全新版大學英語單詞詳解 Book2 Unit7.doc

Unit 7 Learning about EnglishText A The Glorious Messiness of English1.(L. 7) corrupt: vt. 1) cause errors to appear in * The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted, as they corrupted the language.(=Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words?) 2) cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains * To our great surprise, the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power. * To gain more profits, the businessman tried every means to corrupt the officials in the local government. 2. (L. 8) ban: 1. vt. forbid (sth.) officially (used in the pattern: ban sth.; ban sb. from sth./doing sth.) * The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year. * Tom was banned from driving for six months after being caught speeding again. * Lady Chatterleys Lover was banned when it was first published. CF: ban, forbid & prohibit 這三個是及物動詞，均含“禁止”之意。ban語氣最重，指權(quán)威機關(guān)“正式禁止”。一般含有“嚴厲譴責”的意思，只能用于嚴重危害公眾利益的事物。例如： * The treaty bans all nuclear tests. 該條約禁止一切核試驗。forbid是普通用詞，可用于較細小的事物。例如： * He forbade his children sweets because he didnt want their teeth to be ruined.他不許孩子們吃糖果，因為他不希望他們的牙齒蛀壞。prohibit指“（通過法律、法令或嚴正警告）禁止某些事物”，應用范圍較ban廣。例如： * In some countries the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.在一些國家禁止出售含酒精的飲料。 2. n. ban (followed by on) * The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising. *The ban on human cloning is welcomed by most countries in the world. 3（L. 9）invent: vt. 1) make or design (sth. that has not existed before); create (sth.) * James Watt invented the steam engine. * Walter Hunt and Elias Hone invented the sewing machine 2) give (a name, reason, etc. that doesnt exist or is not true) (=All the characters in the novel are invented.) * Standing still in the teachers office, the boy tried to invent a plausible excuse for his absence from class. CF.: invent & discover 這兩個詞都是及物動詞，在意義上比較容易混淆。 Invent“發(fā)明”，發(fā)明的對象是以前沒有的新東西；如：工具、手段或方法，是 實踐問題，不僅僅是認識問題。例如： * Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.亞歷山大格雷厄姆貝爾 發(fā)明了電話。 discover“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，發(fā)現(xiàn)的對象是本來就存在，但主語不知道的東西，如新的科 學真理，新領(lǐng)域等。有時也可泛指“發(fā)現(xiàn)”、“認識到”某 種情況。例如： * The planet Pluto was discovered in 1930.冥王星是在1930年被發(fā)現(xiàn)的。4(L. 11) fascinating: adj. of great interest or attraction * The story of his adventures in the Arctic was fascinating to listen to. 我覺得有關(guān)克隆的討論很有吸引力。 (=I found the discussion about cloning absolutely fascinating.) * It is fascinating to imagine what might have happened if the US had not declared war against Japan in World War II.5. (L. 11) strictly speaking: if one uses words, applies rules, etc. in their exact sense * Hes not strictly speaking an artist; he is more of a performer. (=Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job. But we employed her because of her honesty.) 6. (L. 15) tolerance: n. 1) the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you dont agree or approve of it (followed by for) * School teachers have to have a great deal of tolerance in order to deal with difficult children. * He has no tolerance for people who disagree with him. 2) the ability to bear sth. painful or unpleasant (followed by of/for/to) * Human beings have limited tolerance of/to noise. * The patient had no tolerance for/to pain. Whenever he was injected he would cry. Collocation： display/show tolerance 表示寬容 have tolerance有容忍力；有雅量 tolerance for/of/towards對容忍7. (L. 16) to a (very real, certain, etc.) extent: to the degree specified * I agree with him to some extent but there are still some areas of sharp disagreement between us. (=To some extent the water pollution has affected local residents.) 從某種程度上說，餐館的失敗是由于經(jīng)營不善造成的。 （To a certain extent the failure of the restaurant was due to bad management.）8. (L. 22) necessity: n. 1) sth. you must have in order to live properly or do sth. (= Water is a basic necessity of life.) * A lot of people would consider a TV as more of a necessity than a luxury item. * The workers wages were so low that they hardly had enough money to buy the bare necessities of life. 2) circumstances that force one to do sth.; the state of being necessary; the need for sth. (followed by of/for) 再搞一次選舉有必要嗎？ (= Is there any necessity for another election?) *There is absolutely no necessity for you to be involved in the project. Collocation： feel the necessity of 感到有的必要 the bare necessities 最低限度的必需品 the necessities of life生活必需品 of necessity 必然地 * You will of necessity remain silent. 你必然會保持沉默。 by necessity由于必要；不得已 * I walked home by necessity, because the car broke down. 汽車壞了，我 不得已只好走回家。9. (L. 26) arouse: vt. provoke (a particular feeling or attitude) * These educational toys give children a feeling of self-worth by arousing their interest in challenging tasks. * The mans strange behavior aroused the policemans suspicions. 10. (L. 31) surrender: v. give in (followed by to) * After several weeks of severe attacks, Afghanistans Taliban forces surrendered to the Northern Alliance. *After the bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered. *Well never surrender to terrorism despite the terrorist attacks. 你們必須向警方繳槍。 (= You must surrender your guns to the police.)11. (L. 32) virtually: adv. for the most part, almost * Its virtually impossible to tell the imitation from the real thing. * It has been raining virtually non-stop for the past several days. 晚飯差不多準備好了；我只差做蔬菜了。 (=The dinners virtually ready; I only have to finish the vegetables.)12. (L. 38) invade: vt. enter with armed forces * In July 1937 the Japanese army invaded China. * The Germans invaded Poland in 1939, leading to the start of World War II.13. (L. 40) mystery: n. sth. that people cant, or have not been able to understand or explain * The politicians sudden death remains a mystery to us all. 埃及的金字塔（pyramid）是如何建成的依然是個謎。 (=How Egyptian pyramids were built still remains a mystery.) * No one has ever been able to explain the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle. Collocation： pose a mystery 形成疑團 remain a mystery依然是個謎 clear up a mystery使神秘的事真相大白 solve/unravel a mystery闡釋奧秘 shrouded/cloaked/wrapped in mystery處于神秘之中14. (L. 42) resemble: vt. be like or similar to 約翰在各方面都非常像他父親。 （John resembles his father very much in all ways.） (= Id say he resembles his mother more than his father.)15. (L. 43) descend: v. come down (from a source), go down * These ideas descend from those of the ancient philosophers. * The old lady descended the stairs. 太陽落山了。 （ The sun descended behind the hills.）CF: descend, fall & drop 這三個詞都是動詞，均含“下落”之意。descend是相當正式的用法，表示從某一高處落到某一低處。fall為不及物動詞，表示由于地球吸引力或失去支撐而導致的下落。廣義上講，指 任何形式的下落。drop表示一點一滴地落下，但通常表示下落或使下落時的速度、方向出乎意料 或不經(jīng)意。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. The rain was still _ from the trees. (=dropping)2. On turning the corner, we saw that the road _ steeply. (=descended)3. Large masses of rock are constantly _ into the sea. (=falling)4. The hawk (鷹) _ in a vertical stoop on its quarry (獵物). (=descends)16. (L. 49) establish: vt. 1) cause to be, set up 這學校是由一位意大利教授于1905年建立的。 （ The school was established in 1905 by an Italian professor.） * The bank helps people wanting to establish their business. 2) place or settle sb./oneself in a position, an office, etc. * Ingrid Bergman established her fame as a film star at the age of 20. * Yao Ming established himself in the team soon after he arrived in U.S.17. (L. 50) drift: 1. vi. move or go somewhere in a slow casual way (=Jimmy spent the year drifting around Europe.)