高考英語非謂語動(dòng)詞.ppt

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞，即不做句子謂語的動(dòng)詞。非謂語動(dòng)詞在句中不可單獨(dú)做謂語，不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，但可以用作句子的其他成分,非謂語動(dòng)詞用法比較詳析,由上表可以看出現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式有和過去分詞在意義表達(dá)相交叉的區(qū)域，因此認(rèn)真區(qū)分它們在這方面的用法對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確理解和表達(dá)英語是很有幫助的。,如：to be done, being done, done, having been done都可表示被動(dòng)，同時(shí)都可作定語，但它們在作定語時(shí)，是有明顯區(qū)別的。如：,The school to be built is intended for the disabled children. 即將要建的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒

2、童而設(shè)的。 The school being built is intended for the disabled children. 正在建設(shè)的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童而設(shè)的。 The school built last year is intended for the disabled children. 去年建的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童而設(shè)的。 The school, having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children. 建設(shè)花了兩年多的學(xué)校是為殘疾兒童而設(shè)的。,二、不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別,1、動(dòng)名詞多表示一般的

3、、抽象的、泛指的概念或一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身。而不定式則表示具體的第一次行為或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作本身，不過有時(shí)二者之間區(qū)別很小。如：,Reading English novels is really great fun. 讀英語小說真有趣。,To read English novels this evening will take most of my time. 今晚讀英語小說會(huì)花去我很多時(shí)間。,2、動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，常用形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)，而動(dòng)名詞作語時(shí)較少使用形式主語，只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesing/hard

4、/difficult等句型中常用it作形式主語。如：,It is hard to make him change his mind. 很難讓他改變主意。,It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. 跟外教談話真有趣。,3、不定式作主語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子，必須用形式主語結(jié)構(gòu)。如,It was decided to set up a new football club in our school. 已經(jīng)決定在我們學(xué)校建立一個(gè)足球俱樂部。,4、在口語中，用動(dòng)名詞作主語置于句首的情況要比不定式多。,5、疑問句中，一般多用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，而不用不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

5、如：,Does our helping mean a lot to all of you? 我們提供幫助對(duì)你們很重要嗎？,6、在句型“There be no主語”中，習(xí)慣上常用動(dòng)名詞作主語，且不帶邏輯主語。如,There is no parking around here. 這周圍不準(zhǔn)停車。,There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.) 無法知道會(huì)發(fā)生什么。,7、不定式、動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)可有自己的邏輯主語。不定式的邏輯主語通常是介詞for/of引導(dǎo)的名詞或賓語代詞；動(dòng)名詞的邏

6、輯主語則常用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞。如：,Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union. 林肯說南方脫離聯(lián)邦是不對(duì)的。,The students knowing English well helped them in learning French. 對(duì)英語了解很好的人學(xué)習(xí)法語會(huì)有很大幫助。,8、當(dāng)表語是動(dòng)名詞時(shí), 主語要用動(dòng)名詞，當(dāng)表語是不定式時(shí)，主語也要用不定式。如：,Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。 To see is to believe.,三、不定式

7、、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作表語的區(qū)別,1、表示一般的概念時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)名詞可以互換。如：,What she likes is watching (to watch) children play. 我最的就是看孩子玩耍。,2、表示具體的個(gè)別的動(dòng)作或有將來含義時(shí)，一般用不定式, 無抽象概念一般用動(dòng)名詞。如：,My wish is to become a famous pianist. 我的愿望就是成為一名著名的鋼琴家。,3、動(dòng)名詞作表語和主語指的是一回事，?？膳c主語換位，回答what或doing what的問題?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表示主語的性質(zhì)和特征，回答how的問題，其主語可以是具體的人或物。如：,Their

8、 job is to finish the experiment by the end of this week. 他們本周的工作就是完成這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。 The story is very exciting. 這個(gè)故事很令人激動(dòng)。,4、現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主動(dòng)概念，過去分詞作表語表示被動(dòng)概念。如：,They were deeply moved to hear the old mans story. 聽到老人的故事，他們被深深地打動(dòng)了。 What he said isnt interesting at all. 他的講話一點(diǎn)也沒有趣。,5、過去分詞作表語，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，分詞前可以加very等程度副詞，后面

