初中英語語法---句子的種類.doc

初中英語語法-句子的種類A英語中的句子按其使用目的，句子可分為：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、和感嘆句。Eg:陳述句：This is a dog. 疑問句：Is this a dog?祈使句：Open your eyes!感嘆句：What a beautiful building it is!簡(jiǎn)單句：I am studying.并列句：I was born in a small village and I lived there for nearly ten years.復(fù)合句：As soon as I get there, Ill call you.1 陳述句凡是說明一件事情，提出一個(gè)看法，或者是表達(dá)一種心情的句子都是陳述句。大多數(shù)的句子都是陳述句，陳述句可以用肯定式和否定式。陳述句句末用句號(hào)“.”，通常用降調(diào)。Eg： We live in Beijing. We dont live in Beijing.(1) be 動(dòng)詞、一般動(dòng)詞（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定句I am not a student.I dont know him.He cant speak English.be 動(dòng)詞的否定句句型： 主語 + be動(dòng)詞 + not + I wasnt good at English.They werent at home yesterday.He isnt my cousin.進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)都有be 動(dòng)詞，它們的否定句與be動(dòng)詞的否定句同形。Eg：They arent cleaning the room.The child was not looked after by anybody.將來時(shí)（will，shall）、完成時(shí)及情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不能用be動(dòng)詞否定句型。They will not be sent to the front.They will be not sent to the front. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定句句型：主語 +情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + not + 動(dòng)詞原形Eg：I cant do it myself.You mustnt take the books out.You must not go there alone.一般動(dòng)詞的否定句句型：主語 + do/does/did + not + 動(dòng)詞原形Eg:They didnt live in Shanghai.He doesnt do his homework every day.They didnt have the class-meeting yesterday afternoon.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句句型：主語 + have/has+ not + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+I havent finished reading the book yet.He hasnt had his breakfast yet.過去完成時(shí)的否定句句型：主語 + had+ not + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞+He hadnt finished reading the book by the end of last month.(2).否定結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)注意事項(xiàng)使用not 的部分否定含有not的句子，如果使用了very, always以及不定代詞all, both, every及every的復(fù)合詞，則表示部分否定。Eg:I dont play football very well.It isnt always hot here in summer. not的其他否定表示1. not at all 一點(diǎn)也不Im not tired at all.I dont like it at all.2. notany more, not any longer 再也不I dont live here any longer. = I no long live here.I can not eat any more. = I can eat no more. 使用not 以外的否定詞表示否定1.用no表示：no+名詞= not any 一點(diǎn)也不There is no wind. = There is not any wind.2. never 絕不I will never forget you.He has never been abroad.3. few / little 幾乎沒有He has few friends.Few people understand the difference.I have little money.There is little water in the glass.4. no one = nobody 無人No one knows the answer.= Nobody knows the answer.5.nothing = not anything 什么也沒有I have nothing to do today.6. none of 沒有任何人；什么也沒有None of them can answer it.I eat none of the food.7.含有否定副詞seldom /hardly的句子He can hardly write his name.We seldom watch TV. tooto(太以至于不.) 的句型表示否定He is too old to work.不定代詞的肯定和否定形式肯定否定肯定否定allnone, nosomenot any, noeveryone, each no onesomethingnot anything, nothingeverythingnothinga fewfewEach, both, either neither, not eithera littlelittle2 祈使句表示請(qǐng)求、命令。建議等。句子沒有時(shí)態(tài)變化，謂語動(dòng)詞一律用原形。句子中通常不用主語，句末用感嘆號(hào)或者句號(hào)，用降調(diào)。1. 含有第二人稱主語的祈使句Be careful！Dont make such a noise. 肯定的祈使句型 動(dòng)詞原形+ +（省略主語）Stand up.Be quiet, please.1. 有時(shí)，為了加強(qiáng)語氣，可以在動(dòng)詞之前加do.Do sit down.Do study hard.2. 用客氣的語氣表示祈使句時(shí)，可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句尾加 please時(shí)，那在please之前一定要加一個(gè)逗號(hào)“，”。Go this way, please.3. 祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號(hào)“，”隔開，放在句首或句尾。Li Ming, come here.Come here, Li Ming. 否定的祈使句句型 Dont +動(dòng)詞原形+Dont swim in the river.Dont be late.Please dont be noisy.句型轉(zhuǎn)換 之 祈使句和陳述句的改寫祈使句= You mustCome here. = You must come here.Dont do that again. = You mustnt do that again.Please + 祈使句= Will you (please)?Please help me. = Will you (please) me ?2 含有第一、第三人稱主語的祈使句Lets say goodbye here.Dont let him do that again. 肯定的祈使句句型 let+第一人稱(me, us)+動(dòng)詞原形+ let+第三人稱代詞（him/her/it/them）或名詞+動(dòng)詞原形+let me try again.Lets go at once.Let Tom go there himself. 否定的祈使句Lets + not + 動(dòng)詞原形+Dont let + 第三人稱代詞的賓格或名詞+動(dòng)詞原形+Lets not say anything about it.Dont let them play with fire.句型轉(zhuǎn)換Use your head and you will find a way.If you use your head, you will find a way.3 感嘆句表示喜怒哀樂等強(qiáng)烈感情時(shí)用感嘆句。感嘆句分為兩種：一種以what引導(dǎo)，一種以how引導(dǎo)。句尾用感嘆號(hào)，通常用降調(diào)。