第4講翻譯技巧.ppt

1、1,第四章：翻譯技巧,1. 增譯法（amplification） 2. 省譯法（omission） 3. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法（conversion） 4. 正反互譯法（negation）,2,英漢兩種語言在詞法和句法結(jié)構(gòu)方面存在很大的差異。增詞（譯）法就是指在翻譯時(shí)按照修辭句法上的需要在譯文中增加一些原文中雖無但有其意的詞。增譯的目的是為了更加忠實(shí)通順地表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容，而決不是無中生有地隨意增加。所以，要通順忠實(shí)地譯出原文的涵義，譯文中勢必有所增減。,Amplification (增譯法),第四講：翻譯技巧增譯法 ,3,增加動(dòng)詞 增加形容詞或副詞 增加名詞 增加代詞 增加語氣詞或量詞,4,1、增加動(dòng)詞

2、,1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.,讀書使人充實(shí),討論使人機(jī)智,筆記（寫作）使人準(zhǔn)確。,第四講：翻譯技巧增譯法 ,2) . We dont regret, we never have and never will.,我們不會后悔，我們從來沒有后悔過，我們將來也不會后悔。,3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference.,看完籃球比賽之后，他還有一個(gè)重要會議要參加。,5,2. 增加形容詞或副詞,

3、1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!,中國人民正以多么高的熱情建設(shè)社會主義?。?人群漸漸散開了。,2). The crowds melted away.,他一坐下來就講開了，滔滔不絕地講個(gè)沒完。,3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.,第四講：翻譯技巧增譯法 ,6,4). She lingered long over his letter.,她反反復(fù)復(fù)地回味著他的來信。,第四講：翻譯技巧增譯法 ,7,瑪麗的丈夫癌癥去世后，就靠

4、洗衣服維持生活。,2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer.,3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted.,他吃了 點(diǎn)東西，喝了點(diǎn)酒，因?yàn)樗v不堪了。,3. 增加名詞,1). First you borrow, then you beg.,頭一遭借錢，下一遭就討飯。,8,4). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.,那件黑夾克真是價(jià)廉物美。,5). He was wrinkled and black, with scan

5、t gray hair.,他滿臉皺紋，皮膚黝黑，頭發(fā)灰白稀疏。,6). A new kind of carsmall, cheapis attracting increasing attention.,一種新型轎車正越來越引起人們的注意這種轎車體積小，價(jià)錢便宜。,由例4.5.6可見，均在形容詞前增加名詞，從而使譯文更具體，更符合譯語習(xí)慣。,9,7). His arrogance made everyone dislike him.,他的傲慢態(tài)度使誰也不喜歡他。,8). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across

6、the U.S. to San Francisco.,一切準(zhǔn)備工作就緒以后， 飛機(jī)就飛越美國去了舊金山。,由例78可以看出, 某些動(dòng)詞或形容詞派生來的抽象名詞，翻譯時(shí)可以根據(jù)上下文在其后面增添適當(dāng)?shù)拿~，使譯文更符合規(guī)范。 又如：,10,to persuade 說服 persuasion說服工作 to prepare 準(zhǔn)備 preparation準(zhǔn)備工作 backward 落后 backwardness落后狀態(tài) tense 緊張 tension緊張局勢 arrogant 自滿 arrogance自滿情緒 mad 瘋狂 madness 瘋狂行為 antagonistic敵對 antagonism

7、 敵對態(tài)度,11,4. 增加代詞,1). 小不忍則亂大謀。,If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ventures.,2). 交出翻譯之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒有要修改的地方，這樣你才能把工作做好。（鐘述孔英漢翻譯手冊）,Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or

8、improved. Only thus can you do your work well. (Zhong Shukong, A Handbook of Translation),12,He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.,3). 沒有調(diào)查就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。,當(dāng)然了，例還可以認(rèn)為是增補(bǔ)主語“he”。 又如：“又要馬兒跑得快, 又要馬兒不吃草, 簡直可笑?！?You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze. Isnt it ridiculo

