth’s,Venus'ssurfaceandatmosphereareunbearable：cloudsofsulphuricacidblankettheplanet,whileatgroundlevel,itishotenoughtomeltlead.Despitethis,thereisnowasignthatVenusmayharbourlife.JaneGreavesatCardiffUniversity,UK,andhercolleaguesrecentlydetectedphosphine（磷化氫）inVenus'satmosphere,withonepotentialexplanationthatitistheby-productofbiology.ThatisbecausetheonlywaythisgasismadeonEarthisinlaboratoriesorbymicrobes（微生物）.Thoughthisdoesn'tmeanitwasproducedbylifeonVenus,attemptstofindnon—biologicalexplanationsforitspresencehavesofarfailed.OurbestwayofconfirmingorrejectingthepossibilityoflifeonVenusistogoandhaveaproperlook.WhileMarshasbeenthefocusofinterplanetaryexplorationeffortslately,thephosphinediscoveryletspeoplelookatVenusinanewlight.AsNASAadministratorJimBridenstinetweeted：“It'stimetoprioritizeVenus.”Inthemonthsandyearstocome,computersimulationswillbeusedtofurtherstudythepossiblechemistriesoftheatmosphereonVenus.Morelaboratoryexperimentswillbeconductedtotrytoidentifyotherwaysthephosphinetherecouldbeproduced.However,thereisnoguaranteethattheseeffortswillrevealthetruenatureofthissubstanceonVenus.Anewly-proposedstrategyistodirectlysampletheatmosphereandsurfaceofVenus.Bydoingso,wewouldbeabletotakedirectmeasurementsofphosphine.ThediscoveryofphosphineinVenus'satmosphereisagreataccomplishment.Thescientificeffortsmaybejustwhatweneedtofinallyrefocusonthisneglectedworld.Possibly,thequietkidinthecornermaygetthelastlaugh.1．Intheory，what'sVenusexpectedtobelike?A．ItisalmostaslargeasEarth.B．IthasnearlythesamemassasEarth.C．IthasawarmerEarth-likeclimate.D．Ithastheunbearablesurfaceandatmosphere.2．WhatcanthediscoveryofphosphineonVenusindicate?A．Theremightexistsignsoflife.B．Thiskindofgasisverycommon.C．Manyproductscanbemadewithit.D．Experimentswereonceconductedthere.3．Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A．Theimportanceofobservations.B．Thepowerofcomputersimulations.C．Theapproachestoexploringphosphine.D．Thenecessitytoanalysephosphine.4．Whichcanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetotheexplorationofVenus?A．Casual. B．Supportive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful.【答案】1．C

2．A

3．C

4．B【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了科學家對金星的一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。1．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句話“VenushasnearlythesamemassandsizeasEarth,butbeingclosertothesun,itgetsnearlytwiceasmuchheatfromthesun.”（金星的質量和大小與地球幾乎相同，但由于離太陽更近，它從太陽獲得的熱量幾乎是地球的兩倍。）可知，在理論上金星是和地球質量相同的但是更溫暖的星球。故選C。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Despitethis,thereisnowasignthatVenusmayharbourlife.”（盡管如此，現(xiàn)在有跡象表明金星可能存在生命）根據(jù)第三段第一、二句話“JaneGreavesatCardiffUniversity,UK,andhercolleaguesrecentlydetectedphosphine（磷化氫）inVenus'satmosphere,withonepotentialexplanationthatitistheby-productofbiology.ThatisbecausetheonlywaythisgasismadeonEarthisinlaboratoriesorbymicrobes（微生物）.”（英國加的夫大學的簡·格雷夫斯和她的同事最近在金星大氣中檢測到磷化氫，有一種可能的解釋是它是生物學的副產(chǎn)品。這是因為在地球上制造這種氣體的唯一途徑是實驗室或通過微生物。）可推知，通過在金星上發(fā)現(xiàn)了磷化氫，說明了那里可能存在生命的跡象。故選A。3．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段第一句話“Inthemonthsandyearstocome,computersimulationswillbeusedtofurtherstudythepossiblechemistriesoftheatmosphereonVenus.”（在未來的幾個月和幾年里，計算機模擬將被用來進一步研究金星大氣可能的化學性質。）以及最后一句話“Bydoingso,wewouldbeabletotakedirectmeasurementsofphosphine.”（通過這樣做，我們將能夠直接測量磷化氫。）可知，該段主要是關于探索金星上的磷化氫是否真正存在的方法。故選C。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一、二句話“ThediscoveryofphosphineinVenus'satmosphereisagreataccomplishment.Thescientificeffortsmaybejustwhatweneedtofinallyrefocusonthisneglectedworld.”（在金星大氣中發(fā)現(xiàn)磷化氫是一項偉大的成就?？茖W努力可能正是我們最終重新關注這個被忽視的世界所需要的。）可知，作者認為在金星大氣層中發(fā)現(xiàn)磷化氫是一項偉大的成就，因此作者對探索金星的態(tài)度是支持的。故選B。押題速練4【2020·新課標I】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture，theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.1．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B．Abigfallincrimerates.C．Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.D．Benefitsfromgreenplants.2．WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer?A．Todetectplants’lackofwaterB．TochangecompositionsofplantsC．Tomakethelifeofplantslonger.D．Totestchemicalsinplants.3．Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?A．Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B．Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome.C．Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.D．Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B．Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C．Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D．Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?【答案】1．D

