計算機專業(yè)英語短文翻譯.doc

Abstract 1A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information . The types of computers are mainly inclusive of Microcomputer, Microcomputer, Mainframe Computer and Supercomputer, etc. Microminiaturization, the effort to compress more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space is becoming the major trend in computer development. Besides, researchers are trying to develop more powerful and more advanced computers.計算機是一種能夠接受一系列指令或程序，然后通過進行數(shù)值計算或者編譯和聯(lián)系其他形式信息的來進行處理的設備。計算機的類型包括微電腦，微機、大型計算機和超型計算機等。計算機微型化，就是通過把更多的電子元件壓縮變成越來越小的芯片，這是電腦發(fā)展的趨勢。除此之外，研究人員正在嘗試開發(fā)功能更強大，更先進的計算機。Abstract 2Secondary memory has two features that can not be provided by RAM memory. First, while RAM memory may not be large enough to hold all of the data that a program needs, secondary storage can be arbitrarily large. Secondary storage is a fast accurate, inexpensive, high-capacity, nonvolatile extension of main memory. The least expensive of the secondary storage media is magnetic cassette. The most common microcomputer secondary storage medium is diskette or floppy disk. Data stored on hard disk can be accessed far more rapidly than data stored on diskette. And hard disk storage capacity is considerably large. An optical disk can hold 650 megabytes of data, the equivalent of hundreds of floppy disks. Moreover, an optical disk makes an immense amount of information available on a microcomputer. CD-ROM, WORM, Erasable Optical Disks are becoming popular because of large capacity and flexibility. U-disk is a new high tech product, which has attracted the worlds attention.輔助存貯器有兩個特征是隨機存取內(nèi)存不能提供的。首先，隨機存取內(nèi)存沒有足夠大的空間容納一個程序的數(shù)據(jù)；其次，二級緩存的大小不定。二級緩存是主內(nèi)存的一個快捷、廉價、高容量的長期的擴展。最便宜的二級存儲介質(zhì)是磁性卡式磁帶. 微機最常見的二級存儲介質(zhì)是磁盤或軟盤。存儲到硬盤的數(shù)據(jù)訪問起來比存儲在軟盤的數(shù)據(jù)快。因為硬盤存儲容量是相當大的。一張光盤可容納650兆字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù),相當于數(shù)百張磁盤的容量。此外,光盤極大地增加了微型機算計的信息容量。光盤驅(qū)動器,蠕蟲,可擦寫的光盤由于其容量大和靈活性變得大受歡迎。U盤是一種新的高科技產(chǎn)品,已經(jīng)引起了全世界的注意。Abstract 3PCs gave the world a whole new way to work, play and communicate. The PC-plus era will be revolutionary. Computers will take many forms, but there will always be a place for the all-purpose machine weve come on depend on. Combine digital technology with advanced software, smaller and more powerful microprocessors, and exponential growth in fiber and wireless bandwidth, and you get something far more useful-seamless, universal connectivity. No matter how the PC develops, one thing is certain, that is, it will hold an even more indispensable role in our work and life.個人計算機給世界帶來一個全新的工作,娛樂和溝通的方式.計算機時代是大變革的世紀. 計算機可能會呈現(xiàn)多種形態(tài)，但這種多功能的機器總會有一種形式是我們所依賴的。聯(lián)合數(shù)字技術結合先進的軟件，更小、功能更強大的芯片，以及以指數(shù)級別提制高造材質(zhì)和無線通訊帶寬，使得人們可以更有效得到某樣東西，可以與世界緊密相連。無論個人計算機如何發(fā)展提高，有一點是可以肯定的，那就是計算機將會在人們的工作和生活中發(fā)揮更加必不可少的作用。Abstract 4Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks and provide a software platform. The choice of operating systems determines to a great extent of the applications. DOS seems to have been out of date while Windows is dominating all the other operating systems. OS/2 is an operating system for PCs developed originally by Microsoft Corporation an IBM. OS/2 is compatible with DOS and Windows, which means that it can run all DOS and Windows programs. However, programs written specifically to run under OS/2 will not run under DOS or Windows. Linux is a freely-distributable open source operating system that runs a number of hardware platforms. Because its free, and because it runs on many platforms, Linux has become an extremely popular alternative to proprietary systems.每一臺普通的計算機上都必須有一個操作系統(tǒng)來運行其它程序。操作系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行基本任務,并提供一個軟件操作平臺。操作系統(tǒng)的選擇對計算機的性能有重大影響。當視窗操作系統(tǒng)在所有操作系統(tǒng)中占主導地位時，DOS系統(tǒng)似乎是過時的。