9、us!,Dont put your hands in your pockets.,4). 別把手?jǐn)R在口袋里。,13,5). 一天天冷起來了。,It is getting colder day by day.,6) 嘗試而失敗還是比不嘗試好。,It is better to try and fail than never try at all.,7). 你三星期完成這項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)不容易。,It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks.,8). 把鐘拆開比把它裝起來容易。 It is easier to take a clock

10、 apart than to put it together again.,14,5、增加語氣詞或量詞,漢語有許多語氣助詞，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“嗎”、“啦”、“了”不同的語氣詞可以發(fā)揮不同的作用，英漢互譯時(shí)需用心體驗(yàn)，以期譯出從意義和修辭色彩等都符合的譯文。同時(shí)，英語中的數(shù)詞（包括不定冠詞a）與可數(shù)名詞直接連用，它們之間并無量詞，而漢語往往要借助量詞。因此英譯漢時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況恰當(dāng)?shù)卦黾颖硎酒湫螤?、特征或材料的名量詞。,不要生氣嘛！我不過開開玩笑罷了。,1). Dont get angry. Im just making fun of you.,15,3).

11、They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.,2). As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我呢，從一開始就不贊成。,那雙眼睛啊，像海水一樣的藍(lán)，令人愉快，毫不沮喪,4). A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon.,一輪紅日正從地平線上冉冉升起。,16,5). A stream was winding its way through the valley into the Dadu riv

12、er.,一彎溪水蜿蜒流過山谷，匯合到大渡河去了。,6). This too was a complicate lie.,這也純粹是一派胡言。,7). Once, they had a quarrel.,有一次，他們爭吵了一番。,17,從例7、8、9可見，英語中有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)作名詞，譯成漢語時(shí)常需增加一些表示行為、動(dòng)作的動(dòng)量詞。又如：have a rest 休息一下; make a stop停一下.,8). Seeing is believing.,百聞不如一見。,9). The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary.,萬變

13、不離其宗。,18,White clouds float over the blue sky. Can you manage without help? I dare say that the Chinese way of reforms is more characteristic and effective than others. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. We have to analyze and solve problems. 6. Rain or shine, Ill go there. 7. He felt

14、the patriot rise within his breast.,19,1. 藍(lán)藍(lán)的天上漂浮著朵朵白云。 2. 如果沒有人幫忙，你能應(yīng)付的了嗎？ 3. 我認(rèn)為，中國的改革方式比別國的改革方式更富有特色、更卓有成效。 4. 他滿臉皺紋，皮膚黝黑，頭發(fā)灰白稀。 5. 我們必須分析問題，解決問題。 6. 晴也罷，雨也罷，我都要去那里。 7. 他感到一種愛國熱情從心中涌起。,20,Opposite to the principle of amplification, omission is however not contradictory to it. On contrary, omissio

15、n supplementary to amplification, omits what is considered necessary and indispensable in English may be deemed useless. This principal makes the version brief, concise and clear. For example, 1). A book is useful. 書（是）有用（的）。 2). The earth goes around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 3). On Sundays we have no schoo

16、l. 禮拜天我們不上課。,Omission (省譯法),21,省略代詞 省略連詞 省略介詞 省略冠詞,22,1. 省略代詞 英語中通常每句都有主語。但根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣，但前句出現(xiàn)一個(gè)主語且后句仍為同一主語時(shí)，后句主語一般省掉。如： 1). He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可憐相。 2). We live and learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。,23,3). Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus. 新校區(qū)處處可以看到

17、新人、新事物。 4). If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸進(jìn)尺。 5). I have received your letter and read it with delight. 我收到了你的信，愉快地讀了。 6) When conditions exist, go ahead; when they dont, create them and go ahead. 有條件要上；沒有條件，創(chuàng)造條件也要上。,例2、3英語句子的主語都是泛指的，在譯成漢語時(shí)，多省掉。又如: “You can never tell.”譯為：“很難說”。,24

