研讀高考試題,玩轉(zhuǎn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣.doc

隨著越來(lái)越多的省份進(jìn)入到新課改后的高考,虛擬語(yǔ)氣也逐漸走入考生的視野。2010年,全國(guó)各地18套英語(yǔ)試題中有10套試題考查或涉及了虛擬語(yǔ)氣,應(yīng)引起廣大考生的注意。下面筆者將結(jié)合2010年高考試題,梳理虛擬語(yǔ)氣的考查熱點(diǎn),希望能夠?qū)ο乱粚每忌兴鶐椭?虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,有時(shí)并不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表示,真真假假,虛虛實(shí)實(shí),是高中教學(xué)中的難點(diǎn)和新課改后的重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一。 熱點(diǎn)1 在含有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1. 考查含有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成 含有虛擬條件句的主從復(fù)合句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成非常規(guī)則,請(qǐng)看下表: 例如: If everyone in the country bought one soft-drink each day and threw it away, there would soon be a huge mountain of rubbish. 如果全國(guó)每個(gè)人每天買一罐飲料,然后把空罐扔掉,垃圾很快就會(huì)堆積如山了。(對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬) If the hurricane had happened during the day time, there would have been many more deaths. 倘若颶風(fēng)發(fā)生在白天,那么死亡的人數(shù)還會(huì)多得多。(對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬) If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out. 如果明天下雪,他們就不出去了。(對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬) 【真題】 If he _ my advice, he wouldnt have lost his job. (2010年湖南卷) A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow 【解析】 題干的意思是:“要是他聽(tīng)取了我的建議,就不會(huì)失去工作了?！备鶕?jù)wouldnt have lost可判斷if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬,從句里應(yīng)該用had done結(jié)構(gòu),故正確答案為C。 John went to the hospital alone. If he _ me about it, I would have gone with him. (2010年天津卷) A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told 【解析】 題干的意思是:“約翰獨(dú)自去了醫(yī)院。如果他告訴我的話,我會(huì)跟他一起去的。”前一句是陳述語(yǔ)氣,說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,而且后一句的主句已經(jīng)是would have gone,說(shuō)明這是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,與之對(duì)應(yīng)的從句結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該用had done。正確答案為D。 If we _ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting. (2010年陜西卷) A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken 【解析】題干的意思是:“如果我們走了另一條路的話,我們或許能及時(shí)到達(dá)這里參加會(huì)議?！彼钸x項(xiàng)作虛擬語(yǔ)氣中條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ),根據(jù)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式might have arrived可知題干是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,故所填部分用had done形式。正確答案為B。 The weather has been very hot and dry. Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables _. (2010年北京卷) A. wouldnt die B. didnt die C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died 【解析】 第二個(gè)說(shuō)話人的if條件句是我們解題的關(guān)鍵。題干的意思是:“要是當(dāng)時(shí)哪怕下一滴雨,現(xiàn)在的情況就好得多了!我的蔬菜也就不會(huì)死了?！倍聦?shí)是過(guò)去并沒(méi)有下雨,所以我的蔬菜干死了也是發(fā)生在過(guò)去。將句子還原為:“If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldnt have died.”故正確答案為D。 2. 考查省略if的虛擬條件句應(yīng)使用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序 如果在表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件句中含有were、had或should,可將if省略,然后將were、had或should移至主語(yǔ)之前。例如: Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come. (= If there should be a meeting tomorrow, .) 如果明天有會(huì)議召開(kāi),我會(huì)來(lái)的。 Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded. (= If we had made a great effort, .) 如果我們(過(guò)去)做了很大的努力的話,我們可能就成功了。 【真題】 Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _. (2010年浙江卷) A. would have been saved B. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved 【解析】 根據(jù)句子的倒裝特征判斷前一分句是省略了if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,還原后應(yīng)為:“If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy _.”題干的意思是:“如果我早知道這個(gè)電腦程序,就可以節(jié)省大量的時(shí)間和精力了?！北硎九c過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,正確答案為A。 3. 考查混合條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 有時(shí)條件句的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致,這時(shí)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它們表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。例如: If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today. (從句對(duì)過(guò)去虛擬,主句對(duì)現(xiàn)在虛擬)如果昨天晚上下了雨的話,今天就會(huì)非常涼爽了。 【真題】 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (2002年上海卷) A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 【解析】 這是一個(gè)混合虛擬條件句。If條件狀語(yǔ)從句含有明顯的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)at the age of seven,是與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí);主句中有現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)today,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用would +動(dòng)詞原形。故正確答案為B。 4. 考查含蓄條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 英語(yǔ)中某些假設(shè)條件句不是通過(guò)if從句表達(dá)出來(lái)的,而是包含在某些短語(yǔ)、上下文或其他方式中,其謂語(yǔ)也常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,我們稱之為含蓄條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 (1) 用連詞otherwise、or、but 等暗示前面的條件。例如: I thought you would remain there for a while after the conference. Otherwise I wouldnt have bought you a single ticket. 我原以為你會(huì)后要在那兒逗留一段時(shí)間,要不然我就不會(huì)給你買單程票了。 Mary could be prettier, but she doesnt care much about her clothes. 瑪麗本可以更漂亮些,但是她不太在乎衣著。 【真題】 He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal. (2001年上海春季卷) A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored 【解析】本題考查含蓄條件句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。題干的意思是:“在踢球前他猶豫了一會(huì)兒,否則他就能破門得分了?！边@是對(duì)過(guò)去的一種行為的遺憾,前面分句是暗含的條件,otherwise所在的句子是主句,與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反應(yīng)使用would +完成時(shí),因此正確答案為D。 (2) 用but for、without等介詞短語(yǔ)表達(dá)條件。例如: Without electricity, human life would be quite different today. 如果沒(méi)有電,人類現(xiàn)在的生活就會(huì)是另一個(gè)樣子了。 The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain. 如果不是船長(zhǎng)的努力,我們就會(huì)連船帶人都沉沒(méi)了。 