單片機的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用外文翻譯.doc

原 文Title：DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SINGLE CHIP MICROCOMPUTERPrinciple of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU memory internal and external bus system, most will have the core. At the same time such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipments. And now the most powerful single-chip system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.Microcontroller is only the CPU chip developed from dedicated processors. Is the earliest design concept through the integration of a large number of peripherals and CPU in a chip, make the computer system smaller, more easily integrated into a more intricate and strict in volume control equipmentsSingle-chip microcomputer is different from the single machine, however, the chip before without development, it only has the strong function of very large scale integrated circuit, if giving it a particular program, it is a minimum, complete a microcomputer control system, it with the single machine or personal computer (PC) the distinction that having essence, MCU application belongs to the chip level, requires the user to understand the structure of the single-chip microcomputer and command system, and other integrated circuit application technology and system needs the theory and design technology, in this particular chip design application, so that the chip has the specific function.Different MCU have different hardware and software characteristics, the technical features is that they are not the same, depends on the internal structure of single-chip microcomputer hardware features, users want to use a single chip microcomputer, must know whether the products meet the need of function and characteristic parameters required by the application system. The technical features include the features, control and electrical properties, etc., the information need to get from the manufacturers technical manuals. Software refers to the instruction system characteristics and development support environment, instruction features which we are familiar with single-chip microcomputer addressing mode, data processing and logical approach, input/output characteristics and the requirement of power supply and so on. Development support of environmental compatible includes instructions and portability, supporting software (including can support the development of application software resources) and hardware resources. To take advantage of a type microcontroller to develop their own application system, to master its structure features and technical characteristics is a must.Single-chip microcomputer control system to replace previous use of complex electronic circuits or digital circuit of control system, can control software to realize, and can realize the intellectualized, now ubiquitous single-chip microcomputer control category, such as communication products, household appliances, smart instrumentation, process control and special control device and so on, single-chip computer is finding wider and wider application fields.Hardware introduction：The 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a companys entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:an eight bit ALU32descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessedtwo16 bit timer/countersfull duplex UART6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels128bytes of on board RAMseparate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).MCU applicationsSCM now permeate all areas of our lives which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists and engineersSCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:1.In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter oscilloscope various analytical instrument).2.In the industrial control applicationWith the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control.3.In Household AppliancesCan be said that the appliance are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. 4.In the field of computer networks and communications applications MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones trunk mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc.譯 文題目：單片機的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用單片機原理單片機是指將一個完整的計算機系統(tǒng)集成在一塊芯片上。盡管他的大部分功能集成在一塊小芯片上，但是它具有一個完整計算機所需要的大部分部件：CPU、內(nèi)存、內(nèi)部和外部總線系統(tǒng)，目前大部分還會具有外存。同時集成諸如通訊接口、定時器，實時時鐘等外圍設(shè)備。而現(xiàn)在最強大的單片機系統(tǒng)甚至可以將聲音、圖像、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、復(fù)雜的輸入輸出系統(tǒng)集成在一塊芯片上。單片機由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來。最早的設(shè)計理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個芯片中，使計算機系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成更復(fù)雜的而對體積要求嚴格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。然而單片機又不同于單板機，芯片在沒有開發(fā)前，它只是具備功能極強的超大規(guī)模集成電路，如果賦予它特定的程序，它便是一個最小的、完整的微型計算機控制系統(tǒng)，它與單板機或個人電腦(PC機)有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別，單片機的應(yīng)用屬于芯片級應(yīng)用，需要用戶了解單片機芯片的結(jié)構(gòu)和指令系統(tǒng)以及其它集成電路應(yīng)用技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計所需要的理論和技術(shù)，用這樣特定的芯片設(shè)計應(yīng)用程序，從而使該芯片具備特定的功能。不同的單片機有著不同的硬件特征和軟件特征，即它們的技術(shù)特征不盡相同，硬件特征取決于單片機芯片的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，用戶要想使用某種單片機，必須了解該型產(chǎn)品是否滿足需要的功能和應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)所要求的特性指標(biāo)。這里的技術(shù)特征包括功能特性、控制特性和電氣特性等等，這些信息需要從生產(chǎn)廠商的技術(shù)手冊中得到。軟件特征是指指令系統(tǒng)特性和開發(fā)支持環(huán)境，指令特性即我們熟悉的單片機的尋址方式，數(shù)據(jù)處理和邏輯處理方式，輸入輸出特性及對電源的要求等等。支持開發(fā)的環(huán)境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持軟件(包含可支持開發(fā)應(yīng)用程序的軟件資源)及硬件資源。要利用某型號單片機開發(fā)自己的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)，掌握其結(jié)構(gòu)特征和技術(shù)特征是必須的。單片機控制系統(tǒng)能夠取代以前利用復(fù)雜電子線路或數(shù)字電路構(gòu)成的控制系統(tǒng)，可以通過軟件控制來實現(xiàn)，并能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)智能化，現(xiàn)在單片機控制范疇無所不在，例如通信產(chǎn)品、家用電器、智能儀器儀表、過程控制和專用控制裝置等等，單片機的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域越來越廣泛。 單片機硬件介紹：8051系列微控制器是建立在一個高度優(yōu)化的嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)上。它的運用范圍比較廣，從軍事裝備到汽車再到你的PC機的鍵盤。僅次于摩托羅拉8位處理器68HC11的銷售，家庭中的8051微控制器，在制造商上有各種各樣的變化，如因特爾公司、西門子、飛利浦。這些廠家已經(jīng)增加了許多功能及外設(shè)，如總線接口，模擬到數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器，看門狗定時器、脈沖寬度調(diào)制的輸出。8051與時鐘變化速度高達40MHz的電壓需求降低到1.5volts可供選擇。這種大范圍基于一個核心部件，使8051系列是一個很好的選擇，作為一個產(chǎn)品公司的整個產(chǎn)品線，因為它可以執(zhí)行許多功能和開發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)將只需要學(xué)習(xí)這一個平臺?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)有以下特點：一個8