18、,解說：例4、5、6漢譯時(shí)常把英語中作賓語的代詞省掉。尤其是例4，省略了做主語的代詞，賓語的代詞，連句中的連詞 “if” 也省略了，但思想內(nèi)容卻絲毫未變，可謂形神皆備。而下面的例子（7、8）卻恰當(dāng)?shù)厥÷粤宋镏鞔~。,7). I wash my face in the morning. 我早上洗臉。 8). He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他聳聳肩，搖搖頭，兩眼看天，一句話不說。,25,2. 省略連詞 我們在討論增譯法時(shí)，提到“漢語語言精煉，并列連詞較少使用，其上下邏輯關(guān)

19、系常常是暗含的，由詞語順序來表示。但譯為英語時(shí)，需要增補(bǔ)。證實(shí)了英語是形合語言，漢語是意合語言的命題。”相反，把英語譯成漢語時(shí)，很多情況則需省略連詞。如： 1). He looked gloomy and troubled. （表并列） 他看上去有些憂愁不安。 2). As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater. （表原因） 溫度升高，水的體積就增大。,26,3). We knew winter vocation was coming as (because) we had seen the big ston

20、e in the River. （表原因） （我們）看見了河里大石頭，就知道寒假要來了。 4). If winter comes, can spring be far behind? （表?xiàng)l件） 冬天來了，春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎？ 5). When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. （表時(shí)間） 東方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。,27,3. 省略前置詞（介詞） 一般說來， 表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的英語前置詞，譯成漢

21、語如出現(xiàn)在句首，大都可以省略，出現(xiàn)在句尾時(shí)大都不省。如： 1). The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中華人民共和國成立。 比較：中華人民共和國成立于一九四九年。,28,2). In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 一九五六年七月，埃及占領(lǐng)了蘇伊士運(yùn)河。 比較：埃及占領(lǐng)蘇伊士運(yùn)河是在一九五六年。 3). And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university. 一九九九年七月一日，我大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。 4). Smokin

22、g is prohibited in public places. 公共場所不準(zhǔn)吸煙。,29,4. 省略冠詞 英語有冠詞，漢語沒有冠詞；因此，英譯漢時(shí)往往要將冠詞省略。相反，漢譯英時(shí)，多要增加冠詞，也就是增譯法中的增加冠詞。如： 1). A book is useful. （是）有用（的）。 2). The earth goes around the sun. 地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 （省略表示獨(dú)一無二的事物的定冠詞 the）又如：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）,30,3). A teacher should have patience in hi

23、s work. 當(dāng)教員的應(yīng)當(dāng)有耐心。（省略表示類別的不定冠詞A） 4). The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend. 站在窗口的（那個(gè)）女孩是他女朋友。 此句中g(shù)irl后有定語，漢譯時(shí)定冠詞The 可省也可保留。） 5). Milk is sold by the pound. 牛奶按磅計(jì)價(jià)。（牛奶是 論磅賣。）,31,當(dāng)然，有些場合，冠詞是不能省略的。比如不定冠詞a 或an 表示數(shù)量“一”時(shí)，定冠詞the 表示“這”或“那”時(shí)，均不能省略。 6). He left without a word. 他一句話不說就走了。 7). The c

24、hildren are of an age. 這些孩子都是同歲的。,32,We can not see sound waves as they travel through air. The dog is stretching itself. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast. I can do it, and so can you. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house. Where there is a will, there is a way. A wise man will not marr

25、y a woman who has attainment but no virtue. 他們開始研究敵情，分析敵情。 禮拜天我們不上學(xué)。 孩子就是孩子。,33,聲波通過空氣傳播， 是看不見的。（省人稱代詞） 這條狗在伸懶腰。(省反身代詞） 寒冷陰沉的一天，烏云密布。（省略非人稱代詞it) 我能做， 你也能做。（省略并列連詞） 倉庫重地，嚴(yán)禁吸煙。（省略介詞） 有志者事竟成。（省從屬連詞） 聰明的人是不會娶有才無德的女子為妻的。（省關(guān)系代詞） They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies. （增加并列連詞） On Sun

