八年級上冊英語外研版(新)各模塊知識點歸納總?完美).doc

英語八年級上冊重點知識點匯總Module 1 How to learn English1.pair n. (相關的)兩個人，一對，一雙，一副e.g.A pair of teenage boys are watching a football game.兩個青少年正在看足球賽。 2correct（1）v. 改正，糾正 （2）adj. 正確的；恰當?shù)?3advice （1）n.意思是“意見，建議”，為不可數(shù)名詞，可用some，much，a piece of，pieces of等修飾，不能說an advice或many/a few advices。 （2）表示“有關的建議”時，用介詞on，接名詞、代詞或由疑問詞引導的不定式。 e.g.Lets ask for his advice on what to do next. 我們去征求一下他的意見下一步該怎么辦。 常見搭配：take/follow ones advice 接受某人的建議 ask for advice 征求意見 accept/refuse ones advice 接受（拒絕）某人的建議 offer advice to sb. 向某人提供建議 拓展： advise vt建議 常見搭配：advise sb. to do sth. advise that sb. (should) do sth.e.g.My teacher advises me to leave now.老師建議我現(xiàn)在就離開。 We advise measures（should）be taken to stop pollution at once. 我們建議立即采取措施以阻止污染。 4We should always speak English in class.我們應該總是在課堂上說英語。 should是情態(tài)動詞，意思是“應該”。通常用來表示現(xiàn)在或將來的責任或義務。 should/shouldnt do sth.5Lets try to speak English as much as possible.讓我們一起盡可能地說英語。 （1） e.g.They are trying to study English well.他們正努力學好英語。 I am trying doing it in this way.我正試著用這種方法做。 We should try/do our best to help the people in trouble. 我們應該盡最大努力幫助困境中的人們。 （2）譯為“盡量”、“盡最大努力（可能）”，主要用于 as.as possible/one can。 e.g.You should rest as much as possible. 你應當盡量多休息。 I have helped you as much as I can. Now it is up to you. 我已盡我所能地幫助你了。現(xiàn)在該看你自己了。6Each time you will learn something new. I also advise you to talk about the films or songs with your friends.每次你將會學習一些新東西。我也建議你和朋友們談論電影或歌曲。time的用法： （1）time側重指“時間”這一概念，或說明“時間”的量，time用作不可數(shù)名詞，前面可much, little, a lot of, plenty of等修飾。 e.g.This saves time and allows farmers to grow an extra crop in each season. 這節(jié)省了時間，使農民能夠在每個季節(jié)中多種點莊稼。 （2）當作“次數(shù)；倍數(shù)”講時，time是可數(shù)名詞。 e.g.I have been to Beijing three times. 我去過北京三次。 （3）time構成的短語： at a time一次，每一次 at one time曾經，一度 at times /from time to tim有時，偶爾 all the time總是，一直 in time及時，遲早 on time準時 （4）time構成的句型： Its time for sb. to do sth./Its (high) time sb. did sth. 該是某人干的時間了。 Its high time that we started. 我們該出發(fā)了。 each time（每次），next time（下次），the first/last time（第一次/最后一次的時候）等詞組引導的時間狀語從句。 14I suggest you write four or five words a day on pieces of paper and place them in your room.我建議你一天把四個或者五個單詞寫在紙上并且放在你的房間里。 suggest，做動詞，表示“建議，提議”的意思，對應的名詞是suggestion。suggest的用法： e.g. She suggested that the class meeting (should) not be held on Saturday. 她建議班會不要在星期六舉行。注意：當suggest表示“暗示，表明”的意思，它后面接賓語從句，謂語用真實的時態(tài)，而不用“should+動詞原形”。 e.g.他臉上的表情表明他很開心。（）The expression on his face suggested that he should be very happy. （）The expression on his face suggested that he was very happy.Module 2 My home town and my country1It is on the River Cam and has a population of about 120,000.它（劍橋）位于康河河畔，人口約為12萬。 population n. 意思是“人口，居民”，它是一個集體名詞，它的用法有時較為特殊, 所以很容易用錯。 population常與定冠詞the連用，作主語用時，謂語動詞常用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。 e.g.The worlds population is increasing faster and faster. 