OS/2是微軟公司和IBM公司最初為個人計算機的發(fā)展設計的操作系統(tǒng)。OS/ 2能兼容DOS和Windows ,這就意味著它可以運行所有DOS與Windows程式. 然而，專門為OS/2系統(tǒng)編寫的程序是不能在DOS或者視窗系統(tǒng)下運行的。Linux是一個可自由分類的，能運行多個硬件平臺的開放性源代碼操作系統(tǒng)。因為它能自由調(diào)配以及可以在多個平臺上運行, Linux在眾多專利系統(tǒng)中變得特別受歡迎.Abstract 5In order for a computer to perform the required task, it must be given instructions in a language that it understands. However, the computers own binary based language, or machine language, is difficult for humans to use. Therefore, people devised an assembly language to shorten and simplify the process. In order to make a computer more friendly to use, programmers invented high level languages, such as COBOL, FORTRAN, ASSEMBLER, PASCAL, C+, etc, which made the computers easier to use. For the time being, HTML and XML are very useful languages as well.為了讓電腦能夠執(zhí)行規(guī)定的任務, 必須使用一種計算機能夠理解的語言下達指令。然而, 人們是很難直接去使用計算機的二進位語言和機器語言的。因此,人們發(fā)明了一種匯編語言用來縮短和簡化程序。為了使計算機變得更方便可用,程序師們發(fā)明了高級程序語言,如COBOL語言, Fortran語言, PASCAL語言, C+，等等。就目前而言, HTML和XML是非常有用的語言。Abstract 6The database is often used to describe a collection of relate data that is organized into an integrated, sophisticated structure that provides different people with varied access to the same data. A database management system (DBMS) is an extremely complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data (fields, records and files)in a database. A successful DBMS is often characterized with the four principal features:(1)Data Security and Integrity;(2) Interactive query;(3)interactive data Entry and Updating;(4) Data Independence. The intelligent databases are becoming more popular in that they can provide more validation, and reject incorrect data entry into the database. The researches on new types of database systems are underway.人們常常使用數(shù)據(jù)庫來描述一組相關的數(shù)據(jù)的集合，數(shù)據(jù)庫他是由一個完整的，且復雜的結構組成的，不同的人通過不同的渠道進入都可以獲得相同的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)( DBMS )是一個極其復雜的用來控制組織結構、存儲和檢索數(shù)據(jù)的一個數(shù)據(jù)庫軟件程序。一個好的DBMS往往有四個主要特點: ( 1 )數(shù)據(jù)的安全性和完整性; ( 2 )交互式查詢方式; ( 3 )交互式數(shù)據(jù)錄入及更新; ( 4 ) 數(shù)據(jù)的獨立性。 智能數(shù)據(jù)庫愈來愈受歡迎,因為它們可以提供更多的驗證, 拒絕不正確的數(shù)據(jù)進入數(shù)據(jù)庫。而研究新型數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)仍在進行。Abstract 7Multimedia as a human-computer interface was made possible some half-dozen years ago by the rise of affordable digital technology, and it is the combination of text, animated graphics, video, and sound-presents information in a way that is more interesting and easier to grasp than text alone. It has been used widely and at all levels. This paper reviews the uses of multimedia, the technologies that support it, the extensive architectural and design issues and its extensive applications.大約在6年前隨著數(shù)據(jù)技術的誕生，多媒體作為人機接口成為可能，它結合文本,動畫,視頻和聲訊的方式,比單純文本更容易讓人感興趣以及讓人們接受。多媒體技術已經(jīng)被廣泛應用在各個層面上。本文回顧了多媒體的使用和它的支持技術，廣泛的建筑和設計問題及多媒體的廣泛應用等。Abstract 8Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of engineering that builds systems, primarily computer systems, to perform tasks requiring intelligence. This field of research has often set domains of skill and knowledge, and has achieved some success in this. The key aspects of intelligence around which AI research is usually focused include expert systems, industrial robotics, systems and languages, language understanding, learning, and game playing, machine translation, etc.人工智能是構造系統(tǒng)的安裝工程，主要是用計算機系統(tǒng)來完成需要智能的任務。這一領域是需要技能和知識的領域，人們在這一領已經(jīng)取得了一定的成就。智能的主要方面是人工智能的研究，通常包括專家系統(tǒng)、機器人學、系統(tǒng)和語言、語言的理解和，括專家系統(tǒng)，學習與游戲的運行，及機器的說明等等。Abstract 10Networking can be defined as the linking of people, resources and ideas. Electronic networks use telecommunications and computer technology to provide new networking capabilities. The common features of electronic networks are Electronic Mail(Email)