26、days we have no school.（增加介詞） A boy is always a boy. (增加冠詞）,34,名詞、介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞 名詞、副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞 名詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞,35,In terms of conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in ano

27、ther language. As a matter of fact, conversion in the English language is very common. Lets take the word “round” for example: This is the first round. There is a round table in the room. Round the corner slowly. He walked round the table.,36,So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is

28、needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages. Conversion occurs on many occasions. But the most commonly seen are as follow:,1. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 英語和漢語相比較，漢語中動(dòng)詞用得比較多，這是一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。 往往在英語句子中只用一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，而在漢語中卻可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞性結(jié)構(gòu)連用。如：He admires the Presidents stated decision t

29、o fight for the job. ( 他對總統(tǒng)聲明為保持其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩。)僅這一個(gè)句子，就可領(lǐng)悟到英漢互譯中詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯的必要性。,37,A. 由動(dòng)詞的派生詞名詞（或含有動(dòng)作意義的名詞）轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞,1. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.,無論什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。,2. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.,讀一點(diǎn)世界史，對學(xué)習(xí)翻譯是有幫助的。,3. A view of Mt.

30、 E-mei can be obtained from here.,從這兒可以看到峨嵋山。,38,4. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽見隆隆的機(jī)聲，令我特別神往。 5. On the walk through the campus they saw many students reading in the garden. 漫步校園時(shí)，他們看見許多學(xué)生在公園里看書。,39,6. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-

31、smoker.,7. He was a regular visitor.,他倒是不抽煙，但他的爸爸卻一支接一支地抽（是個(gè)老煙槍）。,他經(jīng)常來。,B. 英語中加后綴-er, -or 的名詞，在句中并不表身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意義。,8. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?),你暈不暈船？,40,1. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the p

32、orch.,“來啊!” 她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著地跑了, 越過草地, 跑上小徑,跨上臺階, 穿過涼臺,進(jìn)了門廊。,C. 前置詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞,那天她在日出前就起來了.,瓊斯把窗子打開,讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來.,3. That day she was up before sunrise.,2. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in.,41,2. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞 A. Verbs-Nouns 英語中有許多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞，在漢語中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的名詞。如： 1. She behaves as if she were a

33、child. 她的舉止跟一個(gè)孩子一樣。 2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一個(gè)衣著講究的人上了車，他的言談舉止酷似美國人。,42,B. Adjectives-Nouns 一種情況，英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示一類的人，漢譯時(shí)常譯成名詞（例1、2、3）。另外，有些英語中的形容詞根據(jù)情況，也可譯成名詞。如例4： 1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號和傷員。 2. Rob

34、in Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 羅賓漢和他的同伴們痛恨闊人，熱愛并保護(hù)窮人。,43,3. Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。 4. This problem is no less important than that one. 這個(gè)問題的重要性不亞于那個(gè)問題。 5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth. 玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。,no

35、 less than “同 一樣”，“不亞于”,44,C. AdverbsNouns 1. It is editorially said that 社論說 2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally. 他體力很強(qiáng)，可智力很弱。 3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1. 圖一所示是這種新型機(jī)器的簡圖。,45,3. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞 A. NounsAdjectives I can note the grace of her gesture. 我可以看到她優(yōu)雅的舉止。 2

36、. We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai. 我們看到了美麗的泰山。 3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 獨(dú)立思考是學(xué)習(xí)所絕對必要的。,46,B. AdverbsAdjectives 4. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively. 英語的變化很敏感，很普遍。 5. She looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看著我。 6. Hopefully, it will be done ear

