國外MemoryandCognition課程課件-ch13-language.ppt

1、Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants rate of acquisition approx 7 words/day, birth-6 vocabulary size 10-14,000 at 6 creative language use,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Speech Perception in In

2、fancy phonemes speech-sound categories across speakers Eimas and coauthors habituation studies, sucking response dishabituation indicates perceiving difference between sounds Recognize native language sounds at or soon after birth Recognize all sounds in all languages at birth disappears by 1-year,C

3、ognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Speech Perception in Infancy Werker and Teesdistinguishing sounds in other languages Kuhlrelearning lost distinctions language rhythms bilingual homes and language discrimination,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapt

4、er 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Comprehension in Infancy By 6 months old, infants are fairly good a perceiving and understanding simple spoken language 1.Recognizing important words name, mommy, daddy 2.Discriminating between grammatical words and meaning words,Cogniti

5、on 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Comprehension in Infancy 3.Understanding the correspondence between sound and sight emotional tone of spoken language Walker-Andrews recordings of either a happy voice or an angry voice side-by-side films of ha

6、ppy speaker and angry speaker infants watched the face that matched the emotion of the voice,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Comprehension in Infancy 4.Appreciating semantic concepts Mandler and colleaguesconcepts about objects disting

7、uishing between visually similar objects animate/inanimate objects animal vs. vehicle categories concepts become more refined,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Language Production in Infancy Cooing 2 months, vowels only (aaa) Babbling 6 months, c

8、onsonants + vowels (baaa) intentional communication at 8-10 months,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Infants Adults Language to Infants child-directed speech / motherese adults typically use a different language style when speaking to infants Repetition,

9、 slow, high pitch, exagerated expression differences across language communities mothers who are depressed,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Words early words and concepts generalize (1 many) word production comprehension of words interrelations

10、hip of memory and language,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Words fast mappingusing context to make a reasonable guess about a words meaning Heibeck and Markman (1987) series of paired objects familiar and unfamiliar terms overextension underex

11、tension,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Morphology morphemes morphology pay greater attention to phrases with appropriate morphology create their own regular forms little or no grammatical morphemes below 15 months (drink / drinking),Cognition

12、 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Morphology overregularizationthe tendency to add the most customary morphemes to create new forms of irregular words (runned, goed, eated) parallel distributed processing explanationlanguage system keeps tally of morphem

13、e patterns; patterns of excitation within neural networks account for overregularization rule-and-memory theory (Marcus)children learn a general rule for past-tense verbs and also store in memory the past tenses for many irregular verbs,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Lang

14、uage,Language in Children Syntax combining words into sentences (18-24 months) two-word utterances Daddy home Dolly sick morphology and syntax Me going active process using syntax cues,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children Pragmatics learning the social rules of language what to say, to whom, language styles, coordinating conversations,Cognition 7e, Margaret MatlinChapter 13,The Development of Language,Language in Children P