當主語是表示“人口的百分之幾、幾分之幾”時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。 e.g.About seventy percent of the population in China are farmers. 有時population可用作可數(shù)名詞，其前可用不定冠詞。 e.g.China has a population of about 1.3 billion. =There is a population of about 1.3 billion in China.表示人口的“多”或“少”,不用“much”或“l(fā)ittle”,而要用“l(fā)arge”或“small”。 e.g.India has a large population. Singapore has a small population. 詢問某國、某地有多少人口時，不用“How much.？”，而用“How large.？”。在問具體人口時用“What.？”。 e.g.What is the population of Canada？ = How large is the population of Canada？ The population of Canada is about 29 million. 2It has a population of about seven and a half million, so it is bigger and busier than Cambridge.（1）million是數(shù)詞，意思是“百萬”。它的用法如下： 當與具體數(shù)字連用時，習慣上用單數(shù)，而且后也不接介詞of。e.g.three million people 三百萬人 He was prepared to pay two million. 他愿意支付200萬。 但是，后面的名詞有了the, these, those等特指限定詞修飾時，或其后的接的是us, them 這樣的人稱代詞時，則此時必須用介詞 of。e.g.About three million of them have left there. 他們當中約有三百萬人離開了那兒。 當不與具體數(shù)字連用，而是表示不確定的泛指數(shù)時，則不僅要用復數(shù)，而且要后接介詞of，然后才能接名詞。 e.g.A careless mistake cost the company millions of pounds. 一個粗心的錯誤使公司蒙受數(shù)百鎊的損失。 拓展：與million有相同用法的數(shù)詞還有：hundred（百）, thousand（千）, billion（十億）。本節(jié)課主要學習形容詞的比較級的規(guī)則變化及用法。 （1）規(guī)則變化： 類別 構成方法 原級 比較級 單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞 一般直接加-erlongtalllongertaller不發(fā)音的e結尾時加-rlatelargelaterlarger輔音字母加y結尾時把y變i，再加-ereasyhappyeasierhappier重讀閉音節(jié)結尾并且只有一個輔音字母時，雙寫最后的輔音字母，再加-erbighotbiggerhotter（2）形容詞比較級用法 表示兩者進行比較時用形容詞比較級，最明顯的提示詞是than，其結構為“A+比較級+than+B”。 e.g.Li Leis room is bigger than mine.This mooncake is nicer than that one. 有表示程度的副詞a little，a bit，a few，a lot，much，even，still，far，rather，any等修飾時，用形容詞比較級。 e.g.I feel even worse now.It is much colder today than before.比較級前面可以加上表示具體數(shù)量差別的結構,表示具體“大多少”，“小多少”，“長多少”，“短多少”等。 e.g.I am two years older than he.This building is 20 meters higher than that one.表示“兩者之間最一個(of the two)”時，常用“the+比較級”結構。 e.g.Mary is the taller of the twins. 表示“越來越”，用比較級重疊結構，即“比較級+and+比較級”，多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞時用“more and more+形容詞原級”。 e.g.Its getting warmer and warmer in spring.Our home town is becoming more and more beautiful. 表示“越就越”時，用“the+比較級，the+比較級”結構。 e.g.The busier he is, the happier he feels. Module 3 Sports形容詞和副詞的比較級的規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化 （1）規(guī)則變化： 類別 構成方法 原級 比較級 多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞 在原級前加morecarefulbeautifulmore carefulmore beautiful在原級前加lessimportantusefulless importantless useful（2）不規(guī)則變化： 原級 比較級 good/well（身體好的） bettermany/muchmorebad/illworselittlelessfarfarther(較遠)further(進一步)oldolderelder(較年長的)Module 4 Planes, ships and trains形容詞最高比較級用法 表示三者或三者以上的人或物進行比較時，用最高級形式。形容詞最高級前必須加定冠詞the，句末常跟一個in/of短語來表示范圍。（of表示同范圍，in表示不同范圍） e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物進行選擇時，用“Which/Who is+the+最高級，A，B or C？”結構。 