認(rèn)證知識(shí)介紹(3)-AQL國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1、認(rèn)證知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)（3） -AQL,2,目 錄,一、 AQL 定義 二、 AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 三、 AQL 的計(jì)算 四、 AQL 的意義 五、 AQL Inspection Manual,3,一、AQL的定義,AQL ACCEPT QUALITY LEVEL 的簡(jiǎn)稱 （可接受的質(zhì)量水平）. 對(duì)于連續(xù)批序列，為進(jìn)行抽樣檢查，認(rèn)為滿意的過(guò)程平均的最低的質(zhì)量水平。,4,一、AQL的定義,AQL是一個(gè)國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，普遍應(yīng)用于出口服裝，紡織品等檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)上 。,5,二、AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),AQL的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有： AQL0.010，AQL0.015，AQL0.025，AQL0.040，AQL0.065，AQL0.10，AQL0.15，

2、AQL0.25，AQL0.40，AQL0.65，AQL1.0，AQL1.5，AQL2.5，AQL4.0，AQL6.5，AQL10，AQL15，AQL25 ，AQL40 ，AQL65，AQL100，AQL150，AQL250，AQL400，AQL650，AQL1000,不同的AQL標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于不同物質(zhì)的檢驗(yàn)上,6,二、AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在AQL 抽樣時(shí)，抽取的數(shù)量相同，而AQL后面跟的數(shù)值越小，允許的瑕疵數(shù)量就越少，說(shuō)明質(zhì)量要求越高，檢驗(yàn)就相對(duì)較嚴(yán) .,7,AQL0.010-0.10 是用電子產(chǎn)品，醫(yī)療器械等檢驗(yàn) AQL1.0-6.5 是用于服裝，紡織品等檢驗(yàn),二、AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),8,二、AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),

3、The following AQL levels are usually applied by Hong Kong Q.C. Center Ltd unless otherwise instructed by customer （以下的AQL水平通常應(yīng)用于香港的品質(zhì)中心，除非有其他的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被客戶要求使用） Critical defects: no critical defect is accepted (Consumer Product)Major defects: AQL 2.5 (Consumer Product)Minor defects: AQL 4.0 (Consumer Produc

4、t),9,二、AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),HOW TO DETERMINE THE AQL FOR YOUR PRODUCTS?Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) sample inspection methods have been proven to be accurate over a long run. However, the quality level of merchandise at destination might be lower than that of the pre-shipment inspection result. This may due to

5、the transportation process, product handling at warehouses, or changes in environment, etc. Customers are advised to take these issues into consideration when deciding the AQL level for the products.,10,ISO 2859 Sampling Standard,11,1 ） AC=Acceptable number =使用箭頭下面的第一個(gè)數(shù)值 =使用箭頭上面的第一數(shù)值 AcAccepted（合格判定

6、數(shù)） ReRejected（不合格判定數(shù)） 說(shuō)明：當(dāng)訂單數(shù)量抽查件數(shù)時(shí)，將該訂單數(shù)量看作抽查件數(shù)，抽樣方案的判定數(shù)組Ac，Re保持不變： 抽樣數(shù)量是以一般檢驗(yàn)II級(jí)檢驗(yàn)水來(lái)進(jìn)行的,二、AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),12,正常檢查一次抽樣方案(AQL-2.5) 驗(yàn)貨的時(shí)候根據(jù)：批量范圍、檢查水平、AQL值決定抽樣的數(shù)量和合格與不合格產(chǎn)品的數(shù)量。 服裝質(zhì)量檢查采用一次抽樣方案，服裝批量的合格質(zhì)量水平(AQL)為2.5，檢查水平為一般檢查水平，檢查的嚴(yán)格度為正常檢查,二、AQL 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),13,舉例一： 有一批服裝的訂單數(shù)是3000件，按照AQL2.5標(biāo)準(zhǔn)抽查125件，次品數(shù)7就PASS（通過(guò)），次品數(shù)8就FAIL（不

7、合格）。 舉例二： 訂單數(shù)為7件，按AQL2.5標(biāo)準(zhǔn)抽查5件，無(wú)次品就PASS，有一件次品都FAIL；如果按照AQL4.0標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則只抽查3件，無(wú)次品就PASS,14,Sampling quantity for hardness, metallography, roundness, roughness and breaking load :( destructive testing),* Above is a recommended plan. The customer and supplier can adopt another plan as acceptance criteria.,15,1

8、6,Sampling standard for hardness, roundness, roughness, breaking load and case depth.,17,18,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)特性的記錄一般分成計(jì)數(shù)值或計(jì)量值，計(jì)數(shù)值又以計(jì)件或計(jì)點(diǎn)為記錄，計(jì)量值以實(shí)際測(cè)量之特性值為記錄。,19,自從工業(yè)界導(dǎo)入MIL-STD- 105D表為抽樣檢驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后，質(zhì)量指標(biāo)一直延用MIL-STD-105D表之AQL，目前使用版本為MIL-STD-105E，多年來(lái)一直通行于工業(yè)界,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,20,AQL在10以下時(shí)，可表計(jì)件的不良率或計(jì)點(diǎn)的缺點(diǎn)數(shù)，AQL在10以上時(shí)，則表計(jì)點(diǎn)的