What a clever boy he is.How clever the boy is.1 what 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句句型 what + 名詞（或形容詞+名詞）+陳述句（主語+謂語）What a beautiful city it is!What a fine day!What an honest man he is!What big apples these are!What a tall boy Tom is!What fools they are!2 how 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句句型 How+形容詞或副詞+陳述句（主語+謂語）！How hot it is today!How high the kite is flying!How beautiful the girl is!How fast he runs!How I want to be a teacher!How well she can skate!感嘆句：How busy you are!疑問句：How busy are you?3 if only 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句用if only 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句通常表示一種強(qiáng)烈的愿望，特別是表示對(duì)一些不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的或沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望的遺憾感。句型 if only +主語 + 一般過去時(shí)/wereIf only I knew her telephone number!If only he were here!句型 if only +主語 + could / would + have +過去分詞If only we could have gone to the party!4 其他形式的感嘆句感嘆句除用what和how引導(dǎo)外，還有許多其他形式，如可用陳述句，疑問句，祈使句等，有時(shí)甚至一個(gè)單詞或一個(gè)短語也可構(gòu)成感嘆句。The garden looks so lovely today!Isnt it a lovely day!Fire!Very good!陳述句用作感嘆句時(shí)，句中通常有so, such, really等加強(qiáng)語氣的詞語，疑問句用作感嘆句時(shí)，句子多為否定疑問句。B句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。復(fù)合句中包含賓語從句、狀語從句或定語從句等。一 簡(jiǎn)單句簡(jiǎn)單句就是只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其句式結(jié)構(gòu)主要有五種：主 + 謂。He works in a big company .他在一家大公司工作。主 + 系 + 表。She is a kind girl .她是一個(gè)善良的女孩。主 + 謂 + 賓。Ann eats junk food twice a week .安一周吃兩次垃圾食品。主 + 謂 + 間賓 + 直賓。He gave me a pen .他給我一支鋼筆。主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)。He kept me waiting for two hours .他讓我等了兩小時(shí)。 二 并列句并列句由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡(jiǎn)單句同等重要，沒有從屬關(guān)系，是并列的關(guān)系，之間用并列連詞連接。1. 表示順承的并列連詞有and / not only but (also)等。 如：She not only gave us a lot of advice, butalso helped us to overcome difficulties .他不僅給了我們很多建議，而且還幫助我們克服困難。2. 表示選擇的并列連詞有or , either or 等。如：Either you or Maria will have to go .你或瑪麗亞得去一趟。3. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連詞有but , yet , however 等。如：It is hot in summer here , but its not cold in winter .這里夏天熱，但冬天不冷。4. 表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有so . 如：He works hard , so he is one of the top students in our class .因?yàn)樗麑W(xué)習(xí)努力，所以他是我們班最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生之一。 三復(fù)合句 （一）賓語從句1. 賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有that(可省略)，if , whether , who , whose , what等。如：He tells me (that) he is going shopping this Sunday .他告訴我這個(gè)星期天他要去購(gòu)物。She asked me if / whether she could join us .她問我她是否可以加入我們。Do you know who broke the door .你知道誰弄壞了門嗎?2. 賓語從句的語序在含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句中，賓語從句都要使用陳述語序。如：I want to know when the train left .我想知道火車是什么時(shí)候離開的。Could you tell me what your name is ?你能告訴我你叫什么名字嗎?3. 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)如果主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)或祈使句，賓語從句可以根據(jù)實(shí)際需要用各種時(shí)態(tài)。如：He tells us that he has been able to look after himself .他告訴我們他已經(jīng)能夠照顧自己了。如果主句是一般過去時(shí)，賓語從句應(yīng)該使用對(duì)應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)的一種。如：They said that they had already finished the work .他們說他們已經(jīng)完成了工作。賓語從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)、格言等時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：Everyone knows there are sixty minutes in an hour .大家都知道1小時(shí)有60分鐘。4. 否定前移在賓語從句中，當(dāng)主句的主語為I或we，謂語動(dòng)詞為think , believe , suppose等時(shí)，否定應(yīng)前移。如：I dont think he is right . 我認(rèn)為他不對(duì)。We dont suppose he will come .我們猜測(cè)他不會(huì)來。（二） 狀語從句狀語從句在復(fù)合句中作狀語，修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等。1. 時(shí)間狀語從句在時(shí)間狀語從句中，常用的引導(dǎo)詞有when / while / before / after / until(till) / as soon as / since / as等。如：She was cooking when someone knocked at the door . 有人敲門時(shí)，她正在煮飯。What will you do after you finish your homework ? 你做完作業(yè)后準(zhǔn)備做什么?2. 條件狀語從句在條件狀語從句中，常用的引導(dǎo)詞有if / unless等。如：If it doesnt rain , I will go fishing .如果不下雨，我將去釣魚。They will have a picnic unless it rains next Sunday .如果下星期日不下雨，他們要進(jìn)行野炊活動(dòng)。 If 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，若主句用一般將來時(shí)，則從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。3. 原因狀語從句在原因狀語從句中，常用的引導(dǎo)詞有because / as / since 等。如：He didnt come because he was ill . 他沒有來，因?yàn)樗×?。As you are sorry , Ill forgive you . 既然你悔悟了，我就原諒你。4. 結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句主要由sothat / suchthat引導(dǎo)。so后接形容詞或副詞;such后接名