e.g.Which city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Fuzhou？ 表示“最的之一”時，用“one of the+形容詞最高級”結構，該形容詞后面的名詞要用復數(shù)形式。 e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers. 形容詞最高級前面可以加序數(shù)詞，表示“第幾最”。 e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. 形容詞最高級前面可以有物主代詞，指示代詞，名詞所有格等修飾，但此時不能再用定冠詞the。 e.g.This is our last lesson today. 形容詞比較級結構可以表示最高級含義。 e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.=Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.=Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.=Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class.Module 5 Lao She Teahouse重點知識講解 1offer （1）做動詞，意思是“提供；提議；提出”。常用的搭配： offer sth. e.g.Many people willingly offered their blood. 很多人自愿獻血。 offer sb. sth.=offer sth. to sb. 把某物給予某人 e.g.The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus. =The young man offered his own seat to the old man on the bus. offer to do sth. 主動提出做某事 e.g.She offered to lend me her bike. （2）做名詞，表示愿做某事或給予某物(后接of/to do sth) 。e.g.Thank you for your kind offer of helping me. = Thank you for your kind offer to help me. 2.Show show做及物動詞，意為“展示；顯示；給看”，show后可接雙賓語。 show sb. sth.或show sth. to sb.給某人看或者展示某物e.g.Show me your pen, please.=Show your pen to me, please.Show your tickets, please.請出示車票。注意：在“show+間接賓語+直接賓語”結構中，若直接賓語為指物的代詞it或them時，只能用“show it(them) to sb.”結構。 你有一支鋼筆，請給我看看。 You have a new pen, please show it to me. You have a new pen, please show me it. 意為“帶領”，常構成短語show sb. to, 意為“帶某人去”；show sb. around，意為“帶某人參觀”。e.g.Please show me to your school. 請帶我到你們學校去。 Uncle Wang is going to show us around his farm. show+ that從句 看出或者顯示說明 e.g.Your homework shows that you are careful.從你的作業(yè)上可以看出你很認真。 此外，show還可用作名詞，意為“展覽；陳列；演出”，常構成短語on show，意為“陳列，展覽” 。 e.g.There is going to be a picture show in our school. His pictures are on show now.他的畫現(xiàn)在正在展覽。 3If you like the Beijing Opera, traditional music or magic shows, you can enjoy them at the teahouse.（1）這個句子是一個由if引導的條件狀語從句。if是連詞，意思是“如果；若”。主句是you can enjoy them at the teahouse，從句是you like the Beijing opera, traditional music or magic shows。 思考：如何使用if條件狀語從句呢？ 在句中做條件狀語的從句是條件狀語從句，可以放在句首，也可以放在句末。常見的if條件狀語從句表示在某條件下，某事很可能發(fā)生。緊跟在if后面的句子是從句。 e.g.If you ask him，he will help you 另外，if從句還表示不可實現(xiàn)的條件或根本不可能存在的條件，也就是一種虛擬的條件或假設。從句多用一般過去時或過去完成時，表示對現(xiàn)在或過去的一種假設。 e.g.If I were you，I would invite him to the party if：當“是否”講時，引導賓語從句。 e.g.I dont know if he will be free tomorrow.注意：if引導的條件狀語從句中，如果主句使用的是一般將來時，或含有情態(tài)動詞的句子或祈使句，從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時。 e.g.If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the zoo.如果明天下雨的話，我們將不去動物園。 If he comes, let me know.如果他來，讓我知道。 （從句用一般現(xiàn)在時，主句是祈使句）難點知識講解：動詞不定式（I） （1）動詞不定式的含義 We decided to stay for a cup of tea.I tried to understand the words.I want to go to the teahouse.這三個句子中使用了decide to do sth.，want to do sth.，try to do sth.的表達方式，即行為動詞后的動詞都采用了“to+動詞原形”的結構。我們把這種結構稱為動詞不定式。