神經(jīng)生物學(xué) 腦的節(jié)律與睡眠-5年制學(xué)習(xí)課件

腦的節(jié)律與睡眠周煜東浙江大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究所yudongzhou@Outline腦電圖睡眠與覺醒晝夜節(jié)律

HansBerger與EEG的發(fā)現(xiàn)

從telepathy到EEG的發(fā)現(xiàn)EEG電極位置

A,耳(auricle);C,中央(central);Cz,頂點(diǎn)(vertex);F,前額部(frontal);Fp,額極(frontalpole);O,枕部(occipital);P,頂部(parietal);T,顳側(cè)(temporal).測(cè)量一對(duì)電極間的差異信號(hào)EEG的產(chǎn)生

只有許多細(xì)胞的貢獻(xiàn)才能使在頭皮上記錄的信號(hào)大到被識(shí)別記錄思考問題

突觸活動(dòng)在皮層深層，記錄到的EEG極性如何？動(dòng)作電位的幅度要比突觸后電位大，為什么EEG的主要貢獻(xiàn)是后者？抑制性突觸后電位能被EEG記錄到嗎？神經(jīng)元同步活動(dòng)可使EEG信號(hào)增大腦電節(jié)律Alpha波Characteristics:

-frequency:8-13Hz

-amplitude:20-60μVEasilyproducedwhenquietlysittinginrelaxedpositionwitheyesclosed(fewpeoplehavetroubleproducingalphawaves)Alphablockadeoccurswithmentalactivity

-exceptionsfoundbyShaw(1996)inthecaseofmentalarithmetic,archery,andgolfputting

Beta波Characteristics:

-frequency:14-30Hz

-amplitude:2-20μVThemostcommonformofbrainwaves.ArepresentduringmentalthoughtandactivityThetaWavesCharacteristics:

-frequency:4-7Hz

-amplitude:20-100μVBelievedtobemorecommoninchildrenthanadultsWalterStudy(1952)foundthesewavestoberelatedtodispleasure,pleasure,anddrowsinessMaulsby(1971)foundthetawaveswithamplitudesof100μVinbabiesfeedingDeltaWavesCharacteristics:

-frequency:0.5-3.5Hz

-amplitude:20-200μVFoundduringperiodsofdeepsleepinmostpeopleCharacterizedbyveryirregularandslowwavepatternsAlsousefulindetectingtumorsandabnormalbrainbehaviorsGammaWavesCharacteristics:

-frequency:32-100Hz

-amplitude:3-5μVOccurwithsuddensensorystimuli,sensorybindingConsciousattention

meditationDifferenttypesofbrainwavesinnormalEEGRhythmFrequency(Hz)Amplitude(uV)Recording&LocationAlpha(α)8–1350–100Adults,rest,eyesclosed.OccipitalregionBeta(β)14-3020Adult,mentalactivityFrontalregionTheta(θ)4–7Above50Children,drowsyadult,emotionaldistressOccipitalDelta(δ)2–4Above50ChildreninsleepSlow-wavesleep同步化產(chǎn)生雙神經(jīng)元振蕩單神經(jīng)元振蕩丘腦節(jié)律驅(qū)動(dòng)皮層節(jié)律異常EEG節(jié)律：癲癇Seizures:temporarydisruptionsofbrainfunctionresultingfromabnormal,excessiveneuronalactivity;Epilepsy:achronicconditionofrepeatedseizures.FocalseizuresGeneralizedseizures局灶發(fā)作的產(chǎn)生原理NeuronsinaseizurefocushavecharacteristicactivityThebreakdownofsurroundinhibitionleadstosynchronizationExcitationandinhibitioninaseizurefocus原發(fā)性全面發(fā)作的產(chǎn)生原理Outline腦電圖睡眠與覺醒晝夜節(jié)律