2．A

3．C

4．C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。1．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州揚斯敦進行的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項研究中，當員工的工作場所被室內植物裝飾時，他們的工作效率會提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是關于綠色植物的益處。故選D。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.可知這就包括葉子上印有傳感器來顯示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測到地下水中的有害化學物質。由此可知，麻省理工學院工程師植物葉片上印上傳感器的作用是檢測植物缺水的情況。故選A。3．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來可能有助于減少能源消耗。故選C。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%。由于照明通常遠離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結合文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達到節(jié)約能源的作用。由此可知，C選項“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標題。故選C。押題速練5Quantum(量子)computershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumcomputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-computingexperts.OneiscomputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumcomputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumcomputingresearchers.”Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin2016.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.1.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited2.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumcomputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics. B.Thecompetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D.Theinvestmentoftechcompanies.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant.4.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMoreCompetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumComputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumComputersEverComeintoBeing?D.WillQuantumComputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】1.A2.C3.A4.D【解析】本文是一篇議論文。主要論述了“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計算機科學家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.（隨著量子計算吸引了更多的關注和資金，研究人員可能會誤導投資者、記者、公眾，最糟糕的是，他們自己的工作潛力。約翰遜警告說，如果研究人員不能兌現(xiàn)承諾，興奮可能會讓位于懷疑、失望和憤怒）”根據(jù)最后一段“ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信約翰遜一樣）可知，關于約翰遜的擔憂，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，贊同的；B.unconcerned不關心的；C.doubtful懷疑的；D.excited激動的。故選A。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Thecompany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumcomputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelycomparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”（他說，這家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子計算機，它“解決了一個有影響力的問題，否則我們無法解決這個問題”。他補充說:“人們自然會不相信我的觀點，但我已經(jīng)花了很多時間來定量地比較我們與他人的做法）”可知，泰勒對量子計算的樂觀來源于他對PyQuantum的信心。故選C。3.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”（但約翰遜表明，量子計算的某些方面使得它特別prone被炒作，可能是因為“量子”代表了一些你不應該理解的酷東西?！保笨芍?，本句中含有一個原因狀語從句，因為““量子”代表了一些你不應該理解的酷東西”，所以它特別容易被炒作。故prone意為“易于……的”。A.Open.開放的；易受損害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故選A。4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二自然段“Now,bigtechcompanieshaveinvestedinquantumcomputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（現(xiàn)在，大型科技公司和許多小型公司都在量子計算領域進行了投資。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報道，量子機器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施將氣候變化轉向相反的方向。這種炒作讓約翰遜感到惱火?！保币约白詈笠欢巍癈ouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthecompetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumcomputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所說的那樣“以巨大的優(yōu)勢”領先所有競爭對手嗎？我不知道。我當然不會建議我的朋友或其他人投資量子計算機。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。）”可知，本文主要論述了“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計算機科學家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點。所以短文的最佳標題為“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”。故選D。押題速練6Thisyear,inMarch,IjumpedintoaheatedpoolinCaliforniatomeetadolphinnamedDelle.AsIapproachedher,Delleturnedtowardsmeandbecameplayful,greetingmebysplashingmewithherbeak.Delighted,Ireachedouttopathershinyskin.Itfeltrubbery,whichwasthemaingiveawaythatDellethedolphinwasarobot.Justasfake(假的)animalsarebecomingveryrealistic,it'sbecomingincreasinglylessacceptabletouseliveanimalsforentertainmentpurposes.DocumentaricslikeBlackfish(2013)andTheCove(2009)haveexposedsomeofthehorrifictreatmentandsufferingofoceanmammals.Theresultingpublicprotesthasmadeaquariums(水族館)controversial,attractinglessvisitors.Arguably，entertainingpeoplewithcaptive(圈養(yǎng)的)animalsisvitalforanimalconservation.Manyzoosandaquariumsactivelytrytopromoteconservationeffortsbyprovidingeducationalexperiencesandencouraginginterestinthenaturalworld.Thistypeofentertainmentisuseful,becauseitinspirespeopletocare.Atfirst,thisseemslikeareasontoavoidreplacingtheanimalswithtechnology.However,researchintherapid-developedfieldofhuman-robotinteractionisshowingastonishingresultsonengagementwithrobotsthatcanimitatelifelikebehaviour.Whenphysicallyinteractive,robotsattractalotofattention.Peopletendtotreatthemlikethey’realive,eventhoughtheyknowperfectlywellthey’rejustmachines.Ifwestarttoreplacetheanimalsinourthemeparkswithmachines,willthistrenddecreaseourwonderforthenaturalworld?Abunchofpeopleexpressednegativegutreactions(本能反應)afterIpostedvideooftherobotdolphinonTwitter.Andyet,Idon’tbelievethatusingthisrobotanimalswillcauseustoforgettheworthoflivingcreatures.1．WhydoestheauthormentionDelleinparagraph1?A．Toshareaspecialexperience.B．Topromoterubberydolphins.C．Todrawattentiontorobotanimals.D．Todescribeadolphinperformance.2．Whatcanwelearnaboutliveanimalsinzoos?A．Theyarecruellytreated.B．Theymakezoospopular.C．Theyarewellentertained.D．Theydeserveconservation.3．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Reasonsforreplacinganimalswithrobots.B．Benefitsofentertainingpeoplewithrobots.C．Researchresultsoninteractionwithrobots.D．Publicconcernsoverengagementwithrobots.4．What’stheauthor’sattitudetoreplacinganimalswithmachines?A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.【答案】1．C