【真題】 But for their help, we _ the program in time. (2009年安徽卷) A. can not finish B. will not finish C. had not finished D. could not have finished 【解析】由題干中的But for their help可以推斷這是一個(gè)與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的含蓄虛擬條件句,主句動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用would / could / might / should +完成時(shí)形式,故D項(xiàng)為正確答案。 But for the help of my English teacher, I _ the first prize in the English Writing Competition. (2009年福建卷) A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won 【解析】 題干的意思是:“要不是英語(yǔ)老師的幫助,我就不會(huì)在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作比賽中獲一等獎(jiǎng)了?！边@是對(duì)過(guò)去的一種虛擬,but for相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件句,后面的句子相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主句,動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用“would / could / might / should +完成時(shí)”形式,根據(jù)否定的句意應(yīng)選擇B項(xiàng)。 (3) 分詞短語(yǔ)表示條件。例如: Given more time, we could have done it better.假如(過(guò)去)多給一些時(shí)間的話,我們就能把它做得更好一些了。 熱點(diǎn)2 在名詞性從句中考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1. 考查主語(yǔ)從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式 這類形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣通常表示建議、命令、要求、希望、驚訝等語(yǔ)氣。 (1) “It is necessary (important/natural/strange/surprising) that .”句型中,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常使用(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形,例如: It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 他有必要被立刻送往醫(yī)院。 It is strange that she (should) marry such a poor man. 她竟然嫁給這樣一個(gè)窮光蛋,真是太奇怪了。 【真題】 It is necessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language. (1993年上海卷) A. masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master 【解析】分析題干,It is necessary that .結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)從句通常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用(should) +動(dòng)詞原形,故正確答案為B。 (2) It is suggested (desired/decided/ordered/requested / proposed) that .,例如: It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off till next Saturday. 會(huì)議決定推遲到下周六舉行。 It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in English. 你應(yīng)該花更多的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 2. 考查賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 (1) 在某些表示“建議、要求、命令”的動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,使用(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形。常見(jiàn)的這類動(dòng)詞有:一個(gè)堅(jiān)持(insist);兩個(gè)命令(order、command);三項(xiàng)要求(demand、require、request);四條建議(advise、suggest、propose、recommend)等。 【真題】 Teachers recommend parents _ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. (2010年福建卷) A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustnt allow D. couldnt allow 【解析】 動(dòng)詞recommend后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用(should) +動(dòng)詞原形。題干的意思是:“出于安全考慮,老師建議父母最好不要讓12歲以下的小朋友騎腳踏車去學(xué)校?！闭_答案為A。 Mr. Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention _ (討論) at the meeting. (discuss) (2010年湖北卷) 【解析】 動(dòng)詞insist引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,從句結(jié)構(gòu)是(should) +動(dòng)詞原形,主語(yǔ)problem是“被討論”,故使用被動(dòng)形式,故答案為(should) be discussed。 注意:動(dòng)詞suggest表示“暗示、表明”,insist表示“力言、堅(jiān)持(認(rèn)為)”時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如: Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 邁克堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己從來(lái)沒(méi)偷任何東西。(非虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 【真題】 Janes pale face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. (1994年上海卷) A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has 【解析】本題第一個(gè)suggest意為“暗示,表明”, 其后的賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;第二個(gè)suggest意為“建議”,其后的賓語(yǔ)從句中應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 (should) +動(dòng)詞原形。正確答案為B。 (2) 動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種形式:對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過(guò)去時(shí);對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,用過(guò)去完成時(shí);對(duì)將來(lái)的虛擬,用would / should +動(dòng)詞原形。 【真題】 How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden! (2002年上海春季卷) A. has B. had C. will have D. had had 【解析】此題表達(dá)的是現(xiàn)在的一種愿望,wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,正確答案為B。 3. 考查表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 某些表示“建議、計(jì)劃、命令”的名詞(如advice、order、demand、plan、proposal、suggestion、request等)后的同位語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形。 例如: We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 他建議我們到北京旅游觀光,我們都同意了。 My advice is that he (should) exercise first. 我的建議是他應(yīng)該先做練習(xí)。 熱點(diǎn)3 在其他固定句式中考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣 1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于“It is (high) time (that) .”句型中,that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(be用were)或should + 動(dòng)詞原形,should不能省略,意為“(現(xiàn)在)該到了的時(shí)候了”。例如: Its high time that he went / should go to bed. 到了他該上床睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候了。 2. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于would rather后的從句中,表達(dá)一種愿望或建議時(shí),用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況,用過(guò)去完成式表示過(guò)去的情況。例如: I would rather you went next Sunday. 我情愿你下周日走。 I would rather you hadnt done that. 我真希望你沒(méi)做那件事。 【真題】 George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he _ more on its culture. (2010年江蘇卷) A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused 【解析】詞組would rather后接從句應(yīng)使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的虛擬,用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。正確答案為 B。 3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if / as though、even if / even though等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句中,對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,用過(guò)去時(shí);對(duì)過(guò)去的虛擬,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如: The two new-comers talked as if they had known each other for ages. 那兩個(gè)新來(lái)的人聊天的樣子仿佛他們已經(jīng)相識(shí)多年了。 【真題】 Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it