其否定形式是“not to do”。 （2）動詞不定式作賓語的用法 常見的后面接“to十動詞原形”作賓語的動詞有：plan, decide, hope, want, agree, offer, try, like, love等。口訣（接不定式作賓語的動詞）想要學習 早打算（ want learn plan）快準備 有希望（ prepare hope wish expect）同意否 供選擇（agree offer choose）決定了 已答應（decide determine promise）盡力去 著手做（manage undertake）別拒絕 別假裝（refuse pretend）失敗不是屬于你（fail）e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.We hope to get there before dark.The girl decided to do it herself.注意：某些及物動詞可用-ing也可用動詞不定式作賓語，但意義不同的有：Module 6 Animals in danger1.形容詞變成副詞的規(guī)律。 一般在形容詞的詞尾加-ly可以變成副詞。例如：quickquickly, slowslowly, loudloudly, suddensuddenly等。 特殊情況： 構成方法 例子 一些以“輔音字母+y”結尾的形容詞，要把y改為i再加-ly。 happyhappily,angryangrily有些以-ble或-le結尾的形容詞，去掉e加-y。 possiblepossiblyterribleterribly少數(shù)以e結尾的形容詞，要去掉e再加-ly。 但絕大多數(shù)以e結尾的形容詞仍然直接加-ly。 truetrulypolitepolitelywidewidely以-l結尾的形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~時仍然要在詞尾加-ly，而不是只加-y。除非是以-ll結尾的才在詞尾只加-y。 carefulcarefullyusefulusefullyfullfully溫馨提示：副詞修飾行為動詞這一點。如： He is very _(careful).He does everything _(carefully)第一句中是作表語，用形容詞careful；第二句中修飾行為動詞does用副詞carefully。 ?？嫉男稳菰~和副詞辨析有：hard 努力hardly 幾乎不；late遲的，晚的lately 近來；deep 深deeply 深深地；near靠近nearly 差不多；wide 寬widely 廣泛地；high高的highly 高度地；close 靠近的closely 密切地； free免費的freely 自由地。 典例剖析： Tom studies _ but his sister _ studies.Ahard，hardBhardly，hardlyChard，hardlyDhardly，hard4-ing形容詞和-ed形容詞的區(qū)別。 -ing形容詞 -ed形容詞 例句 interesting有趣的 interested感興趣的 I have an interesting book.He is interested in science.exciting令人興奮的 excited感到興奮的 Have you heard of the exciting news？ We are excited about the traveling.moving令人感動的 moved受感動的 Titanic is a moving film.We are moved by Hong Zhanhui deeply.表示主動意義，多指事物對人的影響，一般修飾事物。 表示被動意義，多指人對事物的感受，主語一般是人，常用于“sb.+-ed形容詞+介詞”結構。 We are all interested in the interesting story.M7 A famous story1. a girl called Alice. 此處called為過去分詞，修飾girl，放在名詞之后。相當于named.2.fall down 跌倒，掉下 fall behind 跟不上，落在后面 fall into 落入中 fall off 從上掉下來 fall back 退回fall asleep 入睡 fall ill 生病3. It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone.in a tree (外來物或人)在樹上on a tree (樹上本身有的東西：apple等)在樹上 smile at sb 對sb微笑4.“到達”的表達： arrive in+大地點 get to +地點 reach +地點at+小地點 (get hometherehere)5. have a tea party 舉辦茶會6. To see if you remember the story.l To see 為不定式，在此處作目的狀語，表示“為了看看”l If引導的是一個賓語從句，表示“是否”，不充當任何成分，與whether可以互換7. have nothing to do 沒什么事可做 nothingsomething to eatdrink nothing 作主語時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)8. once or twice=from time to time 偶爾 Eg：Once or twice he goes to school on foot. once 一次 twice 兩次 三次及以上：數(shù)詞+times three times six times9. whatfor?=why? 為什么? ；有什么用?10. nothing strange 沒什么奇怪的事形容詞strange作后置定語，修飾不定代詞nothing。在英語中，當形容修飾不定代詞somethinganythingnothingeverything等時，形容詞必須放在不定代詞后面，作后置定語。11. hear sb do sth 聽到sb 做sth(此處是省略to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，類似的有makelethavehelp sb do sth 等) hear sb doing sth 聽到sb 正在做sthEg：I heard her play the piano in the next room just now. I hear someone singing in the room.12.take sth out of sp 把sth從sp掏出 rushjump out of sp 從sp沖跳出去13. across 表示動作是在物體的表面進行，如過河，過橋，過馬路。