2．D

3．C

4．A【解析】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了機器動物的運用以及社會對它的各種看法。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句“Delighted,Ireachedouttopathershinyskin.Itfeltrubbery,whichwasthemaingiveawaythatDellethedolphinwasarobot.（我很高興，伸手拍拍她發(fā)亮的皮膚。感覺像橡膠一樣，這是海豚黛勒是個機器人的主要證據(jù)。）”可推知，作者在第一段提到海豚黛勒是因為想要引出本文話題，吸引讀者注意，讓大家關注到有機器動物這個東西。故選C項。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段一、二句“Justasfake(假的)animalsarebecomingveryrealistic,it'sbecomingincreasinglylessacceptabletouseliveanimalsforentertainmentpurposes.DocumentaricslikeBlackfish(2013)andTheCove(2009)haveexposedsomeofthehorrifictreatmentandsufferingofoceanmammals.（就像假動物變得越來越逼真一樣，將活體動物用于娛樂目的也越來越難以接受。《黑魚》(2013)和《海灣》(2009)等紀錄片揭露了一些海洋哺乳動物遭受的可怕待遇和痛苦。）”可知，動物園里的活體動物也是值得我們保護的。故選D項。3．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第四段第二句“However,researchintherapid-developedfieldofhuman-robotinteractionisshowingastonishingresultsonengagementwithrobotsthatcanimitatelifelikebehaviour.（然而，在快速發(fā)展的人機交互領域的研究顯示，與能夠模仿逼真行為的機器人互動產(chǎn)生了驚人的結果。）”結合本段來看，本段主要是在介紹與機器人交互的研究成果。故選C項。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后兩句“Abunchofpeopleexpressednegativegutreactions(本能反應)afterIpostedvideooftherobotdolphinonTwitter.Andyet,Idon’tbelievethatusingthisrobotanimalswillcauseustoforgettheworthoflivingcreatures.（我在推特上發(fā)布了機器海豚的視頻后，很多人都表達了負面的本能反應。然而，我不相信使用這種機器動物會讓我們忘記生物的價值。）”可推知，作者對于用機器人代替動物是持贊成的態(tài)度的。故選A項。押題速練7Photosynthesis(光合作用)isauniqueskillofgreenplants-theyturnwaterandcarbondioxideintooxygenandfoodviasunlight.AgroupofChinesescientists,however,”copied”theprocessonanimals.Tounderstandthenewbreakthrough,itisimportanttoknowhowphotosynthesisworksPlantstakeincarbondioxideandwaterfromtheairandsoil.Withintheplantcell,thewaterisoxidized.Thistransformsthewaterintooxygenandthecarbondioxideintoglucose(葡萄糖).Theplantthenreleasestheoxygenbackintotheairandstoresenergywithintheglucosemolecules.Inthestudy,theresearchersfromZhejiangUniversitydevelopedanindependentandcontrollablephotosyntheticsystem,