睡眠Sleepisareadilyreversiblestateofreducedresponsivenessto,andinteractionwith,theenvironment.對(duì)環(huán)境反應(yīng)和與環(huán)境互動(dòng)顯著降低的可隨時(shí)逆轉(zhuǎn)的狀態(tài)腦的功能狀態(tài)覺醒非快速眼動(dòng)睡眠（慢波睡眠）：可運(yùn)動(dòng)軀體中的怠速運(yùn)行的腦快速眼動(dòng)睡眠：麻痹軀體中的活躍而幻覺的腦睡眠周期存在4階段non-REM和REM睡眠的周期Non-REM占睡眠的75%，REM占25%周期平均90分鐘Non-REM由長(zhǎng)變短，REM由短變長(zhǎng)睡眠后期很少進(jìn)入第4階段的non-REM睡眠Non-REM和REM至少30分鐘間隔睡眠的EEG節(jié)律變化夢(mèng)Non-REM夢(mèng)：時(shí)間較短，視覺內(nèi)容少，少有情緒內(nèi)容，多是概念性的，常與日常生活事件相關(guān)。

夢(mèng)游，夢(mèng)話REM夢(mèng)：時(shí)間相對(duì)長(zhǎng)，主要是視覺的，也有情緒的，與日常經(jīng)歷的時(shí)間相對(duì)無關(guān)，生動(dòng)的，怪誕的。

清醒夢(mèng)香草天空，2001我們能控制夢(mèng)境嗎？Luciddreams清醒夢(mèng)做夢(mèng)者于睡眠狀態(tài)中保持意識(shí)清醒直接控制夢(mèng)的內(nèi)容，使自己的夢(mèng)境中的感覺真實(shí)得跟現(xiàn)實(shí)世界并無二樣“知道自己在做夢(mèng)時(shí)做的夢(mèng)”夢(mèng)的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)“激活-合成假說”REM睡眠腦橋神經(jīng)元隨機(jī)激活丘腦皮層各區(qū)合成夢(mèng)境恢復(fù)休息、恢復(fù)、為覺醒準(zhǔn)備適應(yīng)規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)節(jié)省能量記憶鞏固新學(xué)習(xí)的任務(wù)相關(guān)的腦活動(dòng)在睡眠中同樣被激活為什么需要睡眠？睡眠的神經(jīng)機(jī)制方法：毀損、刺激、記錄覺醒與上行網(wǎng)狀激活系統(tǒng)Non-REM睡眠機(jī)制彌散調(diào)制系統(tǒng)的逐步退出源于皮層和丘腦的同步活動(dòng)REM睡眠機(jī)制初級(jí)視皮層不變外紋狀皮層和邊緣皮層增加前額葉皮層降低初級(jí)視皮層和部分前額葉皮層降低外紋狀皮層和邊緣系統(tǒng)增加腦橋膽堿能神經(jīng)元藍(lán)斑NA能神經(jīng)元中縫核5-HT神經(jīng)元REM睡眠行為障礙喪失正常REM睡眠時(shí)伴有的肌張力抑制，而代以和夢(mèng)境一致的運(yùn)動(dòng)活動(dòng)腦干抑制脊髓運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的作用受損發(fā)作性睡病(narcolepsy)1.嗜睡或突然感覺無力2.白天頻繁小睡或突然進(jìn)入睡眠3.在情緒亢奮的情況下出現(xiàn)雙側(cè)肌張力突然消失（猝倒癥）4.相關(guān)的癥狀包括：①睡眠癱瘓；②入睡前幻覺；③不自主運(yùn)動(dòng)；④夜間睡眠頻繁覺醒。直接由覺醒進(jìn)入REM睡眠Orexinisapeptideneurotransmitterreleasedinapathwayfromthelateralnucleusofthehypothalamushighlyresponsiblefortheabilitytostayawake.Stimulatesacetylcholine-releasingcellsintheforebrainandbrainstemtoincreasewakefulnessandarousal.發(fā)作性睡病促進(jìn)睡眠胞壁酰二肽(muramyldipeptide)：促進(jìn)Non-REM睡眠白介素1(interleukin-1)：免疫分子腺苷(adenosine)：抑制彌散性調(diào)制系統(tǒng)褪黑激素(melatonin)：在夜晚釋放Outline腦電圖睡眠與覺醒晝夜節(jié)律

生理功能的晝夜節(jié)律授時(shí)因子生物鐘與授時(shí)因子人的睡眠-覺醒節(jié)律視交叉上核視交叉上核接受來自視網(wǎng)膜光敏感節(jié)細(xì)胞的直接支配光敏感節(jié)細(xì)胞的光敏素是黑視蛋白（melanopsin）視交叉上