9、缺點(diǎn)數(shù)或每百件缺點(diǎn)。 計(jì)量值則以制程能力指數(shù)Cp、k（Ca）、Cpk為代表。,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,21,這些質(zhì)量指針的大小，理論上是可以解釋其質(zhì)量意義，譬如AQL0.3（以計(jì)件不良率表示）其意義為當(dāng)檢驗(yàn)批的質(zhì)量水平不良率 p達(dá)到0.3時(shí)，該批以MIL-STD-105E表驗(yàn)收時(shí)，被允收的機(jī)率很高約95以上，但檢驗(yàn)批的實(shí)際不良率p太大時(shí)；如1、2，則檢驗(yàn)批被允收的機(jī)率很小。,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,22,因此，AQL常被用來(lái)當(dāng)成制程的質(zhì)量指針，以保證交貨（交易）時(shí)的允收率 制程能力指數(shù)也被拿來(lái)衡量產(chǎn)品試作及量產(chǎn)時(shí)質(zhì)量稽核的指針。,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,23,有些客戶要求供貨商在試作階段及量產(chǎn)階段提報(bào)產(chǎn)品

10、或制程的管制特性，其Cp或Cpk值在多少以上，才能保證不良率 p 在多少以下,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,24,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,本例為不同的計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)質(zhì)量指針的衡量是有所不同的。,25,假如以件為計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)p = (5+10+15)/(100+1,000+2,000)=30/3,100=0.0097=0.97%=9700ppm (即表示每100萬(wàn)件平均有9700臺(tái)是不良)c =(10+20+30)/(100+1,000+2,000)=60/3,100=0.019 dpu(即表示每件平均有0.019個(gè)缺點(diǎn)),三、AQL 的計(jì)算,26,假如以檢點(diǎn)為計(jì)算基礎(chǔ)u =(10+20+30)/( 100100+

11、101,000+52,000)=60/30,000=2,000 dppm(即表示每100萬(wàn)個(gè)檢點(diǎn)平均有2000個(gè)缺點(diǎn)) 以上的解釋以100萬(wàn)件為單位及100萬(wàn)個(gè)檢點(diǎn)為單位，當(dāng)然要兩個(gè) ppm 的質(zhì)量指針互相比較就有所出入,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,27,各種質(zhì)量指針的定義及計(jì)算例 近年來(lái)，信息電子業(yè)受到所謂“Six Sigma”的國(guó)際質(zhì)量標(biāo)竿（Benchmarking）的影響，大家紛紛采用“ppm ”或“幾個(gè)Sigma”為質(zhì)量水平的計(jì)量單位，但是對(duì)這一些新的名詞及術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義及計(jì)算方法不同行業(yè)有不同的說(shuō)法，造成業(yè)界隨客戶的要求而無(wú)所適從。,三、AQL 的計(jì)算,28,當(dāng)提交批為一系列的連續(xù)批時(shí)，采用GB

12、/T2828的抽樣計(jì)劃，主要目的是當(dāng)批質(zhì)量處于AQL時(shí)能以高概率接收，即在批質(zhì)量處在合格質(zhì)量水平時(shí)控制生產(chǎn)方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較小。這樣一方面保護(hù)生產(chǎn)方；一方面告訴生產(chǎn)方，只要他的產(chǎn)品的過(guò)程平均質(zhì)量比AQL好。那么，絕大部分的批可以被使用方接收，這樣就可以促使生產(chǎn)方保持和改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。另一方面，通過(guò)調(diào)整檢查的嚴(yán)格度也可以促使生產(chǎn)方改進(jìn)產(chǎn)質(zhì)量最。,四、AQL的意義,29,Introduction AQL sampling inspection plans are designed to protect the supplier from having good lots or product reject

13、ed based on an inspection of a limited sample if the defects are within the specified limits. Since the inspection is based on sampling, there is some risk that good lots may be rejected. However, the supplier risk of rejection is low. This manual is designed to give the reader a basic understanding

14、 of AQL sampling inspection, its application and some feel for inspection levels and AQLs.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,30,The AQL Inspectors Rule is a slide rule device for quickly finding AQL sampling plans. Its straightforward design makes it very easy to use. All the data is conveniently grouped so t

15、hat the sampling plan can read off instantly. The rule covers a wide range of AQLs (.065 to 15), and Normal, Tightened and Reduced inspection levels for both single and double sampling plans.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,31,Besides being a time-saving tool on the job, the AQL Inspectors Rule, combined wi

16、th the Manual, makes a useful training aid.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,32,Standards AQL sampling inspection currently enjoys wide acceptance for inspection by attribute. The specifying of AQL plans by the Department of Defense has greatly increased the role of this method of sampling. Originally specif

17、ied in MIL-STD-105E, the department of Defense discontinued this standard in February 1995 and users were referred to its commercial equivalent: ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,33,In December 2003 the ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993 was replaced by the ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003 standard. The ISO standard

18、for the inspection by attributes was introduced in 1989 as the ISO 2859-1:1989 standard, matching the ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993 and MIL STD 105E standards. The ISO 2859-1 standard was modified, including changes to the sample plans, in a 1999 revision.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,34,AQL sampling plans and pro

19、cedures have also gained popularity for many non-defense and industrial applications. In addition, AQL has been adopted by Canada and Great Britain as an International Standard ABC-STD-105.,五、AQL Inspection Manual,35,Versions ANSI English Version. This is the original version of the AQL Inspectors R

20、ule introduced in 1968. The Rule and Manual are both in English. This version conforms to standards: MIL-STD-105E ANSI/ASQC Z1.4-1993 ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003 with note,五、AQL Inspection Manual,36,ANSI Spanish Version. The Spanish version of the AQL Inspectors Rule was inducted in July 1999 to support the growing worldwide use of the AQL Inspectors Rule. The Rule and Manual have both been translated into Spanish. This v