9、一般不用by引起的短語，時(shí)態(tài)概念不強(qiáng)。而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示動(dòng)作，時(shí)態(tài)概念較強(qiáng)。如：,The shop is closed. 商店關(guān)門了。 (分詞) The door was closed by the wind. 門被風(fēng)吹上了。 (被動(dòng)),6、動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)形式相同。動(dòng)名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容；現(xiàn)在分詞作表語說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征，而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說明正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作?，F(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)不作表語。如：,My job is teaching young children to climb mountains. 我的工作就是教孩子如何爬山。 (動(dòng)名詞),I was teaching the c

10、hildren maths when you passed by. 你經(jīng)過時(shí)我正教孩子數(shù)學(xué)。 （進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)）,What you teach is very interesing. 你所教的科目很有趣。 (分詞式形容詞),四、不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別,這類動(dòng)詞用不定式作賓語往往指具體的或一次性的行為，而動(dòng)詞的-ing形式則指概括性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或體驗(yàn)。這類動(dòng)詞常用的有：,like, begin, hate, start, propose, continue, prefer, love等。如：,I like reading/to read China Daily. 我喜歡讀中國日報(bào)。,Lets c

11、ontinue playing/to play the game. 咱們繼續(xù)玩游戲吧,3、跟不定式和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式皆可，但意義相差很大的動(dòng)詞,這類動(dòng)詞常用的有：,try, regret, forget, remember, cant help, mean, go on等。如：,（1）try: try to do sth.盡力做難做的事；try doing sth.試著做某一件可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)某一結(jié)果的事。,He tried to stand up but failed. 他試圖站起來，但沒成功。 Lets try telling him about the sad news. 咱們試著把這個(gè)不幸

12、的消息告訴他。,（2）regret: regret to do sth. 對(duì)馬上要做的事表示遺憾；regret doing sth.對(duì)已發(fā)生的事表示遺憾或后悔。,I really regret missing/having missed his lecture. 我沒能聽他的講座真感到遺憾。 I regret to tell you that I cannot come. 真遺憾，告訴你我不能來了。,（3）cant help: cant help doing sth.禁不?。籧ant help (to) do sth. 不能幫忙干,I couldnt help shaking with so

13、few clothes on. 穿這么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。 I cant help to clean the place up.我不能幫助打掃這里了。,（4）mean: mean to do sth. 想做；mean doing sth.意味著。如：,Wasting time means killing life. 浪費(fèi)時(shí)光就意味著浪費(fèi)生命。 Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意味著解放生產(chǎn)力。,（5）forget: forget doing/ having done/to have done sth. 忘了已做過的

14、事；forget to do sth.忘記將要做的事。如：,I forgot telling him about the news. 我忘了曾把那件事告訴過他。 Dont forget to wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning. 別忘了明天早晨6點(diǎn)叫醒我。,（6）go on: go on doing sth.繼續(xù)干未干完的事（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)）；go on to do sth.繼續(xù)干是一件事（強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的轉(zhuǎn)接）,The old man went on doing his work after a short rest. 那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。 The ol

15、d man went on to play another song. 這個(gè)老人接著彈奏另一首曲子。,（7）remember: remember doing/having done/ to have done sth. 指記著做過的事；remember to do sth.記著要做事。如：,Please remember to come on time. 請記著按時(shí)來。 I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time. 我仍記得第一次被帶到博物館的情景。,（8）stop: stop to do sth.

16、 停下正在做的動(dòng)作去做另一動(dòng)作；stop doing停止做動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作。如：,We stopped (in order /so as) to have a rest. 他停下來休息了一會(huì)。 Dont stop trying once again. 不要停止，再試一次。,（9）動(dòng)詞want, need, require, deserve作“需要”解時(shí)后接不定式被動(dòng)式或動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式。這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：,Your paper needs checking/to be checked again. 你的試卷需要再檢查一遍。,4、有些動(dòng)詞后可用“疑問詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作復(fù)合賓語，意

17、義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)賓語從句。使用這類結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不定式前不能再加引出的邏輯主語；不定式的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間概念上必須后于前面的動(dòng)詞，否則就應(yīng)用賓語從句。動(dòng)名詞無這種用法。能跟這類復(fù)合賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：know, see, deicde, tell, ask, advise, consider, discover, explain, guess, hear, learn, think, observe, wonder, understand等。,Hearing the sad news, she didnt know what to do. 聽到這則悲傷的消息，她不知如何做。 I couldnt decide