37、ly next month. 下月初完成這項(xiàng)工作是大有希望的。,47,4. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞 A. NounsAdverbs 1. The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人滿意地點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭。 2. He had the honor to attend the congress. 他榮幸地出席了代表大會。,48,B. AdjectivesAdverbs 3. He had a careful study of the map before he started off. 他在出發(fā)前仔細(xì)地看了看地圖。 4. Can you give an accurate translat

38、ion of the sentence? 你能準(zhǔn)確地把這句話譯出來嗎？ 很簡單，由于英語中帶有動(dòng)作意味的名詞漢譯為動(dòng)詞，因而原文修飾名詞的形容詞也業(yè)相應(yīng)地漢譯為副詞，以便修飾動(dòng)詞。,49,He is physically weak but mentally sound. （adv.n.） They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. (adv.n.) I have the honour to inform you that (n.adv.) He had the kindness to show

39、me the way. ( n.adv.) I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries (中間人). (n.adj.) 他們懷疑這是否是真的。(vadj.) 我打開窗子，讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來。(v.adv.) 你撥錯(cuò)了電話號碼。(adv.adj.) Version,50,他體力很弱，可智力很強(qiáng)。 但是，他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作做得好。 我榮幸地通知你。 他好意地給我指路。 我認(rèn)識到，通過中間人跟他們打交道是愚蠢的。 They are doubtful whether it is true or

40、not. I opened the window to let the fresh air in. You dialed the wrong number. Original,51,hunger march-反饑餓游行 terror war-反恐戰(zhàn)爭 dust mask-防塵罩 tear test-抗拉扯實(shí)驗(yàn) the head of the story-故事的后面 從廣義上說，任何反說轉(zhuǎn)正說和正說轉(zhuǎn)反說以及任何相反概念的轉(zhuǎn)譯都屬于這種譯法,Negation (正說反譯、反說正譯法),52,今天討論的主要指帶有否定詞的正反翻譯。英語中含有no，not，never，none，un-，-less，i

41、m-，in-，ir-等成分的詞句，都被視為否定表達(dá)，簡稱反說。相反，英語中不含這些成分的詞句稱為肯定說法，簡稱正說。漢語中含有“不”，“沒”，“未”，“休”，“莫”，“非”，“否”，“勿”等也都是否定表達(dá)。在翻譯中通常都可以保留原文的否定表達(dá)，但有時(shí)為了表達(dá)更為順暢，符合目的語的表達(dá)方法，或?yàn)榱嗽鰪?qiáng)語言效果，有時(shí)反說正譯，或正說反譯。,53,A. Some Idiomatic Expressions 1. riot police 防暴警察 (即anti-riot police，而不是暴亂的警察) 2. crisis law 反危機(jī)法案 (即anti-crisis law) 3. spy fil

42、m 反諜影片 4. After you, sir. 先生，您先請。,54,5. Keep off the lawn! 請勿踐踏草地！（正說反譯） 6. I couldnt agree more with you. 我完全同意你的看法。 7. Just make yourself at home. 不要客氣。/別見外 8. He was the last man to say such things. 他絕不會說這樣的話,55,1. Isnt it funny! 真逗！ 2. The thought of returning to his native land never deserted h

43、im. 歸國的念頭始終縈繞在他的心中。,B. Negation-Affirmation,56,3.Dont lose time in posting this letter. 趕快把這封信寄出去。 4.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我們對生活要永遠(yuǎn)抱樂觀態(tài)度。 5.The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us. 這件事引起了我們的重視。,57,6.He was an indecisive sort of person and always capriciou

44、s. 他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。 7.Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午學(xué)生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)要交書面作業(yè)。 8.Dont make your conclusion before the end of the year. 到年底再下結(jié)論。 9.He returned home with no hope on his face. 他滿臉灰心絕望地回到了家。,58,C. Affirmation-Negation,1 .Thats a thing that might happen t