through 表示動作是在物體的內部空間進行，如穿過森林、門、隧道，光線射入等 Eg：Be careful to look both ways before you go across the road. The driver must slow down when they drive through the tunnel.14. tooto 太而不能 拓展：(1) tooto可以和sothat互換 Eg：She is too young to go to school. =She is so young that she cant go to school. (2) tooto可以和notenough to互換(not后的形容詞與too后的形容詞是相反的) Eg：She is too young to go to school. =She is not old enough to go to school. 15. land on 落到上；著陸Eg：The plane will land on the island in five minutes. 16. 賓語從句： (1) 定義：在主從復合句中，充當賓語成分的從句就叫做賓語從句。 (2) 位置：常在及物動詞或介詞之后。 (3) 引導詞：l that 無意義，不充當任何成分，常可以省略；l ifwhether表示“是否”，不充當任何成分，兩者可以互換，但有or not時只能用whether；l whowhatwherewhenwhy等表示“誰”、“什么”、“哪里”、“何時”、“為什么”，分別可以充當主語、賓語、地點狀語、時間狀語和原因狀語，不可以省略。 (4) 語序：陳述句語序，即 “主語+謂語” (5) 時態(tài)：l 當主句為現(xiàn)在或將來時態(tài)時，賓語從句可以使用任何時態(tài)；l 當主句為過去時態(tài)時，賓語從句可以使用過去的某種時態(tài)(一般過去時，過去進行時等)；l 當主句為過去時態(tài)時，賓語從句表示一種客觀真理、事實時，用一般現(xiàn)在時。Eg：I know (that) you met him yesterday. He asked if I would come. I dont understand what you say. He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.M8 Accidents1. on the phone 通過電話通話(on 表示“通過”)2. look pale 看起來很蒼白 此處look作為半系動詞，后跟adj. 常見的半系動詞有tastesmellsoundfeel.3. listen 聽(強調聽的過程，后接賓語時需加to,即 listen to) hear 聽到(強調聽到的結果，后接do或doing) Eg：We should listen to the teachers carefully. I hear someone singing in the next room. (我聽到有人正在隔壁房間唱歌) I hear someone sing in the next room. (我聽到有人在隔壁房間唱歌)4.appear(v.) 出現(xiàn) appearance(n.) disappear(v.) 消失5. hit 撞擊；打 此外，hit 還可以作名詞，表示“轟動一時的成功” Eg：His song made a hit.6. be glad to do sth 很高興去做sth7. in time 及時on time 準時，按時 Eg：I hope you can come back in time. Please hand in your homework on time.8. fall off=fall down from 從摔下來你fall asleep 入睡fall into 掉入fall in love with sb 愛上某人 fall behind 落在后面9. the risk of 的風險 side by side 肩并肩 pay attention to 注意(to 是一個介詞，后接名詞或doing) Eg：We should pay more attention to developing economy.10. sometimes 有時some times 幾次；幾倍sometime (將來或過去)某個時候some time 一段時間11. try to do sth 試圖去做某事 try ones best to do sth 盡某人全力去做某事 have a try 試一試 Eg：The little boy tries to go across the road by himself. We should try our best to save the animals in danger. Do you have a try? 12. pick up 撿起，拾起(代詞只能放中間，名詞放在中間或后面均可)pick sb up (開車)接某人 pick sth up 學會某事Eg：After school, his father drives his car to pick him up everyday. Mike picked up a few words of Chinese last summer.13. call sb call up=ring up 打電話給sb call on 拜訪sb14. take photos 照相15. hidehidhidden 隱藏 hide up 包庇(壞人) hide sth from sb 瞞著某人某事 hide out 躲藏16. throwthrewthrown 扔；拋 throw away 拋棄 throw about 到處亂扔 throw at 向扔去17. As he was lying there in great pain,Henry suddenly remember the photo.lie 此處為不及物動詞，意為“躺”。其過去式、過去分詞分別為lay，lain；現(xiàn)在分詞為lying。He was lying on the bed. lie 的其他用法：不及物動詞，意為“說謊”。過去式、過去分詞均為lied；現(xiàn)在分詞為lying。