計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)短文翻譯.doc

Abstract 1A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by compiling and correlating other forms of information . The types of computers are mainly inclusive of Microcomputer, Microcomputer, Mainframe Computer and Supercomputer, etc. Microminiaturization, the effort to compress more circuit elements into smaller and smaller chip space is becoming the major trend in computer development. Besides, researchers are trying to develop more powerful and more advanced computers.計(jì)算機(jī)是一種能夠接受一系列指令或程序，然后通過(guò)進(jìn)行數(shù)值計(jì)算或者編譯和聯(lián)系其他形式信息的來(lái)進(jìn)行處理的設(shè)備。計(jì)算機(jī)的類(lèi)型包括微電腦，微機(jī)、大型計(jì)算機(jī)和超型計(jì)算機(jī)等。計(jì)算機(jī)微型化，就是通過(guò)把更多的電子元件壓縮變成越來(lái)越小的芯片，這是電腦發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。除此之外，研究人員正在嘗試開(kāi)發(fā)功能更強(qiáng)大，更先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)。Abstract 2Secondary memory has two features that can not be provided by RAM memory. First, while RAM memory may not be large enough to hold all of the data that a program needs, secondary storage can be arbitrarily large. Secondary storage is a fast accurate, inexpensive, high-capacity, nonvolatile extension of main memory. The least expensive of the secondary storage media is magnetic cassette. The most common microcomputer secondary storage medium is diskette or floppy disk. Data stored on hard disk can be accessed far more rapidly than data stored on diskette. And hard disk storage capacity is considerably large. An optical disk can hold 650 megabytes of data, the equivalent of hundreds of floppy disks. Moreover, an optical disk makes an immense amount of information available on a microcomputer. CD-ROM, WORM, Erasable Optical Disks are becoming popular because of large capacity and flexibility. U-disk is a new high tech product, which has attracted the worlds attention.輔助存貯器有兩個(gè)特征是隨機(jī)存取內(nèi)存不能提供的。首先，隨機(jī)存取內(nèi)存沒(méi)有足夠大的空間容納一個(gè)程序的數(shù)據(jù)；其次，二級(jí)緩存的大小不定。二級(jí)緩存是主內(nèi)存的一個(gè)快捷、廉價(jià)、高容量的長(zhǎng)期的擴(kuò)展。最便宜的二級(jí)存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)是磁性卡式磁帶. 微機(jī)最常見(jiàn)的二級(jí)存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)是磁盤(pán)或軟盤(pán)。存儲(chǔ)到硬盤(pán)的數(shù)據(jù)訪問(wèn)起來(lái)比存儲(chǔ)在軟盤(pán)的數(shù)據(jù)快。因?yàn)橛脖P(pán)存儲(chǔ)容量是相當(dāng)大的。一張光盤(pán)可容納650兆字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù),相當(dāng)于數(shù)百?gòu)埓疟P(pán)的容量。此外,光盤(pán)極大地增加了微型機(jī)算計(jì)的信息容量。光盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器,蠕蟲(chóng),可擦寫(xiě)的光盤(pán)由于其容量大和靈活性變得大受歡迎。U盤(pán)是一種新的高科技產(chǎn)品,已經(jīng)引起了全世界的注意。Abstract 3PCs gave the world a whole new way to work, play and communicate. The PC-plus era will be revolutionary. Computers will take many forms, but there will always be a place for the all-purpose machine weve come on depend on. Combine digital technology with advanced software, smaller and more powerful microprocessors, and exponential growth in fiber and wireless bandwidth, and you get something far more useful-seamless, universal connectivity. No matter how the PC develops, one thing is certain, that is, it will hold an even more indispensable role in our work and life.個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)給世界帶來(lái)一個(gè)全新的工作,娛樂(lè)和溝通的方式.計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代是大變革的世紀(jì). 計(jì)算機(jī)可能會(huì)呈現(xiàn)多種形態(tài)，但這種多功能的機(jī)器總會(huì)有一種形式是我們所依賴(lài)的。聯(lián)合數(shù)字技術(shù)結(jié)合先進(jìn)的軟件，更小、功能更強(qiáng)大的芯片，以及以指數(shù)級(jí)別提制高造材質(zhì)和無(wú)線(xiàn)通訊帶寬，使得人們可以更有效得到某樣?xùn)|西，可以與世界緊密相連。無(wú)論個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)如何發(fā)展提高，有一點(diǎn)是可以肯定的，那就是計(jì)算機(jī)將會(huì)在人們的工作和生活中發(fā)揮更加必不可少的作用。Abstract 4Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks and provide a software platform. The choice of operating systems determines to a great extent of the applications. DOS seems to have been out of date while Windows is dominating all the other operating systems. OS/2 is an operating system for PCs developed originally by Microsoft Corporation an IBM. OS/2 is compatible with DOS and Windows, which means that it can run all DOS and Windows programs. However, programs written specifically to run under OS/2 will not run under DOS or Windows. Linux is a freely-distributable open source operating system that runs a number of hardware platforms. Because its free, and because it runs on many platforms, Linux has become an extremely popular alternative to proprietary systems.每一臺(tái)普通的計(jì)算機(jī)上都必須有一個(gè)操作系統(tǒng)來(lái)運(yùn)行其它程序。操作系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行基本任務(wù),并提供一個(gè)軟件操作平臺(tái)。操作系統(tǒng)的選擇對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的性能有重大影響。當(dāng)視窗操作系統(tǒng)在所有操作系統(tǒng)中占主導(dǎo)地位時(shí)，DOS系統(tǒng)似乎是過(guò)時(shí)的。OS/2是微軟公司和IBM公司最初為個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展設(shè)計(jì)的操作系統(tǒng)。