45、o any man. 原譯：這樣的事情可能發(fā)生在任何人身上。 改譯：這種事情誰也難免。 2. Appearances are deceptive. 外貌是靠不住的。,59,英語中有很多詞本身就含有否定意義，beyond, absent, stop, bad, avoid, except, doubt, resistant, refuse, few, little。這類詞在翻譯中要譯出它含有的否定意義。 3.The window refuses to open. 窗戶打不開。 4.Children were excluded from getting in the building. 孩子不許進(jìn)

46、入這幢樓房。 5.Such a chance denied me. 我沒有得到這個(gè)機(jī)會。,60,6.The explanation is pretty thin.這個(gè)解釋站不住腳。 7.I have fallen behind with my correspondence.我有一些信件沒有及時(shí)答復(fù)。 8.Fully clothed, he fell across his bunk and was instantly sleep.他衣服也不脫往床鋪上橫著一躺，很快就睡著了。 9.He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.他75歲了，可是并不顯老。,6

47、1,I have failed to convince him of his error. The teacher found some of the students absent. His answer is beside the mark. They never see each other without talking about Super Girls Voice. That fellow is far from being honest. She refrained from laughing. All graduates from the Foreign Languages I

48、nstitutes will not be appointed to do translation work. Version,62,我沒能說服他，讓他知道自己的錯(cuò)誤。 老師發(fā)現(xiàn)有的學(xué)生不在。 他的回答文不對題。 他們每次見面總是先談?wù)摮壟暋?那家伙很不老實(shí)。 她忍住了，沒有發(fā)笑。 并非外語院校的畢業(yè)生都分配去做翻譯工作。Original,63,Among the eight translation techniques, there exist one called “the change of the voices”. Actually, the passive voice is mo

49、re commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology. In the sentences in which the doers are not necessarily told or known, the passive voice is used. And sometimes for the sake of connection of the context, there occurs the passive voice. Since the passi

50、ve structure seldom appears in Chinese, many passive sentences in English have to be turned into active sentences in Chinese. In fact, a translator tries to render the passive sentences into Chinese active sentences as many as possible. But the version must be made idiomatic and smooth, not ambiguou

51、s or abstruse. This is a problem which is worth our attention.,the change of the voices（語態(tài)變換法）,64,被動(dòng)語態(tài)的翻譯,The man was beaten by the police. 那個(gè)人被/讓/叫警察打了。 那個(gè)人挨了警察一頓打。 1. 英漢兩種語言中都存在被動(dòng)語態(tài),但漢語中表被動(dòng)的詞較多。如：受，遭，叫，讓,65,2. 英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)使用空間廣闊，而漢語中相對狹窄。主要原因在于： A.漢語句子中可以沒有主語，即：無主句。 B.漢語中表被動(dòng)的詞可以省略。 Wrongs must be right

52、ed when they are distorted. 發(fā)現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤一定要改正。 X-ray examination of the chest and heart should be routinely performed. 胸部和心臟x射線檢查應(yīng)（被）列為常規(guī)。,66,被動(dòng)句處理方法,1. 仍譯為被動(dòng)句，但注意被動(dòng)詞的靈活性。 被、受、得、由、讓、予以、加以 I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by member states and by Israel in particul

53、ar. 我希望大會的各項(xiàng)決議將得到各會員國，尤其是以色列的尊重。,67,Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 立功的人將受到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。 Our roof was damaged in last nights storm. 在昨夜的暴風(fēng)雨中，我家的屋頂遭到了破壞。,68,The cyclist was knocked down by a truck. 那個(gè)騎車人讓一輛卡車撞到了。 The design will be examined by a special committee. 這項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)將由一個(gè)專門委員會予以審查。 Problems should be resolved in good time. 有問題要及時(shí)加以解決。,69,2. 譯為主動(dòng)句，但需要注意主語的選擇。 The Novel A Dream of Red Mansions has been translated in to many foreign languages. 小說紅樓夢已譯成許多外國文字。 During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans. 世界杯比