* The football match was over, and the crowds drifted away from the stadium. 她經(jīng)常調(diào)換工作。 （She just drifts from job to job.） 2. n. 1) the movement or course of sth. drifting * Nowadays there is a drift of young people from the country to the city. 2) the general meaning * Im sorry: I cant catch/get the drift of what youre saying. 論點的要旨你明白了嗎？ （Did you get/see the drift of the argument?） Collocation： drift along漫無目的地游蕩 drift apart分開；疏遠 drift into/toward漸漸進入；陷入 * At last, he drifted into a life of crime. 最后，他陷入了犯罪生涯。 drift from to 從漂流到 * The conversation drifted from one subject to another. 談話從一個主題轉(zhuǎn) 到另一個主題。 a general drift總的傾向 get/catch the drift of 理解大意 follow sbs drift 聽懂某人的意思18. (L. 56) pass (sth.) on to (sb.): hand or give (sth.) to (sb.) * When you have finished reading the novel, please pass it on to Laura. * The King passed on much of his fortune to the princess.19. (L. 66) addition: n. 1) a person or thing added (followed by to) * The baby is a welcome addition to the Smith family. 他將是我們籃球隊里可貴的新增力量。 (=He will be a valuable addition to our basketball team.) 2) the act of adding, esp. adding numbers together * Before I entered the primary school, my mother taught me to do addition and subtraction. Collocation： do addition 做加法 make an addition 增加一些 in addition to 除之外 * In addition to his salary, he earns a lot from giving lectures. in addition 另外；加之 * You need money and time. In addition, you need diligence.20. (L. 69) conquer: vt. take possession and control of (a country, city, etc.) by force; defeat * Afghanistans Northern Alliance conquered Kabul a month ago. (= She has conquered the hearts of many men.) 全世界已作出巨大努力來征服癌癥。 * There has been a tremendous international effort to conquer cancer.CF: conquer, beat & defeat 這三個詞都是動詞，均含“打敗”、“勝過”之意。conquer指通過武力、斗爭或堅強的意志把某事或某物、某人置于自己的控制之 下。例如： * The Romans conquered parts of Britain in the first century B. C. 公元前 一世紀羅馬人曾占領(lǐng)了英國的部分領(lǐng)土。beat強調(diào)對手被徹底打敗，該詞常用在正式場合，可用于描寫任何比賽。例如： * She beat her brother at tennis. 在網(wǎng)球上，她打敗了她弟弟。defeat是個普通用語?？芍复驍橙恕κ?，也可指在選舉中落選，希望、計劃 受挫等。例如： *He was defeated by 165 votes against 132. 他以132票對165 票落選了。21. (L. 73) alternative: 1. n. one of two or more possibilities (followed by to) * His father gave John the alternative of staying in high school or going to work. 恐怕除了向警察告發(fā)你之外，我別無選擇。 （ Im afraid I have no alternative but to report you to the police.） NB: 該詞本意是“另一個，每兩者中的第二個”，因此僅限于在兩者之間進行選 擇，但現(xiàn)在也可指“幾種可能中的一種”，類似 We have several alternatives to chose from.（有幾種可能性可供我們選擇。）之類的句子也 相當普遍。 2. adj. (of two things) that may be used, had, done, etc. instead of another; other * We returned by an alternative road. NB: 有時alternate可用來代替alternative：They had an alternate/alternative plan.（他們另有一個計劃。) 但是，alternative被認為是更地道的英語。22. (L.76) enrich: vt. 1) make rich or richer * That once poor coastal village has been enriched by the profits from tourism. 油田的發(fā)現(xiàn)使許多阿拉伯國家富足起來了。 （ The discovery of oil has enriched many Arabian countries.） 2) improve * It is important to enrich the soil prior to planting. * Music can enrich your whole life.23. (L. 86) source: n. 1) a place from which sth. comes or is obtained * Tourism, which is a major source of income for the city, has been seriously affected by SARS. * Do you have any other source of income apart from your job? 2) the place where a stream of water starts * Where is the source of the Amazon River?CF: source & origin 這兩個詞都是名詞，均含“根源，起因”之意。source原指“水源”，轉(zhuǎn)義指事物的“根源，起因或出處”。例如： * They had to find a new source of income. 他們不得不尋找新的收入來源。origin指事物的起源、源頭，含有現(xiàn)在的情景已有變化之意，有時也指“出身，血 統(tǒng)”。