OS/ 2能兼容DOS和Windows ,這就意味著它可以運(yùn)行所有DOS與Windows程式. 然而，專(zhuān)門(mén)為OS/2系統(tǒng)編寫(xiě)的程序是不能在DOS或者視窗系統(tǒng)下運(yùn)行的。Linux是一個(gè)可自由分類(lèi)的，能運(yùn)行多個(gè)硬件平臺(tái)的開(kāi)放性源代碼操作系統(tǒng)。因?yàn)樗茏杂烧{(diào)配以及可以在多個(gè)平臺(tái)上運(yùn)行, Linux在眾多專(zhuān)利系統(tǒng)中變得特別受歡迎.Abstract 5In order for a computer to perform the required task, it must be given instructions in a language that it understands. However, the computers own binary based language, or machine language, is difficult for humans to use. Therefore, people devised an assembly language to shorten and simplify the process. In order to make a computer more friendly to use, programmers invented high level languages, such as COBOL, FORTRAN, ASSEMBLER, PASCAL, C+, etc, which made the computers easier to use. For the time being, HTML and XML are very useful languages as well.為了讓電腦能夠執(zhí)行規(guī)定的任務(wù), 必須使用一種計(jì)算機(jī)能夠理解的語(yǔ)言下達(dá)指令。然而, 人們是很難直接去使用計(jì)算機(jī)的二進(jìn)位語(yǔ)言和機(jī)器語(yǔ)言的。因此,人們發(fā)明了一種匯編語(yǔ)言用來(lái)縮短和簡(jiǎn)化程序。為了使計(jì)算機(jī)變得更方便可用,程序師們發(fā)明了高級(jí)程序語(yǔ)言,如COBOL語(yǔ)言, Fortran語(yǔ)言, PASCAL語(yǔ)言, C+，等等。就目前而言, HTML和XML是非常有用的語(yǔ)言。Abstract 6The database is often used to describe a collection of relate data that is organized into an integrated, sophisticated structure that provides different people with varied access to the same data. A database management system (DBMS) is an extremely complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data (fields, records and files)in a database. A successful DBMS is often characterized with the four principal features:(1)Data Security and Integrity;(2) Interactive query;(3)interactive data Entry and Updating;(4) Data Independence. The intelligent databases are becoming more popular in that they can provide more validation, and reject incorrect data entry into the database. The researches on new types of database systems are underway.人們常常使用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來(lái)描述一組相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)的集合，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)他是由一個(gè)完整的，且復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)組成的，不同的人通過(guò)不同的渠道進(jìn)入都可以獲得相同的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)( DBMS )是一個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的用來(lái)控制組織結(jié)構(gòu)、存儲(chǔ)和檢索數(shù)據(jù)的一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)軟件程序。一個(gè)好的DBMS往往有四個(gè)主要特點(diǎn): ( 1 )數(shù)據(jù)的安全性和完整性; ( 2 )交互式查詢(xún)方式; ( 3 )交互式數(shù)據(jù)錄入及更新; ( 4 ) 數(shù)據(jù)的獨(dú)立性。 智能數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)愈來(lái)愈受歡迎,因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢蕴峁└嗟尿?yàn)證, 拒絕不正確的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)入數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。而研究新型數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)仍在進(jìn)行。Abstract 7Multimedia as a human-computer interface was made possible some half-dozen years ago by the rise of affordable digital technology, and it is the combination of text, animated graphics, video, and sound-presents information in a way that is more interesting and easier to grasp than text alone. It has been used widely and at all levels. This paper reviews the uses of multimedia, the technologies that support it, the extensive architectural and design issues and its extensive applications.大約在6年前隨著數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)的誕生，多媒體作為人機(jī)接口成為可能，它結(jié)合文本,動(dòng)畫(huà),視頻和聲訊的方式,比單純文本更容易讓人感興趣以及讓人們接受。多媒體技術(shù)已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在各個(gè)層面上。本文回顧了多媒體的使用和它的支持技術(shù)，廣泛的建筑和設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題及多媒體的廣泛應(yīng)用等。Abstract 8Artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of engineering that builds systems, primarily computer systems, to perform tasks requiring intelligence. This field of research has often set domains of skill and knowledge, and has achieved some success in this. The key aspects of intelligence around which AI research is usually focused include expert systems, industrial robotics, systems and languages, language understanding, learning, and game playing, machine translation, etc.人工智能是構(gòu)造系統(tǒng)的安裝工程，主要是用計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)來(lái)完成需要智能的任務(wù)。這一領(lǐng)域是需要技能和知識(shí)的領(lǐng)域，人們?cè)谶@一領(lǐng)已經(jīng)取得了一定的成就。智能的主要方面是人工智能的研究，通常包括專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)、機(jī)器人學(xué)、系統(tǒng)和語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)言的理解和，括專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)，學(xué)習(xí)與游戲的運(yùn)行，及機(jī)器的說(shuō)明等等。Abstract 10Networking can be defined as the linking of people, resources and ideas. Electronic networks use telecommunications and computer technology to provide new networking capabilities. The common features of electronic networks are Electronic Mail(Email)