18、whether to work another year or change my job. 我不能決定是在這里再干一年還是換一個(gè)工作。,5、當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語，后面還有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，一般采用it作形式賓語，而把不定式或動(dòng)名詞放在補(bǔ)足語之后。如：,He thought it an honour to have been invited to dinner. 被邀來參加晚宴我感覺是一種榮耀。 I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble. 幫助有困難的人是一種責(zé)任。,6、動(dòng)名詞常作介詞賓語，而不定式作but, except等少數(shù)介詞的賓語，但

19、“疑問詞不定式”短語可作許多介詞的賓語。如：,I am looking forward to meeting you again. 我正期盼著與你見面。,I had nothing to do but stay home for another year, waiting for a chance. 我沒法只好在家里又呆了一年，等著機(jī)會(huì)的到來。,We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team. 我們正討論該選誰。,7、當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、主語是物而不是人或后接感覺性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞start, begin后多用不定式作賓語。如：,I

20、 am starting to work on my essay next week. 我下周開始專攻我的論文。 The rain began to pour. 雨開始瓢潑般下了起來。,五、不定式、和分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別,1、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，更具描繪性。而不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語一般表示動(dòng)作的全過程，表明動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，或即將發(fā)生。如：,I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人每天都在我們商店附近走著。 I dont often see him go to the ci

21、nema. 我不經(jīng)常看到他去看電影。,2、現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語表示它與賓語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語一般表示它與賓語之間的被動(dòng)關(guān)系、完成狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作由別人來完成。如：,We heard her singing next door. 我們聽到他在隔壁唱歌。 （主動(dòng)進(jìn)行）,I think the job (to be ) the easiest of all. 我認(rèn)為這是所有工作當(dāng)中最容易的。,過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作 的結(jié)果，而動(dòng)詞不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)作賓語補(bǔ)足語強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過程。但現(xiàn)在的傾向是：在want, wish, desire, like, expect等表示“意愿”的動(dòng)詞

22、后的賓語補(bǔ)語如果用的是不定式被動(dòng)語態(tài)，可省to be, 從而使語氣顯得更為毅然決然。如：,We heard her often sing next door. 我們聽到他在隔壁唱過歌。主動(dòng)完成）,We heard the song sung by her next door. 在隔壁我們聽見這首歌被他唱過.。（被動(dòng)完成）,We heard the song being sung next door. 我們聽見在隔壁有人正唱這首歌。 (被動(dòng)進(jìn)行),3、在think, consider, find等動(dòng)詞后常用to be +adj.結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語，有時(shí)to be 可省略。,We all disco

23、ver him (to be) kind and honest. 我們都發(fā)現(xiàn)他既善良又誠實(shí)。,I dont like such things (to be) discussed this way. 我不想這樣的事情以這種方式討論。,We all dont want the land (to be) built on. 我們都不希望這片土地搞建筑。,5、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語和動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語形式上似乎相同，其區(qū)別是：,（1）從謂語動(dòng)詞上看，現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語屬于“主謂賓賓補(bǔ)”的句式，謂語動(dòng)詞必須是能帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞，而動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)則是“主謂賓”結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語動(dòng)詞必須是帶動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞。如

24、：,We saw him going here at once. 我們看見他在這兒匆匆走過。 (分詞作賓補(bǔ)) We suggested him/his going there at once. 我們建議他在這時(shí)匆匆走過去。 （分詞作賓補(bǔ)）,（2）從邏輯主語上看，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語既可是所有格也可是賓語，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可用名詞來代替；而現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，盡管主語與賓語之間具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，但它的邏輯主語只能是賓格，而不能用所有格，整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)也不能用名詞來代替。,六、不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞作定語的區(qū)別,1、不定式與分詞作定語是垢區(qū)別主要表現(xiàn)時(shí)態(tài)上；不琿式作定語通常指動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語指正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；過去分

25、詞作定語指已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如：,I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要寫。 Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你認(rèn)識(shí)坐在桌子旁的那個(gè)人嗎？ Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你讀過魯迅先生翻譯過的小說嗎？,2、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示它所修飾的名詞的動(dòng)作，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，讀時(shí)都有重音。動(dòng)名詞作定語通常表示它所修飾的名詞的用途，二者不存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，讀時(shí)只重讀動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞作定語只有置于被修飾詞的前面，而分