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.1. There are a number of words in the English language which were French in _. (=origin)2. Where is the _of the River Thames? (=source)3. They had to find a new _ of income. (=source)4. This practice owes its _ to the Chinese. (=origin)24(L. 87) out of control: no longer able to be controlled * The fire was out of control by the time the second fire engine arrived. * There was nothing they could do about it. The situation was out of control.25. (L. 89) put into practice: take action regarding sth. * They werent allowed to put into practice in their daily lives the teachings they received. (= Having delayed several times, we must put this plan into practice now.) 26. (L. 94) strike out: start being independent; start doing what one wants to do in life * After working for his father for about ten years, he decided to strike out on his own. 約翰辭掉原來的工作，開始從事旅游推銷員的工作。 (= John quit his job and struck out as a traveling salesman.)Text B The Role of English in the 21st Century1. （Para.1） It is unparalleled in several ways: by the increasing number of users of the language; by its depth of penetration into societies; by its range of functions. Translate the sentence into Chinese.(=這一過程在幾個方面都是前所未有的：英語使用人數(shù)的增加，英語在不同社會滲透的深度，以及英語功用的廣度。)2. （Para.1）range: n. the limits within which sth. exists, operates, or is effective* An earthquake occurred within the range of 300 km around the city.動物有時可以聽到超出人類的聽覺范圍的聲音。(=Animals can sometimes hear sounds beyond the range of human hearing.)3. （Para. 2）exceed: vt. go beyond in quantity, degree, etc.* The shops Christmas Season revenue exceeded their wildest expectations到2004年10月1日為止，伊拉克平民的死亡人數(shù)超過了10萬人。(=The civilian death toll in Iraq exceeded 100,000 by 1st October, 2004. )4. （Para. 3）management: n. the art or practice of managing, esp. of a business or money* She plans to study hotel management in Switzerland next year.管理既是一門科學也是一門藝術(shù)。(=Management is both a science and an art.)5. （Para. 3）What began some 1,500 years ago as a crude language, originally spoken by little known German tribes who invaded England, now covers the globe. Translate the sentence into Chinese.(=大約1500年前，英語還只是那些入侵英格蘭的鮮為人知的日耳曼部落使用的一種粗俗的語言，如今它卻遍及全球。)6. （Para. 3）crude: adj. not refined* Soybeans in their crude form are inedible. The term crude oil refers to petroleum directly out of the ground.(=“原油”這個術(shù)語是指直接來自地下的石油。)7. （Para. 4）conduct: vt. carry out or direct* Well-conducted dialogues are valuable ways for exploring ideas within our community.宇航員在哥倫比亞號宇宙飛船上進行實驗。(=Astronauts conducted experiments onboard spacecraft Columbia.)8. （Para. 5）contribute to: help to cause* The involvement in a romantic triangle may have contributed to the decline of her mental health.個人行為，環(huán)境因素和遺傳特征都會導致疾病的復雜性。(=Individual behaviors, environmental factors, and genetics all contribute to the complexity of diseases. )9. （Para. 5）integrate: vi. cause to become a member, make into a whole* Older students form clubs to integrate into campus life.由于經(jīng)濟全球化，我國也必須融入世界經(jīng)濟中去。(=Our country must also integrate into the world economy because of globalization.)10. （Para. 6）With this technical and scientific dominance came the beginning of overall dominance by the language, first in Europe and then globally. Translate the sentence into Chinese.(=隨著它在科技領(lǐng)域主導地位的確立，英語先是在歐洲，繼而在全球開始取得全面的主導地位。)11. （Para. 6）overall: adj. including everything* Retail sales continued the overall downturn trend.你對新品蘋果電腦的總體印象如何？(= What is your overall impression of the new Apple computer?)12. （Para. 7）transform: vt. change completely in form, appearance or nature*Her whole posture was totally transformed: head up, shoulders back and down, and there was a confidence in her step that Id never seen before.水能把一片不毛之地變成一座花園。(=Water can transform