lie to sb 向sb撒謊 Eg：Dont lie to me.不及物動詞，意為“位于”。此時其過去式、過去分詞分別為lay，lain；現(xiàn)在分詞為lying。Shandong lies in the east of China. 山東位于中國東部。18. hurry up hurry to do sth in a hurry19. as 當時=whenwhile asas 與一樣 not assoas 與不一樣 asas possible盡可能=asas sb cancould as soon as 一就20.send sth to sb=send sb sth show sth to stb=show sb sth21. use A to do B 用A去做B A be used to do B A被用來做B getbe used to doing 習慣于做sth used to do sth 過去常常做sthEg：We can use the bamboo to make a basket. He isgets used to getting up early. He used to get up early.22. on ones way to 在sb去路上 get in the way 妨礙in this way 用這種方法 by the way 順便問下 in a way 在某種程度 take off (飛機)起飛；脫下(衣服)make a decision to do sth=decide to do sth 決定做某事語法全解：when和while 都表示主從句的動作或狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生，但二者意義不盡相同。1.when引導的從句可表示時間點，也可表示時間段，從句的位于動詞既可以是延續(xù)性動詞，也可以是非延續(xù)性動詞；while引導的從句通常表示時間段，從句中宜用延續(xù)性動詞作謂語。They arrived while we were watching TV.2.含有when引導的時間狀語的主從復合句，如果主句用過去進行時，從句應該用一般過去式，表示一個動作正在進行的時候另一個動作發(fā)生，強調后一動作發(fā)生的突然性。We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went off. 3.當主從句的動作都是延續(xù)的或同時發(fā)生，主從句都用過去進行時的時候，從句多用while引導。They were reading while we were writing .4.如果表示從句的動作在主句的動作“之前”或“之后”發(fā)生時，多用when，不用while。此外，when還含有“at the moment “的意思，此時引導的句子不能放在句首，也不能用while來替換主謂一致判斷法主謂一致是指在一個英語句子中，主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上要保持一致，這種一致性體現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系動詞be和助動詞do, have的人稱和數(shù)上，以及實義動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)上1.不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式2.動名詞或動詞不定式作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式3.Eitheror : neithernor: not onlybut also: 連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，謂語動詞與鄰近的名詞或代詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。4.在here /there 開頭的倒裝句中，謂語動詞與后面的珠玉在數(shù)上保持一致。 M9 Population1.noise (n.) 噪音 noisy(adj.) 吵鬧的 make noise 發(fā)出噪音 voice 指嗓音(人說話或唱歌) sound 指一切聲音2. prepare 準備 prepare for 為做準備 prepare to do sth 準備去做某事.3. report 報告；報道 make a report 做報告 reporter 記者，通訊員 notes 名詞復數(shù)形式 “筆記 隨筆” make notes 記筆記4.such as for example 例如，比如too much+不可數(shù)名詞 much too+adj. 太 too many+可數(shù)名詞 5. increase by+倍數(shù)百分數(shù)增加了to+具體增長后的數(shù)字增加到 Eg：The number of teachers increased by twice. The population of the town increased to 50000.7. be born in+年份地點 I was born in 1985.of+家庭 He was born of a rich family.8. one fifth 五分之一 分數(shù)的表達法：分子在前，用基數(shù)詞；分母在后，用序數(shù)詞。當分子大于1時，分母需要用復數(shù) 如：two thirds9. hang on a minute. 稍等10.quiet (adj.)安靜的;寧靜的quietly(adv.)安靜地quite ( adv.)相當，十分11. close to=next to 靠近，挨著12. move to 移到13. It be +adj. to do sth one of + 可數(shù)名詞復數(shù) 之一(謂語動詞用單數(shù))14. local 當?shù)氐?close down 關閉15.It takes sb st to do sth sb spend(s) stsm on sth /(in) doing sth sth cost(s) sb sm sb pay sth for sm 16. public services 公共服務 a public telephone 公用電話 in public 在公共場合 the publ