26、詞作定語有時(shí)可置前，有時(shí)可置后。如：,a sleeping baby (=a baby who is sleeping) a sleeping car (=a car for sleeping=a car which is used for sleeping),3、作定語時(shí)，過去分詞常表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間早于謂語動(dòng)詞，或者沒有一定的時(shí)間性，只表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，有的只表示完成。如：,The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000. 去年建的這座立交橋花了12000美元。 (既表示被動(dòng)又表示完成),All the fallen leaves have be

27、en cleared away. 所有落葉都清走了。 (表示完成，并沒有被動(dòng)意味),I dont like to hear songs sung by young people. 我不想聽見年輕人唱這種歌。 (只表示被動(dòng)，沒有一定的時(shí)間性),4、-ing形式作后置定語則可表示：正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的行為（變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句要用進(jìn)行進(jìn)態(tài)）；現(xiàn)在（或當(dāng)時(shí)）的狀態(tài)（變?yōu)槎ㄕZ從句時(shí)常用一般時(shí)態(tài)）。如：,The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford. 等著附近的那輛小汽車是福特車。 The music being played(=which

28、is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar. 正在鋼琴上演奏的這首曲子聽起來很熟悉。,5、短暫性動(dòng)詞的-ing形式一般式一般不可用后置定語。如：,Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 應(yīng)邀參加這次晚會(huì)的大多數(shù)人是著名的科學(xué)家。,不能說成： Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists.,6、-ing分詞的完成式一般不能后置定語，除非為非限制性的后置定語。如：

29、,This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years. The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 討論多年的這個(gè)問題現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)解決了。,不可說成： This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.,7、beingadj.不能單獨(dú)用作后置定語,不能說： Anyone being fit

30、for this job can sign your name here. 應(yīng)為：Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here. 任何勝任這項(xiàng)工作的人可以在這里簽名。,8、分詞作定語時(shí)，如有逗號(hào)與被修飾的名詞分開，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)非限制性的定語。如：,The story, written by a young girl, became popular with the young. 這個(gè)故事在年輕人間很流行，這是位小姑娘寫的。,9、不定式作定語可以有自己的邏輯主語。如,It is spring, the time for us to

31、 plant trees. 春天正是植樹的好季節(jié)。,七、不定式和分詞作狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別,1、不定式作狀語通常表示目的或結(jié)果，表示目的時(shí)前面可用in order或so as，以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。表示結(jié)果時(shí)常用于tooto, enough to do, only to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：,I saved every cent in order to buy a car. 為了買車，我積攢著每一分錢。 The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. 濕度很高足以使水變?yōu)樗魵狻?2、作原因狀語時(shí)，過去分詞與-ing形式被動(dòng)一般式可以互換。但還是單獨(dú)使

32、用過去分詞的為多。如：,Written (Being written) very well, the novel sells well. 這部小說寫得很好，很暢銷。,3、作方式或伴隨狀語時(shí)常用過去分詞，習(xí)慣上不用-ing形式被動(dòng)一般式即不用being done形式。如：,Many parents were walking about the zoo, followed by their children. 很多父母正在公園里走著，后面緊跟著自己的孩子。,4、作時(shí)間狀語用時(shí)，過去分詞如同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)和動(dòng)作完成，常可換用-ing分詞的被動(dòng)完成式；過去分詞如果只表被動(dòng)，不表完成，則不可。如：,Read

33、 many times (=Having been read many times), the story seems much easier. 讀過多遍，這個(gè)故事似乎變得更容易了。 (表示被動(dòng)和完成) Seen from on the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 從山頂上看，這個(gè)顯得更加美麗。 (表被動(dòng)),5、與否定詞not連用時(shí)多用-ing形式。如：,Not being included, I have to find another chance. 我沒被錄用，只好再等。,6、使用分詞或分詞短語作句子的狀語時(shí)，有一條原則必須遵守，即分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語應(yīng)當(dāng)與句子的主語一致，否則句子就是不正確的或是不正規(guī)的語言。如：,【誤】Found him angry, I began to tell jokes.因?yàn)閒ound與I 在這個(gè)句子中不能構(gòu)成被動(dòng)，應(yīng)為Finding him angry, I began to tell jokes. 【誤】Looking around, there was no one nearby. Look around 的邏輯主語不應(yīng)